Solidair/Mgwirizano, magazini yamlungu ndi mlungu ya Workers Party of Belgium (PVDA-PTB), anafunsa John Bellamy Foster, mkonzi wa Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse, 26 April 2010

 

Solidaire/Solidaire: Anthu ambiri oganiza zobiriwira amakana kusanthula kwa Marxist chifukwa amaganiza kuti njira ya Marxist pazachuma ndi yolimbikitsa kwambiri, yolunjika pakukula ndikuwona chilengedwe ngati "mphatso yaulere" kwa anthu. Inu mumatsutsa lingaliro limenelo.

 

John Bellamy Foster: Kupanga zinthu mwachidziŵikire kwakhala kochulukira kwazaka mazana aŵiri apitawa kapena kupitirira apo, kupyola malire amalingaliro. Komabe, m’njira zambiri, Marx, yemwe anali katswiri wopenda za chikhalidwe cha anthu wavuto la chilengedwe m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anali wosiyana. Ananena kuti zomwe zimafunikira ndi kuwongolera koyenera kwa omwe akupanga mgwirizano wa metabolic pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe m'njira yopititsira patsogolo kukwaniritsidwa kwamunthu payekhapayekha komanso palimodzi pamtengo wotsika kwambiri potengera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. . Uku kunali kutha kwa kutsutsa kwake kwa capitalism ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo gawo lofunikira la tanthauzo lake la chikominisi. Ananenanso za "mkangano wosasinthika" mu metabolism pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe chifukwa cha kupanga capitalist. Marx anapereka masomphenya amphamvu kwambiri othekera a chitukuko chokhazikika cha anthu, akumatsutsa kuti anthu sanali eni ake a dziko lapansi, kuti maiko ndi anthu onse padziko lapansi sanali eni ake a dziko lapansi, kuti unali udindo wathu kusamalira ndi kukonza dziko lapansi ngati nkotheka. kwa mibadwo yotsatira (monga mitu yabwino ya mabanja). Ena pambuyo pake a Marxists (mwachitsanzo, William Morris) adatsatira Marx mumalingaliro awa azachilengedwe. Ena adatengera chikhalidwe chocheperako chofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha capitalist, kulimbikitsa cholowa chomvetsa chisoni ku Soviet Union kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930 kupita mtsogolo. Komabe, a Marxists, ndi Socialists nthawi zambiri, adachita upainiya pakukulitsa kutsutsa kwamakono kwachilengedwe. Zonsezi zikufotokozedwa mu Marx's Ecology komanso m'buku langa laposachedwa Kusintha kwa Ecological.

 

Mawu akuti Marx amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe ndi "mphatso yaulere" kwa anthu ndi mawu omwe munthu amamva mobwerezabwereza, koma amachokera pa kusamvetsetsana kwakukulu.  onse akatswiri azachuma akale - Smith, Malthus, Ricardo, Say, J.S. Mill, Marx - anatchula momveka bwino za chilengedwe kuti "mphatso yaulere." Idali gawo lazachuma chakale ndipo idalandiridwa ndi neoclassical economics. Akatswiri azachuma a Neoclassical, ngakhale akatswiri azachuma ambiri, amaphatikizanso lingaliro lomweli m'mabuku awo. Marx, komabe, anali wosiyana chifukwa sanali kulemba za malamulo a zachuma koma za malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka capitalism monga dongosolo lodziwika bwino la mbiri yakale, komanso kuchokera kumalingaliro ovuta. Chifukwa chake adatsutsa, molondola, kuti chilengedwe chimatengedwa ngati "mphatso yaulere" za capital. Kusawerengera kwake kunamangidwa mu lamulo lamtengo wapatali la capitalism. Iye ankanena kuti pamene ali pansi pa capitalism kokha ntchito yopangidwa (kusinthanitsa) mtengo, kuti ichi chinangosonyeza mkhalidwe wokhotakhota wa dongosolo, popeza kuti chilengedwe, iye anaumirirabe, chinali chimodzimodzinso magwero a zenizeni. chuma (gwiritsani ntchito mfundo) monga momwe zinalili ntchito. Zowonadi, ntchito yokhayo inali yothandiza mwachilengedwe. Iyi sinali nkhani yaing'ono kwa Marx. Iye anayamba Kutsutsa kwa Pulogalamu ya Gotha ndi mfundo imeneyi, kudzudzula asosholisti amene analephera kuzindikira kuti chilengedwe ndi ntchito pamodzi zinapanga magwero a chuma, ndi chilengedwe monga gwero lake lenileni. Marx anatsutsa kuti ukapitalist umalimbikitsa mapindu aumwini mwa mbali ina mwa kuwononga chuma cha anthu (chachilengedwe). Ndalemba mobwerezabwereza pa izi, posachedwa kwambiri "The Paradox of Wealth: Capitalism and Ecological Destruction" (yolembedwa ndi Brett Clark) mu Novembala 2009 Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse.

 

Kumbali imodzi mumanena kuti "kukula pang'onopang'ono kapena palibe kukula ndi tsoka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito." Anthu adzataya ntchito. Ndithudi, ndimotani mmene munthu angatsutsire kukula chifukwa cha njala, umphaŵi, ndi ulova m’dziko? Koma, kumbali ina, mukuwoneka kuti mukutsindika kufunikira kwa kukula kwa zero.  inu lembani kuti: "Zomwe ziyenera kuchepetsedwa sizinthu zokha mapazi a carbonkoma mapazi achilengedwe, kutanthauza kuti kufutukuka padziko lonse makamaka m’mayiko olemera kuyenera kuchepetsedwa, ngakhale kuleka.”  Umenewu si uthenga wosangalatsa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m’mayiko olemerawo. momwe malingaliro anu amasiyanirana ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe omwe akuchonderera "décroissance," Kukula koyipa, kudzudzula kupanga osati dongosolo la kupanga?

 

Chabwino, izi ndi zotsutsana, koma sizotsutsana zanga, koma zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi gulu la capitalist. Mu capitalism muli ndi vuto lazachuma nthawi iliyonse yomwe palibe kukula kwachuma kapena kumachepa kwambiri (makamaka pamene kukula kwa phindu ndi kudzikundikira kumasintha kukhala koyipa kapena kutsika). Ndi dongosolo la kukula kapena kufa. Nthawi zonse pakagwa mavuto azachuma, monga ndidanenera, "tsoka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito," popeza pamapeto pake amakakamizidwa kupirira. Tikukumana ndi zimenezo pakali pano m’njira yaikulu kwambiri. Koma ndizowonanso kuti chilengedwe cha anthu ndi chachikulu kwambiri, ndipo tikudutsa malire amtundu uliwonse wadongosolo. Izinso ndi zenizeni, ndipo izi zidzangowonjezereka ndi kupitiriza kukula kwakukulu.

 

Kodi timachita bwanji ndi kutsutsana kwapawiri pazachuma ndi chilengedwe, komwe kumamangidwa mu capitalism? Ndikuganiza kuti yankho liyenera kukhala lodziwikiratu: tiyenera kulimbana ndi dongosolo lokha. Anthu amafunikira ntchito ndi chitetezo, komanso zofunika zonse zofunika pamoyo. Amafunikiranso mwayi wopititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu. Koma izi sizingakwaniritsidwenso pochita zonse zomwe zingatheke kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa zopanga kosatha, ndi lonjezo (pafupifupi zosasungidwa) kuti zinyenyeswazi zazikulu zidzagwera pansi. M'malo mwake tiyenera kuyang'ana pa zosowa zofunika, pa kufanana, ndi chitukuko cha anthu.

 

Kutsutsa kwa ntchito ya "kupeza" monga chikhalidwe cha moyo waumunthu kumabwereranso ku Epicurus (yemwe Marx amasilira kwambiri) m'nthawi zakale. "Palibe chokwanira," Epicurus analemba, "kwa iwo omwe ali ochepa." Socialism idawuka poyambirira ngati lingaliro lomwe likugogomezera njira yofanana pakukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu, kudzera mukupanga kwanzeru, ndi chitukuko cha anthu onse. Mosiyana ndi capitalism, palibe mkangano wachilengedwe pakati pa socialism ndi lingaliro la "zokwanira."

 

Kodi sizingatheke kuti ma capitalist azindikire kufulumira kwavuto lanyengo ndikukakamiza maboma kuti akwaniritse ndondomeko zobiriwira? Kupatula apo, samathandizidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwamitengo yamagetsi, kukwera kwamitengo yazinthu zopangira, kutayika kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe, chipwirikiti chamagulu, ndi zina zambiri.

 

Ma capitalist ena akuyamba kuzindikira. Koma monga ma capitalist enieni, ndiye kuti, monga umunthu wa likulu (dongosolo lodzikulitsa mtengo), ntchito yawo ndikukulitsa phindu lawo, likulu, chuma. Ndi udindo wodalirika wa CEO wamakampani kulimbikitsa zokonda za eni masheya kuposa china chilichonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kukulitsa kampaniyo. Mmodzi akhoza ndithudi kulingalira nkhani imene mutu wakampani unanyengedwa kwambiri kotero kuti kuganiza kuti chilengedwe chinabwera patsogolo phindu la ntchito za kampani yake. Malingana ngati chinyengo ichi chinali chongoganizira chabe, palibe amene angasamale, koma nthawi yomwe mtsogoleriyo adapita mpaka pano. chitani pamaziko achinyengo chotere amachotsedwa ndi eni ake okwiya. Makampani ndi makina osonkhanitsa. Ndi zophweka monga choncho. Palibe chilichonse mwa kukwera mtengo kwachilengedwe komwe kungasinthe izi pang'ono. Dongosololi litha kupindula ndi mtengo wokwera wazinthu (monga kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta). Poyang'anizana ndi kukwera mtengo kwamakampani mosakayikira asintha zinthu zawo kuti awonetsetse kuti akupitilizabe kupindula. Koma lingaliro loti achepetse mayendedwe awo achilengedwe amatsutsana ndi zonse zomwe timadziwa za chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro a capital.

 

Inu mukuti mkati "Chifukwa chiyani Ecological Revolution?" kuti "kwa gulu lodana ndi ma imperialism, ntchito yaikulu iyenera kukhala yotsutsa kwambiri ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo ... Pansi pa capitalism zomwe mosapeweka zidzabweretsa kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi kutayika kwina kwa ntchito m'maiko otukuka, kachiwiri pakati pa anthu osauka. Kodi a Marx angachite bwanji izi kukhala nkhani yapagulu osati kungodetsa nkhawa anthu apakati?

 

Sindikhulupirira kuti izi ndizovuta zapakati, kapena makamaka zapakati. Tikukhala m’dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi. Ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi ali m'mphepete mwake ndipo amasungidwa m'malo mwake ndi nkhondo ndi imperialism za mayiko apakati. Chifukwa chake kutsutsa gulu lankhondo ndi zida zina za imperialism, makamaka mabungwe amitundu yambiri, ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zosintha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano, monga momwe zimachitikira ku Latin America, Asia, ndi Africa. Munthu sangalankhule zenizeni za gulu la ogwira ntchito masiku ano mopanda malire. Dongosolo lamakono la mphamvu zachifumu (potsirizira pake limachirikizidwa ndi mphamvu) limaletsa malipiro ndi mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito ya ogwira ntchito m’madera ozungulira, amenenso amatsitsa malipiro ku United States ndi maiko ena olemera. Pankhani ya United States, asilikali omwe amagwira ntchitozi, ndipo omwe amaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe, amalembedwa makamaka kuchokera kumadera osauka a anthu, mwachitsanzo, ndi ogwira ntchito komanso amitundu yochepa / mafuko ochepa, nthawi zambiri amachitira chifundo. kulimbana kwa anthu amitundumitundu padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo angaganize, monga momwe sanachitire kawirikawiri m'mbuyomu, kuti ngakhale ali okonzeka kufera dziko iwo sakufuna kufera mabungwe a imperialist. Anthu ogwira ntchito ku United States akufuna kwambiri ntchito zina zomwe palibe panopa. Chofunikira ndi mwayi watsopano wa ntchito, osati m'malo owononga monga nkhondo ndi imperialism koma m'madera okhudzana ndi chitukuko cha anthu, ubwino wa anthu, kuteteza chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero.  Kunena zoona, ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amauzidwa kuti ngati satero. 'Kuthandizira ndalama zankhondo, kapena ngati akutsutsana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chilengedwe (potsutsa, mwachitsanzo, kutsegula Arctic Wildlife Refuge kuti achotse mafuta), adzataya ntchito. Koma izi ziyenera kutchedwa momwe zilili - "ntchito zachinyengo" - ndikumenyana nazo.

 

Agribusiness sitinganene kuti ikuwonjezera ntchito yonse. Imayichepetsa padziko lonse lapansi polanda anthu mdziko lachitatu ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje opulumutsa anthu ogwira ntchito, komanso kulimbikitsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Nthawi zina amatsitsa chakudya koma amangotengera ndalama zambiri zamagulu ndi zachilengedwe, zomwe zimawonedwa ngati "zakunja" motero amasiya mabuku. Agribusiness yatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi njira yosakwanira zachilengedwe yoperekera chakudya, pomwe njira yabwino kwambiri yolemeretsa omwe ali pamwamba pamakampani azakudya, chomwe ndicho cholinga chake chachikulu.

 

Anthu ambiri amadalira njira zamakono zothetsera vuto la nyengo: kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu za carbon popanga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito, zipangizo zapanyumba zomwe sizingawononge chilengedwe, magetsi obiriwira. Kodi yankho lanu ndi lotani pa izi?

 

Kuchita bwino kwa mphamvu ndi mpweya wabwino mwa iwo okha ndi zinthu zabwino. Koma pali malire okhwima omwe amaikidwa ndi dongosolo pankhaniyi, makamaka pamlingo waukulu. Zambiri zomwe timapanga mu monopoly capitalism ndi zopanda pake, ndipo timagwiritsa ntchito chuma chambiri (mphamvu ndi zopangira) pozipanga. Palinso vuto loti, ngakhale titachepetsa mphamvu pagawo lililonse lazotulutsa, cholinga cha dongosololi ndikuwonjezera zotuluka zonse, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa sikelo kumaposa phindu lachilengedwe lomwe limachokera ku zosunga zilizonse pazolowera pachinthu chilichonse. William Stanley Jevons m’zaka za m’ma 1860 anadabwa ndi mfundo yakuti injini ya nthunzi iliyonse inali yogwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa yoyamba ija kotero kuti malasha ochepa ankafunika kuti atulutse mlingo winawake, komabe kufunika kwa malasha kunapitirizabe kuwonjezeka. Izi zinali choncho chifukwa kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwachangu kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa kudzikundikira. Choncho injini za nthunzi zogwira ntchito bwino zinapangitsa kuti apange injini za nthunzi zowonjezereka. Pakuphatikizana komwe kunasandulika kukhala wofunika kwambiri kwa malasha ndipo motero kupanga malasha. Izi zimadziwika kuti "Jevons Paradox," zomwe sizingathawike pansi pa capitalism.

 

Palinso zochitika zaukadaulo zam'tsogolo zomwe zikuzungulira monga kukulitsa kuwala kwa dzuwa kubwereranso mumlengalenga (poyika zisumbu zoyera m'nyanja kapena ma satelayiti), kapena kutulutsa CO2 mumlengalenga ndi njira zowonongera mpweya ndikuutulutsa padziko lapansi. , kapena kuthira mchere m’nyanja ndi chitsulo kuti ndere zimere kuti zitenge mpweya. Mukuganiza bwanji za njira yotereyi?

 

Uku ndiye kusintha kwaukadaulo kwa capitalism m'malo mwa kusintha kofunikira kwa chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Oyang'anira akudziwa kwambiri kuti dongosololi pantchito yake yanthawi zonse pansi pabizinesi monga mwanthawi zonse silingathe kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi ziwopsezo zina zachilengedwe. Koma m'malo motembenukira ku kusintha kwa ubale wapagulu - ndiko kuti, kuvomereza kufunikira kwa kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kungadutse zofunikira za dongosololi - zokonda zomwe zaperekedwa zimatembenukira m'malo mwa njira zazikulu zaukadaulo. Kuti timvetsetse kuopsa kwa mitundu yotere ya geoengineering, munthu afunikira kuzindikira mkhalidwe wocholoŵana wa dongosolo la dziko lapansi lenilenilo, kupitirira luso lathu lotha kulimvetsetsa. Mwachitsanzo, ena anenapo kuti tikhoza kuika zitsulo m’nyanja kuti zilimbikitse ndere ndi kuyamwa mpweya woipa. Koma izi zitha kubweretsa zotsatira zina monga kukulitsa madera akufa m'nyanja (ocean anoxia). Ngati tiyesa kupanga geoengineer dziko lapansi mosakayikira tidzapanga mitundu yayikulu, yowopsa kwambiri ya zomwe Marx adazitcha kuti metabolic rifts, ndi mitundu yonse yazovuta, zosayembekezereka. Iyi ndi njira yopita kumisala: wophunzira wamatsenga adakwezedwa pamlingo wa mbuye wa dziko lonse lapansi. Paul Crutzen, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, amene anapambana mphoto ya Nobel, akuti tikhoza kutaya sulfure m’mlengalenga kudzera pa mizinga kapena ndege, pofuna kuletsa kuwala kwa dzuwa kuti lisafike padziko lapansi. Koma ngati dongosolo lazachuma likupitirizabe kukula, tiyenera kuonjezera sulfure wotayidwa mumlengalenga mokulira chaka ndi chaka, ndipo sitidziŵa kwenikweni kuti zotsatira zake zingakhale zotani tikayesa kuloŵerera m’dongosolo la dziko lapansi motere pa zinthu zoterozo. sikelo yaikulu. Kutenga kaboni, ngati ukadaulo unayamba kugwira ntchito, zitha kuthandiza. Koma sizikanathetsa vutolo.

 

Kapu ndi malonda (kugulitsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya) ndi kwa akatswiri ena azachilengedwe njira yothetsera vuto lanyengo (ngati zilolezo zotulutsa mpweya zimagulitsidwa ndikusagawidwa mwaufulu). Dongosolo limenelo linali mbali ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kyoto Protocol. Lingaliro ndikutanthauzira kuchuluka kwa, kapena kuyika "chipewa" pa, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kotero kuti makampani omwe amaipitsa kwambiri azigula ufulu wotulutsa mpweya kuchokera kwa omwe amayipitsa pang'ono, kapenanso kulipirira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wawo. kuyika ndalama kumapulojekiti obiriwira m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa malire otsimikizika otulutsa mpweya, izi zikuwoneka ngati chida chothandiza, kapena sichoncho?

 

Kapu ndi malonda kapena dongosolo la zilolezo zotulutsa malonda zatsimikizira kukhala zopanda mphamvu pakuwongolera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha komwe adatengera. Sizinathandize kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya ku European Union. Kapu ndi denga la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya (koma umagwira ntchito kwambiri ngati pansi, kotero kuti ngati munthu kapena bungwe lidula mpweya wotulutsa mpweya izi zimangolola gulu lina kuti liwonjezere utsi wake, bola kuchuluka kwake sikudutsa). Kapu ndi malonda akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mpweya usapitirire kapu. Koma popeza pali mitundu yonse ya "zochotsera" zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zodzikongoletsera zakale, "kapu" yovomerezeka ndi chinyengo. Chophimbacho chimakwezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Zonsezi zimalimbikitsa kuti mabungwe ndi maboma azigwirana manja mosalekeza. Kuwongolera ndizovuta kwambiri. Palibe njira, ndipo mwina sipangakhale njira, yowongolera kuchotsera kokhudzana ndi mapulojekiti m'maiko apadziko lonse lapansi. Mu lamulo lachidule ndi zamalonda lomwe linaperekedwa ndi U.S. House of Representatives mu June 2009, pali zosiyana zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa, mwachitsanzo, kumakampani a malasha. Kuwongolera komwe kumakhudzidwa komanso zovuta za baroque zimawonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti malamulo enieni ndi masamba a 2000. Njira ya ku U.S. sikanagwiritsanso ntchito kugulitsa malonda koma ikanapereka zilolezo zotulutsa mpweya kumakampani potengera mpweya umene umatulutsa m'mbuyomu, womwe ndi wongowonjezerapo.  Popeza iyi ndi njira yozikidwa pa msika, cholinga chake chimakhala kulimbikitsa kuchulukidwa koyamba, ndipo m'derali ndi bwino, kupititsa patsogolo phindu ndikulozera ku zomwe zimatchedwa "subprime carbon market." Izi zikufotokozeranso zina mwazothandizira za kapu ndi malonda pamabizinesi. Koma ponena za kuthana ndi kutentha kwa dziko ndi, monga James Hansen, katswiri wa zanyengo ku U.S. anati, “kachisi wa chiwonongeko.”

 

Chochititsa chidwi mumatsutsa msonkho wa carbon ndi kukwera kosasunthika kwa mtengo wamafuta. Anthu ambiri a Socialist amawona izi ngati njira yosalungama chifukwa misonkho ya carbon ndi misonkho yeniyeni osati misonkho yopita patsogolo yokhudzana ndi ndalama.

 

Mwachiwonekere tikuyenera kuchitapo kanthu tsopano chifukwa chazovuta zakusintha kwanyengo - ngati tikhulupirira kuti kupulumutsa dziko lapansi ndi anthu ndikofunikira. Njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri yochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni m'dongosolo lino ndi kukweza mtengo wa kaboni kudzera mumisonkho. Ndikuganiza kuti Hansen ali ndi lingaliro labwino kwambiri pa izi, lomwe likuwonetsa momwe gulu likuyendera. Iye amachitcha icho "malipiro ndi gawo."  Ndi chindapusa (kapena msonkho) choperekedwa pamafuta oyambira pansi pa chitsime, mgodi wa mgodi, kapena polowera mdziko (ie, pamabungwe omwe apanga). M'malingaliro ake 100% ya ndalama zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zidzaperekedwa kwa anthu monga gawo la mwezi uliwonse, popanda kugwera m'manja mwa boma (omwe amakhudzidwa ndi zofuna zachuma) kapena ndalama. Popeza anthu ambiri ali ndi magawo ochepera apakati pa munthu aliyense, zopindula zomwe angalandire zitha kupitilira kuchuluka kwamitengo komwe mabungwe angapitirire pamisonkho. Komanso njira yotereyi ingalimbikitse kusungirako zinthu popereka phindu lachangu kwa aliyense pamlingo uliwonse mdera lomwe adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wake. Mtengo wa msonkho ukhoza kuwonjezeredwa pakapita nthawi. Hansen akukhulupirira kuti kuphweka komanso kuwonekera kwa njira iyi, komanso kuti anthu ambiri apindula momveka bwino, zitha kuwonetsetsa kuti pakufunika thandizo lamphamvu pagulu la anthu. Munthu wolemera kwambiri monga Al Gore, wokhala ndi nyumba yaikulu, ndi zina zotero. Anthu wamba ogwira ntchito, mosiyana, adzapeza gawo lawo lalikulu poyerekezera ndi mapazi awo a carbon. Zotsatira zake zonse zikhala kugawikana kwapang'onopang'ono (ie, kuchokera kwa olemera kupita kwa osauka).

 

Potengera Malthus, anthu ena amangoganiza kuti padzikoli pali anthu ambiri. Tiyenera kusiya kwambiri kupanga ana ndikuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu kuti chikhale chovomerezeka chomwe sichingawononge dziko lapansi. Mukupanga chiyani pa izi?

 

Ndikuganiza kuti mumayamikira kwambiri Malthus pankhaniyi, yemwe, ngakhale nthano, analibe chidwi ndi chilengedwe ndipo sanagwiritsepo ntchito mawu oti "kuchulukirachulukira," zomwe zikanatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso chake (chomwe chinali chokhudza kufanana kofunikira pakati pa anthu. ndi chakudya). Nkhawa yake inali yoti adzilungamitsira dongosolo la magulu a m’tsiku lake. Komabe, pali "neo-Malthusians" masiku ano omwe amatsutsana mwanjira yomwe mumafotokoza.

 

Ndizomveka kuti anthu akachuluka padziko lapansi, m'pamenenso pali zolemetsa zambiri (zinthu zina zonse kukhala zofanana) pa mphamvu yonyamula dziko lapansi. Kukhazikika kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kuchepetsa, komwe kumatengedwa kokha, kungakhale chinthu chabwino. Mayiko ambiri olemera adutsa kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komwe kumapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chikhale chochepa (pafupi ndi cholowa m'malo) chomwe chimachitika pamlingo wina wa chitukuko cha zachuma. Koma maiko ambiri osauka sanafike pamenepa, chifukwa cha moyo wawo wosauka - chifukwa chakuti zochuluka za chuma chawo chochulukira zimalandidwa ndi maiko olemera chifukwa cha kusinthanitsa kosafanana. Komabe, mayiko ena osauka, makamaka Cuba, adutsa kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu pamilingo yotsika yachuma chifukwa chogogomezera kwambiri maphunziro, kufanana, ndi kubereka kwa amayi ndi zina.

 

Komabe, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri kuzindikira ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa anthu sikuli pafupi kukhala chomwe chimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Akatswiri a UN akuyembekeza kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chidzakhazikika m'zaka za zana lino penapake kufupi ndi mabiliyoni khumi ndi awiri. Koma kukula kwachuma, komwe kwachitika pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndipo sikuyembekezereka kukhazikika, ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri la anthu. Ndi kukula kwachuma komwe kumayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu padziko lapansi.

 

Poyankha omwe angagogomeze mokokomeza za chiwerengero cha anthu, ndikofunika kutsindika zotsatira za kusiyana. Mwana wobadwira m’banja lolemera ku United States amadya chuma cha padziko lonse mopanda malire kuposa khanda lobadwira m’banja losauka ku Bangladesh. Chuma chophatikizidwa cha amuna aŵiri olemera koposa mu United States (Bill Gates ndi Warren Buffett) chimaposa kutali chiwonkhetso cha pachaka cha anthu 160 miliyoni a ku Bangladesh. Kuyang'ana vuto la chilengedwe powerenga mitu ndiye chifukwa chake ndikuphonya nkhani yayikulu.

 

Ku Ulaya ndi anthu ambiri omwe akuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko - "aliyense ayenera kutenga udindo wake pochepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha" ndilo mawu a anthu opanga ndondomeko - ndipo amafunikira, ndi kusakaniza kwa ziopsezo ndi zolimbikitsa, kuchitapo kanthu (monga kusanja. zinyalala kapena kuyika glazing) zomwe a) mwachiwonekere sizikwanira poganizira momwe zinthu zilili komanso b) zosafikirika mosavuta ndi anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. Kodi anthu angachite chiyani kwenikweni?

 

Lingaliro loti tonse tili m'bwato limodzi ndipo tili ndi udindo wofanana lingakhale lomveka ngati tonse titakhala ndi mawu ofanana pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi njira zopangira. Koma izi mwachionekere siziri choncho. Ku United States, chuma chonse cha anthu 400 olemera kwambiri (olemera mabiliyoni onse) chikaphatikizidwa pamodzi n’chofanana ndi cha theka la anthu otsika kwambiri, anthu pafupifupi 150 miliyoni. Chuma cham'mbuyomu chimakhala ndi chuma chambiri (masheya, ma bond, malo ogulitsa, etc., mwachitsanzo, umwini wa njira zopangira), pomwe chakumapetochi chimakhala chofanana m'nyumba zawo. N'zosavuta kuona kusiyana kwakukulu mu mphamvu zachuma komanso pa kayendetsedwe ka anthu komwe izi zimapanga.

 

Anthu, monga mukunenera, amasankha momwe amachitira zinyalala zawo (kaya azibwezeretsanso kapena ayi). Koma zinyalala zamatauni, zomwe makamaka zimakhala ndi zinyalala zapakhomo, zikuyerekezeredwa kukhala 2.5 peresenti yokha ya zinyalala zomwe zimatayidwa m'magulu a US. Zina zonse ndi zinyalala za mafakitale, zinyalala zomanga ndi kugwetsa, ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "zinyalala zapadera," monga zinyalala zamigodi. (Onani zolemba za Annie Leonard Nkhani ya Zinthu [New York: Free Press, 2010]). Izi zimathandiza kufotokoza mfundo yakuti zisankho zazikulu za anthu zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe zimapangidwa makamaka mu zomwe Marx anazitcha. "nyumba yobisika yopangira," kunja kwa dera la anthu ndi kupitirira malire kapena ngakhale chidziwitso cha unyinji wa anthu. Anthu amatha kupeza njira zokhala "obiriwira" momwe amadyera ndikutaya katundu. Koma maubwenzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera lathu amadalira kwambiri maubwenzi opanga, osati njira ina. Izi ndi zomwe zimadziwika kuti Galbraithian "kudalira zotsatira."  Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti vuto la kupanga liyenera kudzutsidwa ngati nkhanizi zidzayankhidwa mozama, zomwe zimadzutsa funso la socialism.

 

Kodi kusintha kwachuma chosowa mpweya wa carbon ndikotheka pakanthawi kochepa? Greenpeace ikukhulupirira kuti ili ndipo ikugwira ntchito yopangira mphamvu yamafuta osagwiritsa ntchito kaboni 100% mu 2050.  Chuma cha sosholisti ndichofunika, koma kodi boma liyenera kuchita chiyani komanso lingachite chiyani pakanthawi kochepa?

 

Ntchito ya Greenpeace ndiyofunikira. Tili mumkhalidwe wovuta kuti tifike 350 ppm mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide mumlengalenga (wofunika kuteteza kusintha kwa nyengo koopsa) maiko olemera adzafunika panthawiyi kuchepetsa mpweya wawo wa carbon mpaka ziro komanso ngakhale kutulutsa mpweya woipa (potulutsa mpweya kuchokera mumlengalenga kupyolera mu kubzalanso nkhalango ndi zisathe. kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka). Koma mwatsoka momwe zinthu zilili izi sizingachitike pansi pa dongosolo lilipoli. Kusintha kwachuma chopanda mpweya sikutheka pansi pa capitalism yamasiku ano, mwachitsanzo, ndi chilichonse chofanana ndi zomwe zaperekedwa komanso kukula kwachuma / phindu la dongosolo. Ukadaulo wokha sungathe kuchita izi mkati mwa magawo omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi likulu / katundu wamba. Izi zawonetsedwa, ndikuganiza motsimikizika, ndi katswiri wazachuma Minqi Li m'mabuku angapo, posachedwapa mu nkhani ya 2009 m'magazini Chitukuko ndi Kusintha. Ubale wapagulu (njira yopangira) iyenera kusintha. Zomwe tikuyenera kulimbikitsa m'malo mwake ndikusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kumayang'ana chitukuko chokhazikika cha anthu ndikuteteza dziko lapansi, kufotokozera momveka bwino kuti ngati capitalism siyingapulumutse dziko lapansi - ndipo ikupitilizabe ngati woyendetsa wamkulu akuwononga - ndiye capitalism yokha iyenera kupita. Munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuti kusintha kwa nyengo ndi gawo limodzi laling'ono chabe la chiwopsezo chonse cha dziko lapansi. Zimatsagana ndi ziwopsezo zina zambiri, monga kusowa kwa asidi m'nyanja, kuchepa kwa nthaka, kukhala m'chipululu, kusowa kwa madzi opanda mchere, kutha kwa anthu ambiri, kuipitsa mpweya wa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous, ndi zina zotero. za kupanga. Yankho lokhalo la capitalism ku vuto lachilengedwe ndi la Samsoni: kugwetsa kachisi wachitukuko pamwamba pake. Njira yokhayo yeniyeni imakhala mu ecology of socialism.

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