Taonani chinthu chodabwitsa m’dziko lachilendoli: Ndinabadwa mu July 1944 mkati mwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse yowononga kwambiri. Nkhondo imeneyo inatha mu August 1945 ndi kuwonongedwa kwa atomiki kwa mizinda iwiri ya Japan, Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, ndi mabomba owononga kwambiri m'mbiri mpaka nthawi imeneyo. wapatsidwa mayina okoma "Mnyamata Wamng'ono" ndi "Fat Man."

Panthawiyo ndinali wamng'ono kwambiri mwa anyamata. Zoposa magawo atatu mwa anayi a zaka zana zapita chiyambire, pa September 2, 1945, Nduna Yowona Zakunja ya Japan Mamoru Shigemitsu ndi General Yoshijiro Umezu. inayinidwa Instrument of Surrender pa sitima yankhondo ya USS Missouri ku Tokyo Bay, kutsiriza mwalamulo Nkhondo Yadziko II. Limenelo linali Tsiku la VJ (la Victory over Japan), koma m’lingaliro lina kwa ine, m’badwo wanga wonse, ndi dziko lino, nkhondo sinathe kwenikweni.

United States yakhala pankhondo, kapena pankhondo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri kumayiko akutali, kwa moyo wanga wonse. Inde, kwa zaka zina, nkhondo imeneyo inali "yozizira" (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza kuti kuphana kotereku, komwe kumathandizidwa ndi CIA nthawi zonse, kunachitika makamaka osawonekera komanso osawoneka), koma nkhondo monga njira yamoyo sinathe kwenikweni, osati mpaka pano.

M'malo mwake, m'kupita kwazaka zambiri, idakhala "zomangamanga" momwe anthu aku America adayika ndalama zawo zamisonkho kudzera. zonyamula ndege, madola trilioni omenyera ndege, ma drones okhala ndi mizinga yamoto wa Gahena, ndikupanga ndi kukonza mazana a magulu ankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, m'malo moti misewu, milatho, kapena njanji (osachepera the liwiro lalikulu of the same) kuno kwathu. M'zaka zomwezo, bajeti ya Pentagon idzatenga ndalama kuchuluka kokulirapo ya federal discretionary spending ndi ndalama zonse zapachaka zomwe zadziwika kuti National Security state zidzakwera modabwitsa. $ 1.2 zankhaninkhani, Kapena zambiri.

Mwanjira ina, VJ Days yamtsogolo idakhala yosatheka. Panalibenso mphindi, ngakhale pamene nkhondo zinatha, pamene mtundu wina wamtendere ukhoza kutsika ndipo magulu ankhondo aku America adatha, monga kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, kuthetsedwa kwambiri. Chofanana kwambiri mosakayikira chinali nthawi yomwe Soviet Union idalowa mu 1991, Cold War idatha mwalamulo, ndipo bungwe la Washington lidalengeza kuti lapambana padziko lonse lapansi. Koma zowonadi, "gawo lamtendere" lolonjezedwa silidzalipidwa ngati nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf ndi Iraq idachitika chaka chomwechi ndipo kutsika kwakukulu kwa asitikali aku US (ndi CIA) sikunachitike.

Nkhondo Yosatha

Lingalirani zomwezo, pomwe Purezidenti Biden posachedwapa analengeza kutha kwa mkangano wazaka pafupifupi 20 waku America ku Afghanistan ndikuchotsedwa kwa asitikali omaliza aku US mdzikolo pofika 9/11/21, zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi nkhani kuti bajeti ya Pentagon idatsala pang'ono kukweranso kuchokera ku mbiri yake muzaka za Trump. "Ku America kokha," monga lieutenant colonel komanso wolemba mbiri William Astore wopuma pantchito analemba posachedwapa, "nkhondo zikutha ndipo ndalama zankhondo zikukwera."

Zachidziwikire, ngakhale kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Afghan yosathayo kumatha kukokomeza. M'malo mwake, tiyeni tilingalire za Afghanistan kupatula mbiri yonse yoyambitsa nkhondo mdziko muno kwakanthawi. Kupatula apo, ndikadakuuzani mu 1978 kuti, zaka 42 zikutsatira, US ikadakhala nawo pankhondo m'dziko limodzi kwa 30 aiwo ndikufunsani kuti muzindikire, ndikutsimikizira kuti Afghanistan kwakhala kusankha kwanu. Ndipo komabe zakhala ziri. Kuyambira 1979 mpaka 1989, panali kuthandizidwa ndi CIA Nkhondo yachisilamu yolimbana ndi gulu lankhondo la Soviet kumeneko (mpaka mabiliyoni ndi mabiliyoni a madola). Ndipo komabe phunziro lodziwikiratu lomwe anthu aku Russia adaphunzira paulendowu, pomwe gulu lawo lankhondo lidapumira kunyumba ndikugonja ndipo Soviet Union idakhazikika patangopita nthawi yayitali - kuti Afghanistan ndiyedi "manda a maufumu" - mwachiwonekere sanakhudze chilichonse ku Washington.

Kapena mumalongosola bwanji zaka 19-kuphatikiza zankhondo kumeneko zomwe zidatsatira kuukira kwa 9/11, komwe kudachitika ndi chovala chaching'ono chachi Islam, al-Qaeda, wobadwa ngati mnzake waku America mu Nkhondo yoyamba ya Afghanistan? Pokhapokha, mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa Ntchito Yankhondo Akuti kuti nkhondo yachiwiri ya ku Afghanistani ya America yawononga dziko lino pafupifupi $ 2.3 trilioni (osaphatikizapo mtengo wa chisamaliro chamoyo kwa ma vets ake) ndipo yasiya osachepera 241,000 anthu akufa, kuphatikizapo 2,442 mamembala a utumiki waku America. Mu 1978, pambuyo pa tsoka la Nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndikanakutsimikizirani kuti kulephera kosatha kwa mkangano koteroko kunali m’tsogolo mwathu, mosakayika mukanandiseka pamaso panga.

Ndipo komabe, patatha zaka makumi atatu, akuluakulu ankhondo aku US akuwoneka kuti sanamvetsebe phunziro lomwe "tinaphunzitsa" anthu aku Russia ndikudzimva tokha. Zotsatira zake, malinga ndi malipoti aposachedwapa, atero kutsutsa mofanana Lingaliro la Purezidenti Biden lochotsa asitikali onse aku America mdzikolo pofika zaka 20 za 9/11. M'malo mwake, sizodziwikiratu kuti, pofika Seputembara 11, 2021, ngati pempho la purezidenti likuyenda molingana ndi dongosolo, nkhondoyo ikhala itatha. Kupatula apo, akuluakulu ankhondo omwewo ndi akulu anzeru akuwoneka kuti akufuna kukonza mikangano yakutali kapena, monga New York Times ikani izo, atsimikiza “kumenyana ndi kutali” kumeneko. Mwachionekere akulingalira kukhazikitsa maziko atsopano m’mayiko oyandikana nawo kuti achite zimenezi.

"Nkhondo zosatha" zaku America - zomwe zidadziwika kuti Global War on Terror ndipo, pomwe utsogoleri wa George W. Bush adayambitsa, monyadira cholinga chake ndi Maiko a 60 - zikuwoneka kuti zikuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Tsoka ilo, mitundu ina yankhondo zomwe zingatheke, makamaka nkhondo zozizira zatsopano ndi China ndi Russia (kuphatikizapo mitundu yatsopano zida zapamwamba) zimangowoneka kuti zikukonzekera.

Nkhondo M'nthawi Yathu

M'zaka izi, chinsinsi chimodzi chambiri mwa izi ndi chakuti, pamene nkhondo ya Vietnam inayamba kutha mu 1973, gulu lokonzekera. inatha ndipo nkhondoyo idakhala "ntchito yodzifunira" kwa Achimereka. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zinakhala zophweka osati kungotsutsa nkhondo za ku America, koma kusalabadira kapena kusintha kwa asilikali omwe anapita nawo. Ndipo asilikali amenewo analidi kusintha ndi kukula m'njira zodabwitsa.

M'zaka zotsatira, mwachitsanzo, olemekezeka a Green Berets a m'nthawi ya Vietnam adaphatikizidwa m'gulu lankhondo la Special Operations Forces, mpaka. 70,000 a iwo (okulirapo, ndiko kuti, kuposa magulu ankhondo a mayiko ambiri). Ogwira ntchito apaderawa atha kukhala achiwiri, obisalira ankhondo aku America omwe ali mkati mwa gulu lalikulu lankhondo ndipo makamaka omasulidwa ku kuyang'anira nzika zamtundu uliwonse. Mu 2020, monga Nick Turse adanena, adayimilira modabwitsa Maiko a 154 padziko lonse lapansi, omwe nthawi zambiri amachita nawo mikangano yachinsinsi "mumithunzi" yomwe Achimerika sangayiganizire mozama.

Chiyambireni nkhondo ya ku Vietnam, yomwe idasokoneza ndale za dziko lino ndipo idachita ziwonetsero m'misewu ya dziko lino ndi gulu lodana ndi nkhondo lomwe linaphatikizansopo magulu ambiri ankhondo ndi omenyera nkhondo, nkhondo yatenga gawo lalikulu kwambiri m'moyo waku America. Inde, pakhala pali zopanda malire zikomo zoperekedwa ndi nzika ndi mabungwe kwa "ankhondo." Koma ndipamene tcheru chimayima, pamene zipani zonse za ndale, chaka ndi chaka chosatha, zimakhalabe kuthandizira kwambiri ya bajeti yomwe ikukula ya Pentagon ndi mafakitale (ndiko kuti, kupanga zida) gawo lankhondo ndi mafakitale. Nkhondo, kalembedwe ka America, ikhoza kukhala kosatha, koma - ngakhale, mwachitsanzo, kumenya nkhondo apolisi adziko lino komanso momwe nkhondozo zimachitikira anabwera kunyumba kupita ku Capitol Januware 6 watha - zikadali zenizeni kwa anthu aku America ambiri.

Kufotokozera kumodzi: ngakhale US, monga ndanenera, yakhala ikugwira ntchito pankhondo kuyambira 1941, panali nthawi ziwiri zokha pomwe dziko lino lidakumana ndi nkhondo mwachindunji - pa Disembala 7, 1941, pomwe aku Japan adaukira Pearl Harbor, komanso pa Seputembara 11. , 2001, pamene anthu 19 ambiri omwe ankabera ndege ku Saudi ankagunda malo a World Trade Center ku New York ndi ku Pentagon.

Ndipo komabe, m'lingaliro lina, nkhondo yakhalapo ndipo ikadali ife. Tiyeni tione zina mwa zimene zinayambitsa nkhondo zimenezi kwa kamphindi. Ngati muli ndi zaka zingapo, mutha kukumbukira nkhondo zazikuluzikulu: Korea (1950-1953), Vietnam (1954-1975) - ndipo musaiwale kukhetsa magazi kwankhanza ku Laos ndi Cambodia oyandikana nawo - nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf ya 1991, ndipo yachiwiri yoopsa, kuukira kwa Iraq mu 2003. Kenaka, ndithudi, panali Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yowopsya yomwe inayamba mwamsanga pambuyo pa September 11, 2001, ndi kuukiridwa kwa Afghanistan, koma kufalikira ku Afghanistan. zambiri za Greater Middle East, komanso kumadera akuluakulu a Africa. M'mwezi wa Marichi, mwachitsanzo choyamba 12 Ophunzitsa apadera aku America anafika ku Mozambique komwe kunali kovutirapo, gawo limodzi lokha lachigawenga chomwe chafalikira kale ku America chotsutsana ndi Chisilamu (tsopano akulephera) kudutsa mbali zambiri za kontinenti imeneyo.

Ndiyeno, ndithudi, panali mikangano yaing'ono (ngakhale sizinali choncho kwa anthu a m'mayiko okhudzidwa) zomwe tsopano tayiwala kwambiri, zomwe ndimayenera kufufuza ubongo wanga womwe ukuzirala kuti ndikumbukire. Ndikutanthauza, amene lero akuganiza zambiri za Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy wa April 1961 CIA tsoka pa Bay of Nkhumba ku Cuba; kapena Purezidenti Lyndon Johnson kutumiza asilikali 22,000 a US ku Dominican Republic mu 1965 kuti "abwezeretse mtendere"; kapena mtundu wa Purezidenti Ronald Reagan wa "kudzitchinjiriza mwaukali" ndi US Marines omwe adatumizidwa ku Lebanon omwe, mu Okutobala 1983, adawukiridwa m'misasa yawo ndi bomba lodzipha. kupha 241 mwa iwo; kapena kuwukira kotsutsana ndi Cuba ku Caribbean yaying'ono chilumba cha Grenada mwezi womwewo umene anthu 19 a ku America anaphedwa ndipo 116 anavulala?

Ndiyeno, fotokozerani ndikuziyika m'magulu monga momwe mungafunire, panali zoyesayesa zopanda malire za CIA (nthawi zina mothandizidwa ndi asilikali a US) kuti alowererepo pazochitika za mayiko ena, kuyambira kutenga mbali ya dziko motsutsana ndi magulu a chikominisi a Mao Zedong ku China. kuyambira 1945 mpaka 1949 stoking mkangano waung'ono womwe ukupitilira ku Tibet m'ma 1950 ndi koyambirira kwa 1960, ndikugwetsa maboma a Guatemala ndi Iran, pakati pa malo ena. Analipo pafupifupi 72 kulowererapo koteroko kuyambira 1947 mpaka 1989, ambiri amakonda nkhondo m’chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, panali mikangano ya proxy ku Central America, koyamba ku Nicaragua motsutsana ndi a Sandinistas kenako ku El Salvador, zochitika zamagazi ngakhale asilikali ochepa aku US kapena othandizira a CIA adafera momwemo. Ayi, izi sizinali “nkhondo” monga momwe zimatchulidwira mwamwambo, osati zonse, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina zinkakhudza kulanda boma ndi zina zotero, koma nthawi zambiri zinkapha anthu m’mayiko amene analimo. kulowererapo kwankhondo mdziko muno pambuyo pa 1945, monga mtolankhani William Blum "Mbiri Yachidule Yothandizirapo” zimamveketsa bwino kwambiri.

Nthawi zonse mukamayang'ana zofanana ndi mphindi yaku America yopanda nkhondo, zenizeni zina zimakusangalatsani. Mwachitsanzo, mwina mumaganizira za nthawi yaifupi pakati pomwe Red Army idapumira kunyumba ndikugonja kuchokera ku Afghanistan mu 1989 komanso kugonjetsedwa kwa Soviet Union mu 1991, nthawi yomwe ndale ku Washington, poyambirira adadabwa kuti Cold War idatha mosayembekezeka. , adalengeza kuti ndi opambana pa Planet Earth. Nthawi yachiduleyi ikanatha kukhala "mtendere," wamtundu waku America, ngati asitikali aku US motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti George HW Bush akadapanda, anaukira Panama ("Operation Just Cause") monga 1989 inatha kuchotsa mtsogoleri wawo wodzilamulira Manuel Noriega (yemwe kale anali chuma cha CIA, mwa njira). Anthu okwana 3,000 aku Panama (kuphatikiza anthu wamba ambiri) adamwalira limodzi ndi asitikali 23 aku America mu gawoli.

Ndiyeno, ndithudi, mu January 1991 ndi Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Gulf inayamba. Zitha kupangitsa kuti mwina 8,000 mpaka 10,000 afa aku Iraq ndi "okha" mazana ochepa afa pakati pa gulu lankhondo lotsogozedwa ndi US. Kuukira kwa ndege ku Iraq kudzatsatira zaka zikubwerazi. Ndipo tisaiwale kuti ngakhale ku Europe sikunachotsedwe chifukwa, mu 1999, panthawi ya utsogoleri wa Bill Clinton, US Air Force idayambitsa chiwonongeko cha milungu 10. kampeni yophulitsa bomba motsutsana ndi Aserbia omwe kale anali Yugoslavia.

Ndipo zonsezi zimakhalabe mndandanda wosakwanira, makamaka m'zaka za zana lino pamene zina zotero 2Asilikali a US XUMUMX akhala akuimitsidwa kumayiko akunja ndipo asitikali a US Special Operations atumiza kumayiko ambiri, pomwe ma drones aku America nthawi zonse amaukira "zigawenga" m'mitundu ndi mayiko komanso apurezidenti aku America adakhaladi. akupha-mkulu. Mpaka lero, ndi katswiri wotani komanso mlangizi wakale wa CIA Chalmers Johnson wotchedwa American "empire of bases" - mbiri zomwe sizinachitikepo 800 kapena ochulukirapo a iwo - kudutsa mbali zambiri za dziko lapansi sikunakhudzidwe ndipo, nthawi iliyonse, pakhoza kukhala zambiri kuchokera kudziko lomwe bajeti yake yankhondo. osachepera ofanana omwe atsatira 10 (inde, ndi 10!) Mayiko ophatikizidwa, kuphatikiza China ndi Russia.

Ndondomeko Yanthawi Yakupha

Magawo atatu mwa anayi omaliza a Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse yaku America yomwe inatha pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, kwenikweni, yakhala nthawi yakupha, ngakhale ochepa m'dziko lino angazindikire kapena kuvomereza zimenezo. Kupatula apo, kuyambira 1945, Achimereka adakhalapo "pankhondo" kunyumba, pomwe pafupifupi anthu wamba a 3,000 adamwalira pakuwukira komwe kumayenera kukwiyitsa - chabwino, china ngati nkhondo yachigawenga yomwe imakhalanso nkhondo yachigawenga komanso yofalitsa ziwopsezo. mayendedwe m'dziko lathu lapansi.

Monga mtolankhani William Arkin posachedwa anatsutsana, US yakhazikitsa dziko lankhondo lokhazikika lomwe likufuna kuyambitsa "nkhondo yosatha." Monga akulemba, pakadali pano, dziko lathu "likupha kapena kuphulitsa mabomba mwina m'maiko 10," mwinanso ochulukirapo, ndipo palibe chodabwitsa pa izi m'mbuyomu.

Funso lomwe anthu aku America samaganizanso kufunsa ndi ili: Nanga bwanji US ikadayamba kuphwanya ufumu wake wa maziko, kubwereza ambiri mwa ndalama za okhometsa misonkho zankhondo ku zosowa zathu zapakhomo, kusiya kuyang'ana dziko lino pankhondo yokhazikika, ndikusiya Pentagon ngati mpingo wathu woyera? Nanga bwanji ngati, ngakhale mwachidule, nkhondo, mikangano, ziwembu, kuphana, kuphana ndi ndege, zonse zitatha?

Kodi dziko lathu likanakhala lotani ngati mutangolengeza mtendere ndi kubwerera kwathu?

Copyright 2021 Tom Engelhardt

Tom Engelhardt adapanga ndikuyendetsa tsambalo TomDispatch.com. Iyenso ndi co-founder wa American Empire Project ndi mlembi wa mbiri yoyamikiridwa kwambiri ya kupambana kwa America mu Cold War, Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa. Mnzake wa Lembani Media Center, buku lake lachisanu ndi chimodzi komanso laposachedwa kwambiri ndi Mtundu Wopanda Nkhondo.