Gyozo Nehéz. Choyamba, auzeni za inu kwa owerenga!

Kristian Williams. Ndine wa anarchist ndikukhala ku Portland, Oregon. (Ngati muyang'ana mapu a US, Oregon ili kumanzere ndipo pafupifupi 2/3 ya njira yopita pamwamba, kumpoto kwa California.) Kwa zaka khumi zapitazi, ndakhala ndikugwira nawo ntchito m'deralo. zolimbana ndi nkhanza za apolisi, posachedwa ndi bungwe lotchedwa Rose City Copwatch. Copwatch amaphunzitsa anthu za ufulu wawo walamulo, amajambula mavidiyo apolisi akamacheza ndi anthu, ndipo amayesa kulimbikitsa mkangano wokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha anthu m'njira zomwe zimalimbikitsa mayankho omwe si a boma pa zosowa za anthu. Ntchito yanga yaluntha inakula mwachindunji kuchokera muzolimbikitsa zanga.

Ndalemba mabuku awiri okhudza ziwawa za boma. Choyamba, Adani Athu mu Buluu: Apolisi ndi Mphamvu ku America inatuluka mu 2004, ndipo kope lachiwiri likutuluka chaka chamawa. Buku langa lachiwiri, Njira zaku America: Kuzunza ndi Logic of Domination idatuluka masika apitawa. Njira zaku America ikukhudzana ndi momwe boma la US likugwiritsira ntchito kuzunza, kuyambira ndi kusanthula zachinyengo cha Abu Ghraib.

Q. Monga mukulembera m'mawu oyamba m'buku lanu, sizokhudza Abu Ghraib ku Baghdad. M'malo mwake ndi za kuzunzidwa kwa anthu ambiri komanso za USA. Cholinga chanu chinali chiyani ndi bukuli?

A. Anthu aku America asokonezeka kwambiri pakali pano. Ndipo sindikutanthauza kuti modzichepetsa, monga ngati simukugwirizana nane ndiye kuti mukuvutika ndi chidziwitso chabodza kapena chinachake. Ayi, ndikutanthauza kuti kwa anthu ochuluka kwambiri, ukawafunsa za zomwe zikuchitika m'dzikoli, kapena ndi udindo wa America padziko lapansi, amakuuzani kuti sakumvetsa, kuti sakudziwa. kuganiza za izo. Izi ndi zoona pazinthu zambiri - kuukira kwa September 11, nkhondo yonse ku Iraq - ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zinali zoona makamaka pazithunzi za Abu Ghraib. Nazi zithunzi zoopsazi, zomwe zinawonetsa bwino asilikali athu akukhala ngati zilombo. Ndipo anthu sanathe kuzimvetsa. Ndinkafuna kuwathandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe kuzunzidwa kunkachitika ku Abu Ghraib, komanso, ndinkafuna kuwawonetsa kuti, pazifukwa zofanana kwambiri, nkhanza zamtundu womwewo zikupitirirabe osati kunja kokha, komanso kundende zathu zapakhomo. Ndinkafuna kupereka chithunzithunzi chazithunzi zowopsazo.

Q. Kuti muphunzire nkhani ya Abu Ghraib ndi malingaliro otani omwe adapangidwa kwa anthu aku America? Kodi chikhalidwe chophwanya malamulo chikuvomerezedwa bwanji potengera miyambo yakale yaku America?

A. Pafupifupi aliyense anadabwa. Ndipo osati kungodabwa, koma mantha. Panali akatswiri angapo a mapiko akumanja omwe anayesa kulungamitsa, koma kwenikweni anali mpendero wochititsa manyazi. Nthawi zambiri, akuluakulu aboma anayesa kuchepetsa kufunika kwa zomwe zidachitika ku Abu Ghraib, ponena kuti anali asitikali ochepa chabe pamalo amodziwo, komanso kuti sizinawonetsere zankhondo, kapena asitikali onse. Anthu anali ofunitsitsa kukhulupirira izi, ndipo makamaka amangoganiza kuti chilichonse choyipa kwambiri chimayenera kukhala chosokoneza. Zachidziwikire, kafukufuku wa asitikali omwe adafika pamalingaliro osiyana, ndipo kuwerenga mosamalitsa kukuwonetsa momwe kuzunzidwira ku Abu Ghraib, ndi nkhanza zofananira kwina, zidabwera ngati zotsatira zodziwikiratu za zisankho zomwe zidapangidwa zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo. Mu Njira zaku America, Ndikukankhiranso kuwunikaku, ndikutsutsa kuti zisankho zankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga zimagwirizana bwino kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri ya imperialism yaku US. Koma chomvetsa chisoni n’chakuti, anthu onse a ku America pafupifupi sadziwa konse za mbiri imeneyo.

Q. Kodi anthu aku America adalumikiza nkhani ya Abu Ghraib ndi mafoni a NSA popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi khothi komanso zotsatira za Patriot Act zopatsa FBI mphamvu yofufuza kunyumba za anthu aku America popanda kuwadziwitsa? Kodi ndi okonzeka kuona mmene kuponderezedwa kwachitika? Tangoganizirani za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kuphwanya malamulo ndi mphamvu ya boma ...

A. Otsutsa nthawi zina amalemba zinthuzo - kuzunzika, ma waya, kufufuza mwachinsinsi - pamodzi ndi zolakwika zina zambiri za Bush, koma samayesetsa kufotokozera anthu mfundo zomwe zimawagwirizanitsa. Malipoti ozungulira zinthu zamtunduwu ndiwogawika kwambiri, kotero kuti mutha kukhala ndi zolemba zosiyana mu nyuzipepala yomweyi yofotokoza za chizunzo cha Bush, pulogalamu ya NSA wiretap, ndikuti, kuwukira kwa FBI kutengera umboni wachinsinsi - komabe. sipangakhale kuyesa konse kulumikiza nkhani izi wina ndi mzake. Amawonetsedwa ngati kuti alibe chochita ndi wina ndi mnzake monga manambala amasheya ndi gawo lamasewera.

Ndizodabwitsa, chifukwa ndizosavuta kuwonetsa momwe amalumikizirana. Monga wopusa weniweni monga George Bush alili, gulu lomwe lili kumbuyo kwake lili ndi filosofi. M'malingaliro awo, mphamvu si njira yokhayo yomwe angakwaniritsire zolinga zawo, ndi gawo lalikulu lazokambirana - mphamvu za boma pa nzika, mphamvu za purezidenti pazoweruza ndi nyumba yamalamulo, mphamvu za US. padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe akufuna ndi lingaliro la Hobbesian laulamuliro, wolamulira ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Ndipo akufuna kukulitsa mphamvu imeneyi padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo Yachigawenga, m'mayiko onse ndi zapakhomo, imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi filosofiyi.

Ndikupatsani chitsanzo: Pamene ndimalemba ndondomeko yoyamba ya American Methods, ndinawerenga memos odziwika bwino ozunza a Jay Bybee. M'malembawa akupereka mkangano wodabwitsa kwambiri kuti, potengera udindo wa Purezidenti ngati Mtsogoleri Wankhondo, komanso potengera nkhani ya Nkhondo Yachigawenga, palibe malire ovomerezeka pazomwe Purezidenti angachite kuti ateteze anthu aku America. Osati Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva, osati lamulo la federal anti-torture, osati War Crimes Act. Zomwe amalimbikitsa ndi mfundo yolunjika yopondereza, Purezidenti ndi Fuhrer. Kuti ndipereke lingaliro la zomwe izi zingatanthauze, ndidawonetsa kuti mu memo iyi imavomereza kuzunzika, koma imathanso kulungamitsa ma waya opanda zingwe, kapena ntchito zachikwama zamtundu wa Watergate, kapena njira yapadziko lonse yoyang'anira asitikali. Ndidangobwera ndi zitsanzozo m'mutu mwanga, koma panthawi yomwe ndimapanga zosintha zanga zidawululidwa kuti mikangano yofanana ndi ya Bybee idayikidwa patsogolo mkati mwa oyang'anira kuti alungamitse wiretapping popanda chilolezo. Ndipo patangopita nthaŵi yochepa kuti bukhulo lisindikizidwe, tinapeza umboni wina wabwino wakuti madyererowo anachitapo ntchito imodzi yachikwama chakuda pofuna kubisa pulogalamu ya wiretap. Ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe simusangalala nazo kutsimikiziridwa kuti ndi zolondola.

Q. Kodi uthenga wandende za Guantanamo ungakhale wotani kwa ndale padziko lonse lapansi?

A. Guantanamo ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha zomwe ndikunena. Pansi pake panali pomwe ndi cholinga chodziwikiratu - ndi akaidi ake - kunja kwa lamulo. Boma la Bush linanena kuti popeza kulibe ku US komweko, palibe lamulo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kundendeyo. Ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo olamulira anali kunena kuti akaidi omwe anagwidwa ku Afghanistan anali 'omenyana ndi adani' osati Akaidi a Nkhondo, motero amawapatula ku chitetezo cha Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva. Tikayika mfundo ziwirizi pamodzi, akaidi ku Guantanamo analibe ufulu. Kunena mwalamulo, zimenezo zinali zopanda pake, ndithudi. Koma idatumiza uthenga womveka bwino kudziko lonse lapansi: US ikufuna kudzipatula ku malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi; silimavomereza kuti lili ndi malire pa njira zimene lingachitire ndi adani ake.

Q. Kunyalanyaza Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva komanso miyambo ya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi sikunakhaleko mbali yapadera ya George W. Bush. Tangoganizani za abambo ake, Purezidenti George Herbert Walker Bush, omwe kuukira kwawo ku Panama kunali chitsanzo cha malingaliro awa. (Kwa anthu a ku Central-European ali ndi kufunikira kwapadera, chifukwa kuwukira kwa Panama ndi kumangidwa kwa General Noriega kunangochitika pamene Eastern-Europe inamasulidwa ku Soviet Union.) Koma apa tikhoza kutchula Mlembi wa State Clinton, Madeline Albright mawu otchuka : Multilaterally ngati nkotheka, koma unilaterally, pakafunika…

A. Inde, pulezidenti woyamba Bush adanenanso kuti Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva sinagwirizane ndi kuukiridwa kwa Panama, ngakhale kuti adasiya zomwe adapatsidwa ngati ndondomeko. Ndipo anali Clinton yemwe adayambitsa pulogalamu yodabwitsa ya CIA, pomwe adani awo amabedwa ndikutumizidwa kumayiko ena kukazunzidwa. Purezidenti wapano Bush wangokulitsa chizoloŵezi chomwe chinali chokhazikika kale. Ngati America idakhala ndi mtundu wake wamilandu ya Nuremberg, titha kuyembekezera kuwona amuna atatuwa ali limodzi.

Q. Tsiku lotsatira 9/11 Le Monde adalengeza kuti tonse ndife aku America tsopano, koma chifundo cha United States chasintha kukhala kukayikirana, kwa ena, kukhala chidani. Ndende za ku Guantanamo Bay ndi Abu Ghraib, kuchitira akaidi, ndende zachinsinsi ndi ndege zonse zinawonjezera kumverera uku. Masiku ano anthu akunja kwa America akufuna kudzipatula ku mfundo zaku America…

A. Anthu ambiri mkati America ikufuna kudzipatula ku mfundo zaku America. M'malo mwake, anthu ambiri mu chipani cha purezidenti akufuna kudzipatula ku mfundo zake!

Zambiri mwa izi zikugwirizana ndi Iraq. Andale akuwoneka kuti akumbukira mwadzidzidzi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zankhondo yaku Vietnam: Anthu nthawi zina amakukhululukirani chifukwa choyambitsa nkhondo yosavomerezeka komanso yosaloledwa - koma osataya imodzi.

Funso ndilofunika bwanji. Mavoti ovomerezeka a Bush ali mchimbudzi, koma gulu lodana ndi nkhondo, makamaka, ndilopanda dongosolo komanso losathandiza. Atsogoleri a ndale a Republican ndi Democratic akuyamba kutsutsa kwambiri ndondomeko za Bush, koma makamaka amanunkhiza chaka cha chisankho. Ngakhale akudandaula, ma Republican ku Congress amasunga malingaliro a Bush - ndipo a Democrat amakakamizika kunena momwe angachitire zinthu mosiyana, ngakhale atapambana kuwongolera nyumba zonse za Congress. Padziko lonse zinthu zikufanana kwambiri. UN ndi EU amadandaula za Guantanamo ndi pulogalamu yodabwitsa yomasulira, koma bola ngati mayiko omwe ali mamembala apitiliza kugwirizana, ndani amasamala?

Lingaliro langa ndikuti utsogoleri wapano sukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro a anthu, kapenanso kusunga zinthu bwino ndi ogwirizana nawo padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo aona kuti ndi bwino kuopedwa kusiyana ndi kukondedwa, choncho sadera nkhawa kwenikweni za kutsutsidwa. Zomwe amadandaula nazo ndi kukana.

Q. Kodi anthu angachite chiyani kuti alimbikitse demokalase tsopano?

A. Limenelo ndi funso labwino kwambiri. Kumlingo wina ndi vuto la nkhuku ndi dzira, chifukwa momwe timalimbikitsira anthu ndikupereka zipambano zenizeni, ndipo momwe timapambanira ndikupanga mayendedwe okhazikika. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti njirayo ikangoyamba, njira yabwino imatha kuyambika. Koma pakadali pano zimakhala zovuta kudziwa komwe mungayambire.

Sindingathe kulankhula ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Hungary, koma ku US anthu ambiri amamva kuti alibe mphamvu zowononga kusintha kulikonse ndipo Kumanzere kwatsala pang'ono kusiya ntchito yake. Ndikutanthauza, ngati mutafunsa olimbikitsa ambiri cholinga chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi ulendo wa zionetsero, ndikuganiza kuti ambiri anganene chinachake chonga ‘kulengeza kutsutsa kwathu kunkhondo (kapena kuzunza, kapena chirichonse).’ Kugwirizana pakati pa ‘kutsutsa mawu’ ndi kwenikweni kwenikweni. kuyimitsa nkhondo yasiyidwa yosamveka. Chifukwa cha izi, gulu lodana ndi nkhondo lawononga mwayi weniweni. Mamiliyoni a anthu adawonetsa nkhondo ya Iraq isanachitike, koma panalibe ndondomeko yeniyeni ya momwe angayankhire pamene nkhondoyo inachitika (ngakhale kuti aliyense ankadziwa bwino). Chotero anthu onsewo anadzimva kukhala ogonjetsedwa ndi opanda mphamvu, ndipo nyonga yaikulu inatayika. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, gululo silinachiritsidwebe. Anthu ambiri atsala ndi malingaliro akuti kutsutsidwa ndi kopanda pake. Ntchito yathu yoyamba iyenera kukhala yowawonetsa kuti sichoncho, kusintha kumeneko ndikotheka.

Zachitidwa kale. Kukula kwa kayendetsedwe ka anti-globalization ku US ndi chitsanzo chabwino chaposachedwa. Ndikutanthauza, pamene Clinton adasaina Pangano la Ufulu Wamalonda ku North America, mgwirizanowu udakumana ndi zitsutso zokhazokha kunyumba. Koma kumanzere kunapitirizabe kulimbikitsa nkhani ya kudalirana kwa mayiko, kugwira ntchito mwakhama kwa zaka zambiri pazochitika zotsutsana ndi sweatshop ndi zina zotero, ndikupanga mgwirizano wogwira ntchito pakati pa mabungwe, mabungwe a zachilengedwe, ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu. Pofika m'chaka cha 1999, panali anthu ochuluka omwe sankangotsutsa kudalirana kwa makampani, komanso omwe adatenga nawo mbali pazochitika zina zolimbana nazo. Mwezi wa Novembala, anthu masauzande ambiri ochita ziwonetsero adakwanitsa kusokoneza msonkhano wa World Trade Organisation ku Seattle. Chinali chigonjetso chosayembekezereka, ndipo gulu lodana ndi kufalikira kwa mayiko lidalimbikitsidwa kwambiri - makamaka ku US. Matani ochulukirapo adachita nawo ziwonetsero, ziwonetsero zidakula, ndipo njira zachindunji mwadzidzidzi zidakhala ndi zovomerezeka zomwe sizikanatheka chaka chimodzi kapena kuposerapo. Kuyimitsa msonkhano wa WTO kunali koyenera kudzichitira okha, koma phindu lenileni linali loti zidakulitsa malingaliro athu pazomwe tingathe.

Q. Alice Walker m'buku lake - Chilichonse Chimene Timakonda Chikhoza Kupulumutsidwa - akulemba kuti Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr,. ndi Rosa Parks zonse 'zimayimilira zolimbikitsa kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zonse zimalumikizidwa ndi chikondwerero ndi chisangalalo…

A. Tsoka ilo, palibe zambiri zoti tikondwere nazo panthawi yathu ino. Komabe, kodi sizosangalatsa kuti chisangalalo chimenecho chimakhalabe cholumikizidwa ndi kukana? Ndikuganiza kuti ndi chifukwa kukana kumatsimikizira umunthu wathu, ulemu wathu. Zimatipanga kukhala anthu okwanira. Koma ndikuganiza kuti izi ndi zotsatira zambiri kuposa chifukwa cholimbana. Poyambirira, ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi chiyembekezo, kuti zinthu zitha kukhala zosiyana komanso kuti kudzera muzochita zathu titha kuthandizira kusinthako. Chisangalalo chimabwera pambuyo pake, kuchokera kukulimbana komweko monganso ku chigonjetso.

Kristian Williams anafunsidwa mafunso m’buku lake latsopano lolembedwa ndi Gyozo Nehéz pa September 23, 2006. Gyozo Nehéz ndi wochita zachipongwe, membala wa ATTAC Hungary. Angapezeke pa: nevictor@gmail.com

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