"Moyo wanga pamaso ndi pambuyo pa [Abu Ghraib] unali wosiyana kwambiri," a Salah Hasan Nusaif Al-Ejaili anachitira umboni m'bwalo lamilandu ku Virginia Lolemba, Epulo 15, chiyambi cha mlandu pamlandu wa. Al-Shimari v. CACI. Al-Ejaili, m'modzi mwa otsutsa atatu pamlanduwo, anali Al Jazeera mtolankhani yemwe adamangidwa mu Novembala 2003 ndikusungidwa kundende ya Iraq "malo ovuta", omwe adasungidwa akaidi "amtengo wapatali". Pamalo ochitira umboni, Al-Ejaili adafotokozanso za kuzunzika kowopsa, kuphatikiza kumangidwa kwa manja kumbuyo kwake ndikumangirira chitoliro, kusungidwa maliseche m'malo ozizira, komanso chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa, kupwetekedwa m'mimba kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi imodzi. mfundo, madzi akuda anayamba kutuluka mkamwa mwake. Atamasulidwa ku Abu Ghraib mu February 2004, Al-Ejaili anafotokoza kuti anali ndi mavuto ambiri a maganizo, mavuto a m'banja, kutaya chidaliro mwa iye yekha ndi ena, komanso kuvutika kudya ndi kugona.
Potengera umboni wa ku Iraq, wopulumuka wina, Asa'ad Hamza Hanfoosh Al-Zuba'e, yemwe adasungidwa kwa chaka chimodzi ku Abu Ghraib, adafotokozanso zachizunzo chankhanza kundende. Kudzera pazithunzi za Zoom m'khothi, Al-Zuba'e adawulula mwatsatanetsatane zina mwankhanza zomwe adakumana nazo, kuphatikiza maliseche mokakamizidwa komanso kukakamizidwa kusewera ndi maliseche ake, kuvala chovala chakuda pamutu pake ndikukokedwa. , kutsanulira madzi ozizira pa iye, ndi kuuzidwa kuti โadzamuf**k iye.โ
Ngati wina aliyense - kuphatikizapo boma la US ndi bungwe lomwe lili pakati pa mlanduwu, CACI - akuganiza kuti mutu uwu wa "nkhondo yowopsya" ukanakhala wosavuta kusiya mbiri yakale monga "zolakwa" zakale, maumboni owopsyawa adatsitsimutsanso ma visceral. zithunzi ndi nkhani za mazunzo kwa Abu Ghraib, kuwabweretsa momveka bwino m'kati mwathu komanso m'bwalo lamilandu ngati kuti palibe nthawi yomwe idadutsa.
Monga pulofesa wachisilamu komanso wachiarabu, katswiri wamaphunziro ndi wofufuza yemwe adalemba zambiri zokhuza asilamu pankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga, komanso udindo wanga ngati director wamkulu ku Muslim Counterpublics Lab, ndidapezekapo masiku angapo a Al-Shimari v. CACI mlandu. Kuchitira umboni maumboni a opulumukawo kunali kwamphamvu, kuphatikizapo zimene zinasiyidwa: kuti kumenyera kwawo mlandu mโzaka 16 zapitazi sikunali nkhani yotsimikizira umunthu wawo kapena kukopa makhalidwe abwino a awo amene anachitapo kanthu kapena amene anachitapo kanthu. mukuwavulaza - koma m'malo mwake, kunali kufuna kosatsutsika kwa chilungamo.
Abu Ghraib Adavumbulutsidwa
Ndendende zaka 20 zapitazo lero, CBS"Mphindi 60 II" idawulutsa gawo lachizunzo ku Abu Ghraib, kuwulula kwa nthawi yoyamba zithunzi zonyansa za akaidi aku Iraq akuzunzidwa mwankhanza, kuphatikiza kuvula ndi kukakamizidwa pamwamba pa wina ndi mnzake kukhala piramidi, atamangidwa. nakokedwa ndi chingwe maliseche, ndi kuwopsezedwa ndi agalu.
Zithunzizi zitatulutsidwa komanso pakati pa anthu akukwiyitsidwa ku United States komanso padziko lonse lapansi, zonena za Purezidenti George W. Bush ndi akuluakulu ena aboma zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri a ku United States azikhulupirira kuti mlanduwu ndi wozunza. zosamveka.
Zithunzizo zitangotuluka, Secretary of State Colin Powell - yemwe anali wofunikira kwambiri pakuyesa kwa US kulungamitsa nkhondo yake ku Iraq potengera mabodza okhudza zida zowononga anthu ambiri - adauza atsogoleri akunja poyankha kuzunzidwa kwa Abu Ghraib kuti "awone America. Penyani momwe timachitira ndi izi. Yang'anani momwe Amereka adzachitira chinthu choyenera. Penyani chimene fuko lazikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe, fuko limene limakhulupirira mu chilungamo, limachita kukonza cholakwika cha mtundu uwu. Onani momwe dziko ngati lathu silingalole kuchita zinthu ngati zimenezi.โ Mosasamala kanthu za kuchonderera kwa Powell kuti ena awone ubwino wa US, aliyense "woyang'ana America" โโakanawona chinthu chimodzi: kusowa kwa udindo kwa Bush ndi akuluakulu ena akuluakulu omwe amavomereza, kutsogolera ndi kupanga malamulo ozunza. Pomwe zikumbukiro ndi zowawa za kuzunzidwa zidapitilirabe kuvutitsa opulumuka a Abu Ghraib pazaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamenepo, akuluakulu aboma adachoka kale chifukwa cha chitetezo chomwe adawapatsa mu Federal Tort Claims Act.
Boma la US, komabe, lidamvetsetsa kuti kunyalanyaza kwathunthu kuyankha sikungakhale bwino kudziko lomwe likufuna kukonzanso mawonekedwe ake ngati omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Momwemo, mu 2006, asitikali 11 aku US adapezeka kuti ndi olakwa potengera zomwe adachita kundende ya Abu Ghraib.
Kugwirizana kwamakampani mu Kuzunza
CACI ndi bungwe lochokera ku Virginia lomwe limapereka ukatswiri ndi ukadaulo ku mabungwe osiyanasiyana aboma. Kampaniyo imadzifotokozera kuti ili ndi "khalidwe losagwedezekaโ ndipo imadzitamandira miyezo ya makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino monga udindo ndi kuyankha. Tsopano, mlandu wa ozunzidwa ukupangitsa kuti kuyankhako kukhale chenicheni.
US italanda ndikulanda Iraq, CACI idalembedwa ntchito kuti ifunse mafunso kundende ya Abu Ghraib. Zonena za nkhanza kundende ya Abu Ghraib kuchokera ku International Committee of the Red Cross ndi Amnesty International zinatsatira ndendeyo italandidwa ndi anthu aku America. Pa Januwale 31, 2004, Maj. General Antonio M. Taguba adalamulidwa kuti afufuze mwamwayi za momwe gulu la Asilikali la 800th Military Police Brigade limatsekera komanso kutsekera, kuphatikizapo milandu yozunza akaidi. Report ya Taguba inatulutsidwa mu May 2004 pamodzi ndi zithunzi za kuzunzidwa kwa Abu Ghraib. Mmodzi mwa mfundo zake anafotokoza momveka bwino zimene zithunzizo zinavumbula mopanda mantha, kuti โzochitika zambiri zankhanza, zachipongwe, ndi zachiwembu zinachitiridwa nkhanza kwa akaidi angapo.โ Tsoka ilo kwa CACI, omwe adawafunsa adatchulidwa ndikukhudzidwa ndi malipoti ankhanza. Pambuyo pake mu 2004, lipoti lofanana ndi CACI - lipoti la Fay Jones - adatchulapo antchito a CACI omwe amachita zachipongwe.
Ngakhale boma la feduro lidakwanitsa kupeลตa kuyankha, CACI sichingakhale ndi mwayi pazonena zake zachitetezo chotengera chitetezo. Mu 2008, Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe linapereka chigamulo cha chigamulo chomwe pamapeto pake chidzakhala Al-Shimari v. CACI amene ankati apolisi omwe ankawafunsa mafunso anagwirizana ndi apolisi kuti azunze omangidwa nโcholinga choti โawafewetseโ kuti akawafunse mafunso.
"Zotsatira za Abu Ghraib"
M'buku lake, Zotsatira za Abu Ghraib, Stephen F. Eisenman akufunsa, "[W] chipewa ngati anthu aku US ndi ojambula osaphunzira ku Abu Ghraib agawana mtundu wakhungu wamakhalidwe - tiyeni tiwutchule kuti 'Abu Ghraib athari' yomwe imawalola kunyalanyaza, kapena kulungamitsa. , mosasamala kanthu za pangโonopangโono kapena mongoyembekezera, zowona za kunyonyotsoka ndi nkhanza zimaonekera mโzithunzizi?โ
Ngakhale kuti buku la Eisenman likufufuza funsoli kudzera muzojambula ndi chikhalidwe chowoneka, funsoli limapereka yankho losiyana kwambiri, koma lodziwikiratu - ndiloti zomwe amatcha "zotsatira za Abu Ghraib" zinali zotsatira zomveka bwino za ndondomeko ndi malamulo a malamulo. Nkhondo yaku US yolimbana ndi zigawenga, yomwe idamangidwa pakuchotsa umunthu wa Asilamu.
Chofunika kwambiri, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti kuzunzidwa kwa Abu Ghraib kutheke sikunali anthu okha omwe akufuna kuchita nkhanza, koma kumasulira kwa Asilamu ndi Aluya ngati "kalasi yozunzidwa.โ Iwo omwe amawoneka ngati gawo la "gulu lozunzika," monga Jessica Wolfendale akulemba, โayenera kuweruzidwa kale kukhala opanda kaimidwe kakhalidwe ndi ulemu umene ungapangitse kuwazunza kukhala kosaloledwa, chifukwa chakuti chigamulo chozunza munthu chimaphatikizapo kukana kuwona mkhalidwe wa wozunzidwayo monga munthu woika malire alionse pa zimene angamโchitire. โ Choyipa kwambiri ndi pamene kuzunzidwako kuli koyenera kapena kuonedwa kuti ndi koyenera - ngati njira yochotsera "kusamvera" kwa omwe adamangidwa ngati chiwopsezo, monga momwe oyang'anira Bush adanenera.
Umboni Wopanda Chilungamo
Chomwe chimalekanitsa kuzunzidwa kwa Abu Ghraib ndi zochitika zina zozunzika m'manja mwa boma la US ndi makontrakitala ankhondo ndikuti zithunzizi zidapangitsa kuti nkhanzazo zikanidwe. Pa nthawi ya mlandu, loya wa CACI, John O'Connor, adavomereza kuti Abu Ghraib akuzunzidwa, pamene nthawi yomweyo akugwira ntchito yonyoza omwe adapulumuka pa umboni. Ngakhale zankhanza zomwe Al-Ejaili adafotokoza muumboni wake, O'Connor adauza oweruza kuti boma la US lilibe zolemba zovomerezeka zomufunsa. Lingaliro lomwe lili m'mawu a O'Connor linali lakuti boma la US - lodziwika kuti silinatchule, kubisa umboni wa kuzunzidwa - linali lodalirika kuposa umboni wa wopulumuka wofunsa mafunso ndi kuzunzidwa.
Anthu akamazunzidwa, amene amawazunza nthawi zambiri amawauza kuti palibe amene adzakhulupirire umboni wawo wosonyeza kuzunzidwa kwawo. Ngakhale umboni wa Al-Zuba'e udafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, mafunso a O'Connor adapangitsa kuti Al-Zuba'e ayankhe kangapo ponena kuti "sindikudziwa." Monga momwe O'Connor amakayikirira umboni wa Al-Zuba'e, momwe adachitira m'bwalo lamilandu zidawonetsa kuwopseza kwa ozunzawo.
Kupatulapo zovuta zachiphamaso zolunjika kwa opulumuka, njira yomwe oimbidwa mlanduwo adagwiritsa ntchito idawonetsa chinthu chofunikira kwambiri: Opulumuka "saloledwa" kuswa chete ndikulankhula za kuzunzidwa kwawo. Pamene atero ndipo ngati atero, ozunza awo adzachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti awanyoze.
M'buku lake, Epistemic Kusalungama: Mphamvu ndi Makhalidwe Odziwa, Miranda Fricker akulemba za "chisalungamo chaumboni," chomwe amachifotokoza ngati "mtundu wa kupanda chilungamo komwe wina amalakwiridwa makamaka paudindo wake monga wodziwa." Chisalungamo chaumboni chimachititsa lingaliro lakuti kusagwirizana komwe umboni wake umakhulupirira ndi amene ali wodalirika sikunatsimikizidwe kuti ndi zolakwa, koma m'malo mwake ndi nkhani ya munthu amene amapereka umboni, nkhani yomwe akufotokozera ndi amene omvera ndi. M'malo ndi malo omwe chilungamo chimaweruzidwa, kusalungama kwa umboni kumakulirakulira. Pankhani ya nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga komanso kudana kwachisilamu kwanthawi yayitali komanso kusankhana mitundu ku United States komwe Asilamu ndi Aluya adamangidwa kale ku West monga osatukuka, achiwawa komanso ankhanza, sikovuta kuganiza kuti opulumuka (opulumuka a Abu Ghraib pankhaniyi) omwe ali ndi zidziwitso zonse atha kuwoneka ngati alibe kudalirika. Kuti izi zitheke, udindo wa chisalungamo chaumboni ndi wofunikira kuunikira komwe maphwando monga boma ndi CACI ali ndi chidwi chofuna kupewa kuyankha kuti adziwe ngati akugwira ntchito bwanji kuti awononge kukhulupirika kwa opulumuka chifukwa cha tsankho komanso tsankho kwa Asilamu komanso Arabu.
Kuzunzidwa pa Mayesero
Pamene chisankho mu Al-Shimari v. CACI kuzengedwa mlandu kukuyembekezeka pasanathe milungu iwiri kuchokera pomwe idayamba pa Epulo 15, pa Epulo 26, oweruza adakakamirabe chigamulocho. Zotsatira zake, Woweruza Wachigawo ku US, Leonie Brinkema, adauza oweruza kuti abwerere pa Epulo 29, ndikuwuza oweruza kuti "Sitilengeza mopepuka zachiwembu. "
Pamene oweruza akupitiriza kufotokozera chigamulochi, kufunikira kwa nkhaniyi sikungakhale komveka bwino, makamaka poganizira kuti pakhala pali kuthawa kwathunthu kwa udindo wa bungwe lililonse, mabungwe akampani kapena kontrakitala wamba chifukwa cha nkhanza zomwe zidachitika ku Abu Ghraib. Atha kuperekedwa kuti alipire $ 3 miliyoni pakuwononga chiwongola dzanja ndi $ 32 miliyoni pakuwononga chilango ngati oweruza apanga chigamulo mokomera odandaula.
Kupitilira zowonongeka zilizonse zomwe zaperekedwa kwa opulumuka, mlanduwu ukhala chitsanzo cha kuyankha kwamakampani, makamaka pankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga yomwe ikupitilirabe, yomwe yakhala ikuchitika. olipidwa kwambiri nkhondo m'mbiri ya United States.
Katswiri wina wa nzeru zapamwamba wa ku Spain, dzina lake George Santayana, anayamikiridwa ndi mawu akuti โanthu amene amaiwala mbiri yakale adzawabwerezanso.โ Ku United States, monga maiko ena ambiri omwe ali ndi ziwawa zakale (ndi ziwawa zomwe zikuchitika m'boma), mbiri yakale imafufutidwa mwachangu komanso mwadala ndikuseseredwa pansi pa rug, chimodzimodzi. zikhoza kubwerezedwa. Koma opulumuka pa ziwawa za boma - kuphatikiza otsutsa aku Iraq Al-Shimari v. CACI, Suhail Najim Abdullah Al Shimari, Asa'ad Hamza Hanfoosh Al-Zuba'e ndi Salah Hasan Nusaif Al-Ejaili - atikumbutsa molimba mtima kuti kufunafuna chilungamo ndi kuyankha mlandu pamaso pa amnesia ovomerezeka ndi boma kungasinthe mbiri yakale, kupitirira ndi kudutsa makoma a khoti lililonse.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama