Source: Foreign Policy in Focus
Pa Seputembara 11, ndidadzutsidwa kunyumba yanga yaku California ndikuyimbira foni mwachangu kuchokera kwa Martha Honey, yemwe anali mkulu wa bungwe. Ndondomeko Zakunja Mukuyang'ana, kundiuza kuti ndiyatse TV yanga kuti ndiwone nsanja zoyaka moto.
Ndinawawona onse akugwa, pamodzi ndi zilengezo za kuukira kwa Pentagon ndi kuwonongeka ku Pennsylvania. Ndinali nditapita kumadera kumene kuli nkhondo mโmakontinenti angapo, koma palibe chimene chikanandikonzekeretsa kaamba ka zoopsa zimene zinachitikira dziko langa. Tsoka ilo, sindinalole kuti ndimve chisoni chifukwa cha mantha anga - omwe adakhala ozindikira momvetsa chisoni - pachiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe boma langa lingabweretse ku Middle East kuti liyankhe.
Monga katswiri wa ku Middle East, ndinachita nawo zokambirana zambiri ndipo ndinalemba nkhani zingapo zomwe zinafalitsidwa kwambiri m'masiku, masabata ndi miyezi yotsatira. Chifukwa cholemekeza anthu amene anaphedwa, okondedwa awo, komanso mkwiyo wanga komanso mantha amene ndinali nawo mumtima mwanga, sindinalankhule mawu ofotokoza za amene anayambitsa zigawengazo ndiponso amene ankawatsatira. Ndidatetezanso ufulu wa United States ndi ogwirizana nawo kuti achite (zochepa komanso zolunjika) kuyankha kwankhondo pakuwopseza kwenikweni komwe kumayambitsa al-Qaeda. Komabe, ndinaganizanso kuti kunali kofunikira kuti ndifufuze zomwe mwina zinayambitsa ziwopsezo zowopsya, zomwe ndinaziwona kuti ndizofunikira osati poletsa uchigawenga wamtsogolo, komanso kupewa ndondomeko zomwe zingathe kuonjezera chiopsezo.
Mtsutsano wanga unali wakuti pamene dziko la United States linkakonda kwambiri asilikali mโderali, mโpamenenso anthu a ku America sakhala otetezeka. Ndidawona momwe zida zonse zapamwamba, asitikali olimba mtima, ndi utsogoleri wanzeru wankhondo womwe United States anali nawo sizingachitire zabwino ngati pangakhale mazana a mamiliyoni a anthu ku Middle East ndi kupitirira omwe amatida. Ngakhale kuti ndi anthu ochepa okha amene ankatsatira njira za Osama bin Laden, ndinati, pakanakhalabe anthu okwanira kuti apitirizebe kukhala ndi zigawenga zoopsa malinga ngati madandaulo ake akukhudza anthu ambiri.
Ndinapitiriza kufotokoza mmene Asilamu ambiri anadziwira kuti bin Laden sanali wolamulira Chisilamu. Komabe, anali wochita bizinesi mwa maphunziro, yemwe - monga wamalonda aliyense wochenjera - ankadziwa kutenga mantha kapena chikhumbo chodziwika ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito kugulitsa mankhwala: pankhaniyi, uchigawenga wotsutsana ndi America. Madandaulo omwe afotokozedwa m'mawonekedwe ake - kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US ku Gulf, zotsatira zachiwopsezo za zilango zotsogozedwa ndi US motsutsana ndi Iraq, thandizo la US ku boma la Israeli, komanso thandizo la US ku maulamuliro adziko lachiarabu - zidali ndi chidwi chofala mderali. dziko. Ndidalemba mawu a wolemba mabuku waku Britain John le Carre kuti, "Zomwe America ikufuna pakadali pano, kubwezeranso, ndi abwenzi ambiri komanso adani ochepa."
Ndidabwerezanso kuti panalibe chilichonse chokhudza zomwe zidachitika mu 9/11, koma mbiriyi idawonetsa momwe United States sinakhale chandamale cha zigawenga chifukwa chazikhalidwe zake, monga Purezidenti Bush ndi ena adanenera, koma chifukwa adachitapo kanthu. kusokera kuchokera ku mfundo zake zodzinenera za ufulu, demokalase, ndi ulamuliro wamalamulo pokwaniritsa mfundo zake ku Middle East. Kuwonjezera apo, ndinatsutsa kuti ndondomeko yokhazikika pakulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu, malamulo apadziko lonse, ndi chitukuko chokhazikika, komanso zochepa pa kutumiza zida, kuwombera ndege, chilango, ndi kuthandizira magulu ankhondo ndi maboma opondereza, zingapangitse anthu aku America kukhala otetezeka kwambiri. .
Ndinatsindika mobwerezabwereza kuti, mosasamala kanthu za zolephera za boma mu ndondomeko yake yachilendo, palibe dziko lomwe likuyenera kutayika kwambiri miyoyo yosalakwa monga momwe United States inachitira pa 9/11. Komabe ndinatsindikanso kuti chiyembekezo choletsa anthu ochita zinthu monyanyira amene angadzachite zinthu zoipa ngati zimenezi mโtsogolo chinadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa anthu a ku America kuzindikira chimene chinayambitsa zimene mtolankhani wakale wakale Robert Fisk anafotokoza kuti ndi โzoipa ndi nkhanza zochititsa mantha za munthu wosweka. ndi kunyozetsa anthu.โ
Kufunsa mafunso osasangalatsawa okhudza mfundo zakunja zaku US kunali kovuta kwa anthu aku America ambiri, makamaka pambuyo pa ziwopsezozi. Zoonadi, ambiri ankaopa kufunsa mafunso abwino chifukwa ankaopa mayankho. Komabe, ndinali wotsimikiza kuti sichingakhale chofunika kwambiri kapena cha panthaลตi yake.
Komabe, kudzutsa mafunso oterowo sikunali kotchuka. Ofufuza omwe amafufuza mlandu wofuna kupeza chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri saimbidwa mlandu woteteza zigawenga. Oyang'anira moto akuyang'ana mabwinja a nyumba chifukwa cha motowo sakuimbidwa mlandu woteteza kuwonongeka kwake. Komabe ndinadzipeza ndekha, pamodzi ndi akatswiri ena ambiri a ku Middle East, akuwukiridwa chifukwa chodzinenera kuteteza uchigawenga.
M'miyezi ingapo, ndidazindikira kuti zolemba zonena za ine - komanso maprofesa ena asanu ndi awiri odziwika ku Middle East - zidapangidwa ndi Campus Watch, pulojekiti ya mapiko akumanja a Middle East Forum, motsogozedwa ndi aluntha komanso mwa apo ndi apo. Mlangizi wa Bush Bush a Daniel Pipes. Mndandanda wa akatswiri a "anti-American" omwe anali ndi mphamvu zotsutsa mfundo zina za US adaphatikizaponso akatswiri ena apamwamba pa ntchitoyi, kuphatikizapo John Esposito ku Georgetown, Joel Beinin ku Stanford, Ian Lustick ku yunivesite ya Pennsylvania, Rashid Khalidi waku University of Chicago, ndi Edward Said ku Columbia.
Mawonetseredwe osiyanasiyana a Campus Watch iyi akuti ndinanena kuti 9/11 inali "cholakwa chathu" posakhalitsa idafika ku Fox News, MSNBC, makanema apawailesi m'dziko lonselo ngakhale m'nkhani yanga yayifupi yolemba mbiri ya Wikipedia.
Posapita nthaลตi, maulendo anga angapo ondiitanira kukamba nkhani anachotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ndinalandira kuthetsedwa kwa mphindi yomalizira kwa nkhani yanga yolinganizidwa yokhudza malamulo a mayiko pa msonkhano wapachaka wa Arizona Bar Association, umene unalinganizidwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mโmbuyomo, kutsatira wotsogolera ndi komiti yake ya abwanamkubwa kuuzidwa kuti ndinali โwotsutsa Amereka. โ
Ena anasinthidwa. The provost of Hofstra University, komwe ndidayenera kuti ndipereke ndemanga pa mfundo za US Middle East ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi pamsonkhano wamaphunziro amtendere, adafuna kuti kutalika kwa ulaliki wanga kuchepe kwambiri ndikuti okonza abweretse loya wodziwika bwino wa neoconservative. Breitbart wothandizira kuti anditsatire.
Pa Fox News, Sean Hannity adanena kuti Campus Watch ikuchitira "makolo aku America chisomo" potchula "ndondomeko yamapiko akumanzere monga Mr. Zunes" kotero kuti makolo, "pamene akupanga zisankho za kutumiza kapena ayi. Ana opita ku koleji ya Bambo Zunes ngati yunivesite ya San Francisco, adzakhala ndi chidziwitso cha kumene anthu amene amaphunzitsa ana awo akuchokera.โ
Nditaphunzitsidwa ku yunivesite yomwe mafomu ofunsira ovomerezeka akukula chaka chilichonse, sindinkada nkhawa ndi zomwe akuluakulu a USF angayankhe pamene mafoni ndi maimelo ochokera kwa makolo omwe ali ndi nkhawa komanso alumni adayamba kuthirira poyankha zomwe Hannity adanena. Komabe, kutsatira ziwopsezo za 9/11, akatswiri aku Middle East omwe anali osatetezeka kwambiri amayenera kuganiza kawiri zofunsa poyera za mfundo zaku US mderali.
Mwina chododometsa kwambiri, kuukira kwa akatswiri aku Middle East sikunali kokha kwa anthu omwe adadandaula ndi ndondomeko za kayendetsedwe ka Bush, koma gawo lonse la maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, Martin Kramer wa ku Washington Institute for Near East Policy ananena mโbuku lake kuti, Ivory Towers pa Mchenga: Kulephera kwa Middle East Studies ku America, kuti "Mundawu wadzaza ndi udani ku zolinga za America, zokonda zake, ndi mphamvu ku Middle East, komanso anthu ankhanza kwambiri."
Akatswiri amadera, chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa kwathu kwapadera kwa madera adziko lapansi omwe opanga mfundo ochepa amawadziwa okha, atha kutenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pazandale zakunja. Akatswiri aku Middle East ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana amalingaliro anali pafupifupi kutsutsana ndi kuwukira kwa US ku Iraq ndi mfundo zina zaulamuliro wa Bush pambuyo pa 9/11, chifukwa tinali ndi malingaliro owopsa omwe angachitike. Ndipo komabe, monga akatswiri a ku Southeast Asia zaka 40 m'mbuyomo, omwe adachenjeza za tsoka lomwe lidzachitike ndi nkhondo ya US ku Vietnam, tinanyozedwa ndi kunyalanyazidwa ndipo tinapeza kukhulupirika kwathu ku dziko lathu kukafunsidwa.
Dziko la United States, mofanana ndi maulamuliro ena akuluakulu, lachita zolakwika zambiri pazandale, koma vuto silinakhalepo lalikulu. Zolakwa zilizonse zomwe boma lathu lidachita m'mbuyomu ku Central America kapena Southeast Asia, palibe aku Nicaragua kapena aku Vietnamese omwe adawulutsapo ndege kupita kuzinyumba. Potsutsa kudalirika kwa akatswiri aku Middle East omwe amamvetsetsa zowopsa za mfundo za US, zidakhala kumanja - osati kumanzere - zomwe zikuyika chitetezo cha dziko lathu pachiwopsezo.
Zowonadi, lingaliro langa lokhala wanzeru pagulu pambuyo pa tsoka la 9/11 lidalimbikitsidwa ndi kumvetsetsa kwanga momwe mfundo za US ku Middle East zimatiyika tonse pachiwopsezo, komanso chifukwa chofuna kuchita gawo langa kuti America ikhale yotetezeka.
M'miyezi yomwe isanafike voti ya Okutobala 2002 yololeza kuwukira kwa Iraq, ndidapereka zambiri ku maofesi angapo a Congression a ma Democrat odziwika bwino ndikufunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi zomwe boma likunena kuti Saddam Hussein adapanganso "zida zake zowonongera anthu ambiri" komanso. njira zobweretsera zokhumudwitsa, kapena kuti anali ndi mgwirizano ndi al-Qaeda. Ndinapatsanso maofesiwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'makomitiwa zomwe zinatsimikiziranso kuti zinali zolosera zangozi zomwe zidzachitike chifukwa cha nkhondo ya US ndi ntchito.
Pambuyo pake ndinaphunzira kuti angapo mwa maofesiwa sanamvetse mfundo zanga mozama ndipo anakana zopempha kuti ndiloledwe kuchitira umboni pamaso pa makomiti oyenerera a Congression chifukwa adamva kuti ndinali "woipitsitsa" ndi "kumanzere" m'malingaliro anga.
Akatswiri ena a ku Middle East anali ndi zokumana nazo zofananazo. Monga wapampando wa Komiti ya Senate Foreign Relations Committee, a Joe Biden anakana kuti aliyense wa ife achitire umboni, m'malo mwake adayika mndandanda wa mboni ndi omwe akuthandizira kuwukirawo omwe sanangonena zabodza kuti Iraq ikusonkhanitsa "zida zankhondo zazikulu". chiwonongeko," koma anaumirira kuti asilikali a US ku Iraq "adzalandiridwa ngati omasula."
Tikadakhala kuti titha kuchitira umboni, tikadatsutsana - mwa zina - kuti kuwukira kwa US ndi kugwira ntchito kumalimbikitsa kukwera kwa ziwonetsero zazikulu komanso zowopsa zachitetezo cha Salafist, monga momwe zawonetsedwera pakuwuka kwa omwe amatchedwa. Islamic State, gulu lotsogozedwa ndi Iraqi lomwe linali zotsatira za nkhondo yoopsayi.
Kuwukira kwa akatswiri omwe adadzutsa nkhawa pambuyo pa 9/11 sikunapangitse ambiri aife kutaya ntchito kapena kutiletsa kulankhula. Komabe, zidapangitsa atsogoleri andale, atolankhani, ndi miyandamiyanda ya nzika wamba kusakhulupirira ena mwanzeru zanzeru za mdziko popanga mfundo zaka makumi angapo zotsatila.
Monga momwe masoka a Afghanistan ndi Iraq akuwonetsera, komanso monga anti-Americanism m'dziko lachi Islam lakula, zotsatira za Achimereka osafuna kuphunzira maphunziro a 9 / 11 zakhala zomveka bwino.
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