Potsatira kwambiri anzawo aku United States ndi Britain, dipatimenti yoona za chitetezo ku Canada ikukonzekera buku lankhondo lolimbana ndi zigawenga la asitikali ndi maofesala ake.
Bukuli lidzatsogolera chiphunzitso ndi maphunziro a Canadian Forces mtsogolomo, molingana ndi zolemba zomwe IPS idapeza.
Buku la masamba a 250, buku la m'munda limafotokoza mfundo ndi machitidwe olimbana ndi zigawenga zomwe zakhala zikufotokozera nkhondo za mayiko akumadzulo m'zaka za zana la 21, m'malo monga Chechnya, Afghanistan ndi Iraq.
Bukuli lakhala zaka ziwiri likupangidwa ndipo liyenera kumasulidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chino. M'menemo, nkhondo za zigawenga zimadziwika ndi chizolowezi chawo chokhala ndi zochitika zapaderalo komanso nthawi zambiri zodziwika bwino, osati mikangano yankhondo pakati pa mayiko. Nkhondo zamtunduwu zasokoneza magulu ankhondo aku US ndi NATO ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan motsatana, komwe zigawenga zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zapha anthu amderali komanso asitikali aku Western, ndipo zizindikilo zakupambana ndizochepa.
Kukula kwachiphunzitsochi kudawonekera posachedwa pamene Gen. David Petraeus, mlembi wa United States Army and Marine Corps counter-inurgency field manual, adalamulira asilikali a US ku Iraq kumayambiriro kwa 2007.
Ngakhale kuti ndizofunikira monga kale, kutsutsa-zigawenga si chinthu chatsopano, monga momwe buku la Canada likunenera patsogolo. Asilikali ankhondo adalimbana ndi Ufumu wa Roma ku Germany masiku ano, Scotland ndi Middle East zaka zikwi ziwiri zapitazo. Ufumu wa Britain unamenyana ndi zigawenga ku Afghanistan mโzaka za mโma 19, monganso mmene anachitira Afalansa ku Algeria nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itatha. A US adachoka ku Vietnam mu 1975 pambuyo pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga yazaka khumi yolimbana ndi zigawenga zaku Vietnam.
Maj. DJ Lambert, wotsogolera chiphunzitso cha asilikali ku Canada komanso mlembi wamkulu wa bukhuli, watchulapo zitsanzo zingapo za zigawenga za mbiri yakale ku Canada, kuphatikizapo nkhondo ndi asilikali a US George Washington kapena Northwest Rebellion motsogoleredwa ndi Louis Riel ndi Metis mu 1885.
Pakadali pano, pomwe ntchito yaku Canada ku Afghanistan imayang'anira chidwi ndi zida zankhondo, malinga ndi bukuli, Asitikali aku Canada akugwira nawo ntchito zosiyanasiyana zolimbana ndi zigawenga zosachepera zitatu - ku Afghanistan, ku Haiti, komanso mabungwe azikhalidwe zakomweko. ku Canada, monga Mohawk Warrior Society.
Ngakhale zili ndi "zolinga zake zenizeni komanso zochepa", zigawenga za Mitundu Yoyamba ku Canada zilibe zigawenga chifukwa zimakhudzidwa ndi cholinga chofuna kusintha ubale wandale ndi boma la Canada komanso mdera lanu - mkati mwazodzisungira - "kudzera kuwopseza , kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa,โ limatero bukulo.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, Asitikali aku Canada akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma la feduro pamakangano apamwamba kwambiri ndi anthu azikhalidwe komanso otsutsa, kuphatikiza mikangano yowopsa ndi gulu la Mohawk ku Kanehsatake mu 1990 Oka Crisis komanso gulu la Ojibway ku Ipperwash mu 1995.
Asilikali aku Canada akhalapo ku likulu la dziko la Haiti, Port-au-Prince, kuyambira pomwe Purezidenti wosankhidwa ndi anthu ambiri a Jean Bertrand Aristide atachotsedwa mu February 2004. zolimbana ndi zigawenga] zolimbana ndi zigawenga zomwe zikuchitika ku Haiti kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2004. โ
Chiyambire kuukira kwa New York ndi Washington mu Seputembara 2001, Asitikali aku Canada adachita nawo gawo lalikulu pankhondo ku Afghanistan, mu Operation Enduring Freedom motsogozedwa ndi US komanso ntchito yaposachedwa ya NATO yothetsa zipolowe zomwe zikukula motsutsana ndi boma lothandizidwa ndi azungu la Hamid. Karzai.
Masiku ano ku Afghanistan, Asitikali aku Canada ochokera ku Royal Canadian Regiment ku Gagetown, New Brunswick akuchita nawo nkhondo yoyamba ya NATO ya nyengoyi motsutsana ndi omwe amatchedwa zigawenga za Taliban. Code yotchedwa Operation Achilles, ntchitoyo imadziwika ndi akuluakulu a NATO ndi Canada ngati kuukira koyambirira kwa asitikali a Taliban m'chigawo cha Helmand omwe akuti akukonzekera kuyambitsa "chiwonongeko cha kasupe" motsutsana ndi kupezeka kwa asitikali akunja.
Maj. Gen. Ton van Loon, mkulu wa NATO ku Southern Afghanistan, adanena m'mawu ake sabata ino kuti Operation Achilles ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ya NATO-Afghan mpaka pano, yomwe ikuphatikizapo asilikali a 4,500 a NATO ndi oposa 1,000 a Afghan National Army ali pachimake.
Pakadali pano, gulu loyang'ana kwambiri ku Afghanistan, Senlis Council, lidatulutsa zotsatira "zowopsa" za kafukufuku yemwe adafufuza anthu 17,000 kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Afghanistan. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti theka la omwe adafunsidwa akukhulupirira kuti nkhondo yotsogozedwa ndi Kumadzulo idzalephera kugonjetsa a Taliban, ndipo 87 peresenti ya omwe adafunsidwa adakhulupirira kuti njira zomwe ankhondo aku Western adagwiritsa ntchito pothana ndi zigawenga "zinali zosayenera".
"Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu ndizowopsa kwambiri chifukwa zikuwonetsa kuti mayiko padziko lonse lapansi ali pamavuto akulu ku Afghanistan," Purezidenti wa Senlis Council Norine MacDonald adatero Lolemba. "Kubwerera kwa a Taliban ku mphamvu kungakhale ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwa anthu aku Afghanistan komanso chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi."
Buku lothana ndi zigawenga ndi gawo limodzi lakusintha komanso kukonzanso magulu ankhondo aku Canada omwe DND ikulipira ngati kuyesetsa kuti apange mphamvu yolimbikitsira kumenyera "zokonda dziko" la Canada mu dongosolo lapadziko lonse la Cold War. Koma masinthidwewo sichiri chiphunzitso chokha; Kukula kwankhondo ku Afghanistan ndichinthu chaku Canada chomwe sanawonepo kuyambira 1950s, pomwe Asitikali aku Canada adamenya nkhondo ku Korea.
"Ndi nthawi yosangalatsa kukhala msilikali wa ku Canada," Lt. General Andrew Leslie, mkulu wa asilikali, adauza atolankhani pamsonkhano waposachedwa wa Fraser Institute, bungwe lofufuza kafukufuku ku Vancouver.
"Sitirinso chida chosamveka chomwe chimangoyang'ana kumbali kapena kudziyika pakati pa magulu awiri omwe kale anali kumenyana," adatero Leslie.
Akuluakulu a ku Canada monga Leslie, Chief of Staff Rick Hillier ndi Maj Gen. Louis MacKenzie omwe adapuma pantchito akhala akutsutsa zowona komanso zothandiza za kudzikonda kwadziko la Canada kwanthawi yayitali ngati mphamvu yapakati komanso "buluu". -wachipewa" wosunga mtendere.
Ngakhale kudzipereka kwa Canadian Forces ku Afghanistan pakali pano kutha mu February 2009, "Tisamadzinamize," adatero a General Leslie. Zida zambiri zomwe boma lidapereka pakusintha magulu ankhondo aku Canada sizili za Afghanistan yokha, adatero, ndikuwonjezera kuti: "Ndizomveka kuyembekezera kuti tidzapita kwinakwake kofanana ndi Afghanistan ndikuchita zofanana. โ
II
Yapita kale nthawi yankhondo zazikulu zankhondo zomenyera nkhondo za akasinja kapena ndewu za ndege zomwe zimatanthauzira nkhondo mzaka za zana la 20.
Malo atsopano ankhondo nthawi zambiri amakhala akumatauni omenyera omenyera nkhondo omwe akugwira ntchito pakati, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi chithandizo chochokera kwa anthu amderalo.
Nkhondo zachigawenga zamtunduwu zakhala zikudziwika kuyambira kumapeto kwa Cold War ndipo zatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa kulamulira anthu omwe amatchedwa "mayiko olephera" omwe akugwira ntchito popanda boma lapakati, osati kugonjetsedwa kwa magulu ankhondo kapena kulandidwa kwakukulu kwa malo. .
Zigawenga zimalimbikitsidwa ndi "malingaliro osintha chikhalidwe cha anthu" ndipo chifukwa chake yankho limangotanthauza zambiri osati kungomenya nkhondo chabe, "likutero bukulo.
"Ndi njira yamagulu ambiri - zankhondo, zankhondo, zandale, zachuma, zamalingaliro ndi zachitukuko - zomwe zimafuna osati kungogonjetsa zigawenga zokha, koma zomwe zimayambitsa, ndikuthandizira, zigawenga," ikutero.
Mochulukirachulukira, thandizo lachitukuko likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chofunikira kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zankhondo zolimbana ndi zigawenga.
Monga mkulu wa gulu lankhondo, Lt. Gen. Andrew Leslie, posachedwapa adauza atolankhani ku Vancouver, a Canadian Forces amagwira ntchito "mogwirizana ndi anthu ochokera ku Canada International Development Agency [komanso] kulimbikitsa ntchito zamakazembe ndi zoyeserera zakunja. Zinthu."
M'chinenero cha Dipatimenti Yowona Zakunja, kuphatikiza uku kumadziwika kuti "njira ya 3-D" - chitetezo, zokambirana ndi chitukuko zikugwira ntchito limodzi kuti zipititse patsogolo "zokonda" za Canada padziko lapansi.
Canada yawonetsa kaimidwe katsopano kazachilendo ku Afghanistan, pomwe membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo a Michael Ignatieff adatcha "kusintha kwamalingaliro" ndipo msirikali wamkulu waku Canada, Rick Hillier, adafotokoza kuti ndi "chithunzithunzi chamtsogolo."
Pakuwunika kwatsatanetsatane kwa mfundo zomwe zidaperekedwa ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ku 2005, dipatimenti ya National Defense idadzitama kuti "kutha kuthana ndi vuto la mayiko omwe alephera komanso olephera kudzakhala chizindikiro cha asitikali aku Canada."
Kulimbana ndi zigawenga sikuli kwachilendo ndipo maphunziro a nkhondo zosawerengeka za mbiri yakale - United States ku Vietnam, British ku Malay, Canada Northwest Rebellion - ndizofunikanso kale. Komabe, malinga ndi mlembi wamkulu wa bukuli, aka ndi nthawi yoyamba kuti dziko la Canada lilembe mwatsatanetsatane buku lolimbana ndi zigawenga kuti liphunzitse asitikali ndi maofesala ake.
Poyankhulana ndi IPS, Maj. DJ Lambert, mtsogoleri wa chiphunzitso cha asilikali, adalongosola zomwe bukuli likuyang'ana pa "njira yokwanira".
Pofuna kugonjetsa bwino zipolowe za m'deralo, "asilikali akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe ena, ndi mutu wogwirizanitsa ndi mgwirizano wa cholinga komanso, ndithudi, khama," adatero Lambert.
Lipoti laposachedwa kwambiri la bungwe la Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) lokhudza mapulani ndi zofunika kwambiri linanena kuti bungweli โlikhazikitsa mfundo zofunika kwambiri zothandizira chitukuko cha Canada mโnjira yogwirizana ndi mfundo za dziko la Canada.โ
CIDA imatchula "maiko atatu ofunika kwambiri ku Canada" - Afghanistan, Haiti ndi Iraq. Nthawi zonse, Canada ili m'gulu la mayiko asanu omwe amapereka ndalama. Iliyonse mwa mayiko atatu ofunika kwambiri akukumana ndi zovuta zachitetezo cha anthu, ntchito zakunja, komanso - makamaka pankhani ya Iraq ndi Afghanistan - zigawenga zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira.
Gawo lalikulu landalama za CIDA m'maiko onsewa zaperekedwa kwa a Royal Canadian Mounted Police kuti athandizire kuphunzitsa apolisi.
Woyang'anira wamkulu wa apolisi apadziko lonse a RCMP, a David Beer, adachitira umboni komiti ya Nyumba Yamalamulo kumapeto kwa chaka chatha kuti apolisi aku Iraq opitilira 34,700 adaphunzitsidwa pansi pa pulogalamu yophunzitsira yothandizidwa ndi Canada ku Jordan yoyandikana.
Beer adawonjezeranso kuti "pafupifupi 10 peresenti" ya omwe adaphunzitsidwa ndi Canada aphedwa muutumiki ku Iraq.
Zida zachitetezo m'maiko onse atatu zatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe chifukwa cha nkhanza zomwe zafala.
Atalandira pafupifupi ziro zothandizira ku Canada m'zaka za m'ma 1990, Afghanistan, kuyambira pa Sep. 11, 2001, yakhala dziko la Canada lolandira ndalama zambiri zachitukuko.
Malinga ndi CIDA, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chachuma cha 2006รยป2007), "Canada ikhala itagulitsa pafupifupi madola 600 miliyoni [madola a US 517,482,000] kuyambira kugwa kwa a Taliban". Pazaka 10 kuyambira mu 2001, dziko la Canada lidzakhala litapereka pafupifupi madola 862 miliyoni a US kuti athandize Afghanistan.
Ngakhale ndalama zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo, thandizo la Canada ku Afghanistan likuyimira gawo lalikulu la bajeti yapachaka ya CIDA ya 2.5 biliyoni.
Asitikali aku Canada ayendetsa ntchito zambiri zothandizira ndi CIDA ku Afghanistan mothandizidwa ndi Magulu Omanganso Achigawo. Ma PRTs ndi magulu opangidwa ndi asitikali, ogwira ntchito zothandizira komanso makontrakitala wamba.
"Magulu a PRT akukwaniritsa mfundo zabwino zotsutsana ndi zigawenga, mogwirizana ndi cholinga chogawana nawo m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana," adatero Lambert poyankhulana pafoni.
PRT-model inayamba kupangidwa ndi US pansi pa Operation Enduring Freedom kumapeto kwa 2002. Idafalikira ku Afghanistan, ndipo posachedwapa idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo cha kayendetsedwe ka George W. Bush "kuthamanga" kwa asilikali a 20,000 ku Iraq. Boma la Bush latchula PRT ya Iraq ngati "zida zamphamvu zokwaniritsa njira yathu yolimbana ndi zigawenga."
Monga momwe buku lolembera anthu la ku Canada likunenera kuti: โNโzokayikitsa kuti mkanganowo udzatha mwadzidzidzi ndi chipambano chachikulu chankhondo cholimbana ndi oukirawo.โ M'malo mwake, "njira zomwe zimathandizira ndi kuchuluka kwa zochitika zachiwawa komanso kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chodziwika ku boma."
Mwanjira zonse, ma benchmark awa akupitilirabe kuwonongeka ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan.
Lipoti lanzeru la US la Afghanistan lomwe linatulutsidwa kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2007 linawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa anthu odzipha kuchokera ku 27 mu 2005 mpaka 139 mu 2006. Mabomba a m'mphepete mwa msewu anawonjezeka kawiri kuchokera ku 783 mpaka 1,677, ndipo kuukira mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito zida zazing'ono ndi mabomba kunawonjezeka pafupifupi katatu. 4,542 kuchokera ku 1,558.
Lipoti sabata ino la Senlis Council linapeza kuti thandizo la a Taliban "lagwedezeka" m'chaka chatha ndi theka, pamene 80 peresenti ya omwe anafunsidwa kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Afghanistan - mtima wa nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga za NATO - adadandaula za kudyetsa chakudya chawo. mabanja.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama