Pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera pamavuto azachuma ku Argentina mu 2001, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amatenga nawo gawo pazovuta komanso kukula kwa ndale zasintha kwambiri. Pakhala kuyambiranso kulimbana mkati mwantchito ndipo ogwira ntchito ku Argentina atembenukira ku zida zawo zakale zopezera ufulu: demokalase yolunjika, kumenyedwa, kuwononga, ndi kulanda fakitale. Kulimbana kwa ogwira ntchito m'zipatala za boma, mayunivesite aboma, mabanki, mabizinesi ochira, ndi njanji yapansi panthaka ya Buenos Aires zadzetsa masomphenya ndi kupambana kwa ogwira ntchito mdzikolo.
Komabe, mosiyana ndi kuyambiranso kwa ntchito uku, magulu a anthu, makamaka mabungwe omwe alibe ntchito, agawanika kwambiri ndipo ena adagwirizana nawo. Ngakhale amphamvu kwambiri asiya mitundu yotsutsa yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990: kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji, misonkhano yotchuka, ndi kutsekeka kwamisewu. Komabe, momwe moyo ku Argentina ukupitilirabe kuipa, ma compa±ero ambiri ayamba kusonkhananso kuti ayambitse kampeni yomwe sinamvedwe mu 1990s—zaka khumi zakubizinesi ndi kusokonekera kwa ogwira ntchito. Munthawi yamavuto a ku Argentina m'zaka za m'ma 1990, zofunidwa zinali zongowonjezera thandizo la ulova. Masiku ano, ogwira ntchito apanga makomiti amkati omwe akugwira ntchito modziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku mabungwe azikhalidwe kuti afune malipiro omwe angapezeke komanso kuwongolera chikhalidwe cha anthu.
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Kulimbana kwa Ogwira Ntchito Zamtundu
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M’nkhani yake yakuti, “Workers’ Liberation and Institutions of Self-Management,” Tom Wetzel akupereka lingaliro lakuti “ngati titi tipange chitaganya chimene anthu angakhoze kulamulira miyoyo yawo mwachindunji, kumene antchito amayendetsa mafakitale kumene amagwira ntchito, njira ya kudzilamulira kuyenera kuwonekera pakudziyendetsa nokha kwa mabungwe ambiri a anthu ogwira ntchito” (http://nefac.net/node/2091).
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Ntchito zatsopano zokonzekera ku Argentina zapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano waukulu wogwirizana, kudziwongolera paokha zovuta za ogwira ntchito, komanso chikhalidwe chatsopano cha anthu ogwira ntchito. Pokhala patsogolo mabizinesi omwe achira bwino m'dzikolo, mgwirizano wolimbikitsidwanso wa olimbikitsa anthu ogwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso akuyesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zademokalase komanso kudziyimira pawokha kwa ogwira ntchito.
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Ogwira Ntchito pa Subway Akulimbana Ndi Kumenyedwa kwa Wildcat
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Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ogwira ntchito m'mabwalo apansi panthaka a Buenos Aires adayamba kulimbana pang'onopang'ono kuti apange bungwe lamkati mwabungwe lovomerezeka, lothandizira mabwana Union of Transport Workers (UTA). Ogwira ntchito zapansi panthaka adapanga dongosolo la bungwe lomwe limagogomezera demokalase yolunjika ndi kulinganiza kopingasa—kugwira ntchito ngati msonkhano waukulu wokhala ndi makomiti apadera ndi nthumwi kuti zithandizire kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomwe zasankhidwa pamsonkhano. Ogwira ntchito zapansi panthaka adapambana maora asanu ndi limodzi ogwira ntchito motsatizana modzidzimutsa mu 2004, ndipo mu 2005 ndi sitiraka zamtunduwu adapeza kukwera kwa malipiro a 44%.
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Purezidenti wakale Carlos Menem adakhazikitsa njanji yapansi panthaka ya Buenos Aires mu 1994, ndikupereka chilolezo kwa anthu ku Metrovaas, kukhala gawo la Roggio transnational corporation. Njira yapansi panthaka itangokhazikitsidwa, kampaniyo idakonzanso antchito ndi maola ogwira ntchito. Anakakamiza kugwira ntchito kwa maola asanu ndi atatu, kuchepetsa malipiro, ndipo anachotsa antchito pafupifupi 60 peresenti. Chakumapeto kwa 1994 kunali antchito apansi panthaka oposa 4,600. Njira yapansi panthaka itangokhazikitsidwa, kampaniyo inalemba ntchito 1,500 okha; 800 mwa iwo adalembedwa ntchito kumene. Ogwira ntchito atsopanowa anali ambiri achichepere, amuna ndi akazi osakwatiwa omwe anali ndi chidziwitso chochepa pakukonzekera ntchito.
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Roberto Pianelli, yemwe ndi nthumwi ya m'sitima yapansi panthaka panopa, mmene anthu ankagwirira ntchito m'sitima yapansi panthaka zinaipa kwambiri panthawi ya ulamuliro wankhanza wa ku Argentina komanso pambuyo pake. "Panthawi yaulamuliro wankhondo (1976â€"83) ogwira ntchito m'sitima zapansi panthaka ankagwira ntchito maola asanu ndi awiri, m'mbuyo mwa asilikali oyendetsa sitima yapansi panthaka ankagwira ntchito maola asanu ndi limodzi. M’boma la Purezidenti Menem anamenya kwambiri antchito ndipo tsiku lathu lantchito linakwera kufika maola asanu ndi atatu.”
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Njira ya nthumwi zapansi panthaka inali yokonzekera paokha mkati mwa UTA. Ogwira ntchito paudindo-ndi-mafayilo adayamba kuchita nawo zisankho zamagulu a UTA, kuvotera ogwira ntchito paudindo kwa oyimira ngati njira yopewera kuwombera. Pang'onopang'ono, udindo ndi fayilo zidapeza mipando yokwanira yoyimira mabungwe kuti apange bungwe lamkati lodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku bungwe la UTA. Pamene bungweli linkakula, ogwira ntchitowo anayamba kunyalanyazidwa ndi zigawenga pofuna kuti abwerere kwa maola 6, kuwononga makina opangira matikiti, ndiponso kufuna kuti awonjezere malipiro.
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Kupambana kwa ogwira ntchito m'mayendedwe apansi panthaka kunali kubwezeranso makampani abizinesi—omwe kwa zaka zopitilira khumi adalimbikitsa kusokoneza malamulo a ntchito omwe amateteza ogwira ntchito. Kukonzekera ndi zochita za nthumwi za ogwira ntchito m'mayendedwe apansi panthaka zakhala chizindikiro kwa ogwira ntchito omwe mpaka 2003 anali atapambana mikangano yochepa ya ogwira ntchito ndipo akupitirizabe kuvutika chifukwa cha nkhanza zogwirira ntchito.
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Katswiri wa zachuma pa yunivesite ya Buenos Aires Eduardo Lucita, membala wa Economists kuchokera kumanzere (UDI), akunena kuti ngakhale kuti lamulo la 1933 loti munthu azigwira ntchito maola asanu ndi atatu, masiku ambiri ogwira ntchito ku Argentina amakhala maola 200 mpaka 600. “Ndi theka lokha la ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi makontrakitala ogwira ntchito; ena onse akugwira ntchito ngati antchito ang'onoang'ono m'magulu osayendetsedwa ndi malamulo. Kwa ogwira ntchito oterowo mulibe malamulo okhudza mitengo yopangira zinthu komanso kutalika kwa tsiku logwira ntchito—zochepa kwambiri pamalipiro." Malipiro apakati a anthu aku Argentina amangozungulira $XNUMX pamwezi, mosiyana ndi ndalama zosachepera $XNUMX zomwe zimafunikira kukwaniritsa zofunika za banja la ana anayi.
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Kuyambira mu 1976–83 ulamuliro wankhanza wa asilikali, ndi kupitirira mu neoliberal 1990s, malamulo ambiri ogwira ntchito asinthidwa kuti alole kusinthasintha kwa ntchito. Mabungwe akuluakulu atatu aku Argentina adalephera kuletsa kuthetsedwa kwa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 1990. Malinga ndi a James Petras, bungwe la Confederation of Labor (CGT), bungwe la anthu ogwira ntchito lotsatiridwa ndi Peronist, lagwirizana ndi boma lililonse kuyambira nthawi yankhanzayo - ndipo lidakhala ndi makonzedwe ndi ulamuliro wankhanza. Panthawiyi, mabungwe ena, monga Central of Argentine Workers (CTA), bungwe lalikulu la ogwira ntchito ku Argentina, ndi State Employees Union (ATE), analephera kuthandizira zofuna ndi zochita za ogwira ntchito. Monga m'malo mwa mabungwe osalabadira awa, antchito ambiri aboma m'zipatala, masukulu, mabanki, ndi zoyendera atsogolera njira yomwe imadziwika kuti Class Struggle Coalition (MIC).
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The Class Struggle Coalition (MIC)
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Mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku Latin America konse akutsimikizira kuti atha kudzikonzekeretsa bwino komanso mwademokalase. Ogwira ntchito m'mayendedwe apansi panthaka pamodzi ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala, aphunzitsi a m'masukulu aboma, ogwira ntchito zamatelefoni, ogwira ntchito m'masitima, ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito omwe alibe ntchito apanga MIC, mgwirizano wa mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'madera omwe akugwira ntchito yogwirizanitsa antchito omwe akuvutika ku Argentina. Mfundo khumi ndi zinayi za MIC zikunena kudzipereka pakukhazikitsa dongosolo lademokalase ndi mgwirizano pakati pa ogwira ntchito omwe akulimbana ndi kuponderezedwa. Ogwira ntchito omwe akutenga nawo mbali mumgwirizanowu amadzifotokoza okha ngati okhazikika m'magulu, otsutsa komanso otsutsa maulamuliro a mabungwe. Mgwirizanowu wapita mpaka pakupanga sukulu yanthawi yayitali ya syndicalist ku Buenos Aires. Msonkhano woyamba wamaphunziro wa MIC udayang'ana kwambiri "njira zamakampani pamikhalidwe yosinthika yantchito ndi mabungwe."
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Kulimbana ndi ntchito zaukapolo
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Argentina ili ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chokonzekera ntchito pakati pa anthu othawa kwawo. Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1800, anthu obwera m’mayiko ena ogwira ntchito akhala akumenyera ufulu wawo, kuphatikizapo Lamlungu lopuma, maola asanu ndi atatu ogwira ntchito, ndi malipiro ochepa. Masiku ano, kuzunzidwa koopsa m'mafakitale atsopanowa kwachititsa kuti mbadwo watsopano wa antchito othawa kwawo ukonzekere.
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Bungwe la Union of Seamstress Workers (UTC), gulu la ogwira ntchito ovala nsalu opanda zikalata, lanena milandu yopitilira 8,000 ya nkhanza zantchito m'mashopu opangira nsalu pafupifupi 400 mumzindawu chaka chatha. Pafupifupi anthu 100,000 omwe alibe zikalata amagwira ntchito m'mafakitale opanda chitetezowa ndi malipiro apakati—ngati amalipidwa konse—$100 pamwezi.
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Matenda monga chifuwa chachikulu ndi zovuta za m'mapapo ndizofala chifukwa cha momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito komanso kuwonekera nthawi zonse ku fumbi ndi ulusi. Ogwira ntchito ambiri amavutika ndi kuvulala kwa msana ndi tendonitis pokhala pa makina osokera maola khumi ndi awiri mpaka khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi patsiku. Ndipo palinso zoopsa zina. Moto womwe unapha anthu asanu ndi mmodzi mchaka cha 2006 udawonetsa nkhanza zogwirira ntchito mkati mwa makina opangira nsalu zachinsinsi ku Buenos Aires. Azimayi awiri ndi ana anayi amene anaphedwa anali atatsekeredwa m’fakitale.
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"Tidayenera kukhala chete ndikuvomereza kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Ndatopa ndi nkhonya. Tikuyamba kumenyana, compa±eros; zikomo chifukwa chopezeka pa msonkhano.” Awa ndi mawu a Ana Salazar pamsonkhano wa antchito a nsalu omwe adakumana ku Buenos Aires Lamlungu madzulo a April 2007. UTC inapanga msonkhano woyandikana nawo m'dera la anthu ogwira ntchito ku Parque Avalleneda. Poyamba, msonkhanowo unali mwambo wa mlungu ndi mlungu wa mabanja Lamlungu, tsiku lokhalo ogwira ntchito yovala nsalu amatuluka m’sitolomo. Mabanja anayamba kusonkhana pamalo a msonkhanowo, omwe anali pakona ya paki. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa chakuti mabungwe achikhalidwe cha ku Argentina anakana kuvomereza mabungwe opanda zikalata, antchitowo anakulitsa msonkhano wawo wamwamwayi kukhala mgwirizano wokwanira.
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Chiyambireni moto wa fakitale womwe udapha anthu asanu ndi mmodzi pa Marichi 30, 2006, UTC yachitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi makampani opanga zovala omwe amagwirizana ndi ma thukuta achinsinsi. Gululo lagwirapo angapo zowononga, kapena zionetsero zowonetsera, kunja kwa maofesi opanga mafashoni ku Buenos Aires kukankhira boma la mzindawo kuti liwonetsetse mkati mwa makampani opanga nsalu. Ogwira ntchito ku UTC adaperekanso madandaulo azamalamulo motsutsana ndi wopanga ma jean apamwamba a Kosiuko.
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Mpaka pano, ndawala ya mgwirizanowu yakhala yopambana. Mu Epulo 2006, boma la mzinda wa Buenos Aires lidayambitsa kuyendera anthu aku Bolivia ndi Paraguay; oyendera anatseka osachepera zana. (Mwina n’zosadabwitsa kuti kazembe wa ku Bolivia Gonzalez Quint watsutsa zimene boma la mzindawo likuchita pofuna kuwongolera anthu otuluka thukuta, ponena kuti njirazi zimasala anthu amene amawalemba ntchito ku Bolivia omwe amagulitsa ena mwa masitolo akuluakulu a nsalu.) amangosamutsa ma sweatshopu awo kupita ku lamba wamakampani akumidzi kapena kumalo atsopano mumzinda. UTC yanena kuti opanga ena amakakamiza antchito kugwira ntchito usiku kuti asayang'ane masana.
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Kuyambira m’chaka cha 2003, malipoti ambirimbiri okhudza ntchito yaukapolo akhala akuwunjikana m’makhoti popanda chigamulo chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri ogwira ntchito akapereka malipoti kwa apolisi okhudza kusamalidwa bwino, kuphatikizapo kuopsezedwa, kuzunzidwa, ndi kugwira ntchito mokakamiza, apolisi amati sangachitepo kanthu chifukwa ozunzidwa alibe zitupa za dziko.
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Ngakhale kuti boma la mzinda wa Buenos Aires silinachitepo kanthu poyang'anira anthu otuluka mumzindawu, UTC ikupitiriza kukakamiza kuti kutha kwa ukapolo wa thukuta, komanso kuvomerezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu othawa kwawo komanso nyumba za anthu othawa kwawo omwe akukhala muumphawi. Zoyesayesa zolinganiza sizinapite pachabe. Pachipambano chofunikira, boma lamzindawu latsegula maofesi angapo kuti agwiritse ntchito kwaulere zikalata zolowa m'dziko la Bolivia ndi Paraguay, podutsa kazembe wa Bolivia.
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Bungwe la UTC latinso atseke mashopu a nsalu zachinsinsi atsekedwe ndi kuperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito kuti awayang'anire ngati ma co-op ndipo pamapeto pake, amange maukonde ogwirizana omwe angadutse ochita zapakati ndi zida zonse. Kale, msonkhano wa Alameda walumikizana ndi UTC kupanga bungwe la Alameda Workers' Cooperative ngati m'malo mwa otuluka thukuta. Pafupifupi anthu 30 omwe kale anali ogwira ntchito m’mafakitale amagwira ntchito m’malo ochitira misonkhano yamlungu ndi mlungu.
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Olga Cruz tsopano akugwira ntchito ndi ogwirizanitsa zovala zosoka. Iye akuti ngakhale ndizovuta, tsopano ali ndi ulemu womwe analibe pamene ankagwira ntchito mu sitolo ina. “Tikugwira ntchito ngati cooperative, tonse timalandira malipiro ofanana. M'masitolo obisika mumalipidwa pa chovala chilichonse: amakupatsani nsalu ndipo muyenera kupereka chovalacho chopangidwa mokwanira. Pano tili ndi mzere, womwe ndi wapamwamba kwambiri ndipo aliyense amagwira ntchito mofanana. "
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Atachotsedwa ntchito chifukwa chonena zachipongwe pamutu wa thukuta, Naomi Herna¡ndez wapezanso ntchito ku cooperative. "Tikudzimasula tokha, ndizomwe ndikumva. Poyamba sindinali munthu waufulu komanso ndinalibe ufulu uliwonse,” adatero Herna¡ndez kwa gulu la anthu owonerera kutsogolo kwa nyumba yamalamulo ya mzindawo. Adatumiza uthenga wapadera komanso woitanira kuti: "Tsopano tikumenya nkhondo limodzi ndi mgwirizano wa Alameda ndi UTC. Ndikupempha onse ogwira ntchito omwe akudziwa kuti ufulu wawo ukuphwanyidwa kuti alowe nawo gulu lolimbana ndi ntchito yaukapolo. "
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Mabizinesi obwezeretsedwa—akuyambitsanso chikhalidwe chantchito
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Mafakitole oyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Argentina akupereka chitsanzo kwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuti ogwira ntchito amatha kuyendetsa bizinesi bwino popanda bwana kapena eni ake. Zochitika zatsopano za ogwira ntchito kulanda malo awo ogwirira ntchito zinayamba m'chaka cha 2000 ndipo zinakula pamene dziko la Argentina linayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu azachuma omwe sanakhalepo mu 2001. Padziko lonse lapansi, mafakitale zikwizikwi atsekedwa ndipo ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri zatayika m'zaka zaposachedwapa.
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Monga fakitale yayikulu kwambiri ku Argentina, yomwe idakhalapo kuyambira 2001, malo opangira zinthu zakale a Zanon m'chigawo cha Patagonian ku Neuqua ©n tsopano ali ndi antchito 470. Pamodzi ndi mabizinesi enanso a 180 omwe akugwiranso ntchito, akupereka ntchito kwa antchito oposa 10,000 a ku Argentina, zochitika za Zanon zafotokozeranso maziko a kupanga: popanda ogwira ntchito, mabwana sangathe kuyendetsa malonda; popanda mabwana, ogwira ntchito angathe kuchita bwino. Ngakhale kuti mafakitale oyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchitowa akukakamizika kukhalapo mumsika waukulu wa capitalist, akupanga masomphenya atsopano a chikhalidwe chatsopano chogwirira ntchito.
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Mu Okutobala 2005, bungwe lopanda bwana (FaSinPat), lomwe tsopano limayang'anira fakitale yakale ya Zanon, lidapambana mkangano, ndikukakamiza makhothi a federal kuti azindikire ngati bungwe lazamalamulo lomwe lili ndi ufulu woyendetsa ntchitoyo kwa chaka chimodzi. Pamene tsiku lotha ntchito mu October 2006 likuyandikira, msonkhano wa ogwira ntchito unavota kuti awonjezere zochita ndi zoyesayesa za anthu. Pa Okutobala 20, 2006, ogwira ntchitowo adapambana mkangano womwe watenga nthawi yayitali woti boma livomereze FaSinPat kwa zaka zitatu.
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Ogwira ntchito ku Argentina akondwerera kupambana kwakanthawi kwa ogwira ntchito ku FaSinPat. Ndi udindo walamulo, FaSinPat ikhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mapulani, kukonza malo ogwirira ntchito, ndikupanga ma projekiti ammudzi. Monga gawo la chikondwererochi, bungweli lapempha antchito ena kuti apite ku Zanon kuti adziwe kuti nawonso angathe kugwira ntchito popanda bwana kapena mwini wake. Msonkhano wa ogwira ntchitowo watsimikiza kuti tsopano ndi mwayi wophunzitsa ena za kudzilamulira.
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Mawu oti "kudziyang'anira," monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ku Argentina, akuchokera ku lingaliro la Chisipanishi la "auto-gestia³n," amatanthauza kuti gulu kapena gulu limapanga zisankho zawozawo, makamaka zisankho zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ndondomeko ndi kasamalidwe. . Ogwira ntchito ku Zanon akuyika machitidwe a bungwe mubizinesi momwe ogwira nawo ntchito amatenga nawo mbali pazosankha zonse. Kudzilamulira kwa ogwira ntchito ku Argentina kumathandizira kubzala mbewu kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo isinthe malingaliro a capitalism popangira madera m'malo mwa phindu ndi kupatsa mphamvu antchito m'malo mowadyera masuku pamutu. Zanon yapanga gawo la kayendetsedwe ka mabizinesi ochira omwe akugwiritsa ntchito njira zina za demokalase komanso kudziyimira pawokha kwa ogwira ntchito.
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Mabizinesi oyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Argentina ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri, iliyonse ili ndi mbiri yakeyake mwalamulo komanso mitundu yokonzekera kupanga. Pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse antchito analanda mabizinesi amene anasiyidwa kapena otsekedwa ndi eni ake panthaŵi ya kusokonekera kwachuma ku Argentina mu 2001. Nthaŵi zambiri eni ake anasiya kupanga, anasiya kulipira, ndipo analephera. Lingaliro la ogwira ntchito kuti alande fakitale yawo linali chigamulo chomwe chinapangidwa mofunikira—osati kwenikweni chifukwa cha malingaliro. Nkhawa yachangu yoteteza ntchito zawo inalimbikitsa antchito kupitiriza kupanga popanda bwana kapena mwiniwake.
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Mabizinesi ambiri omwe adachira agwira ntchito ndikupikisana pamsika wa capitalist kwazaka zambiri popanda chilolezo chovomerezeka. Popanda kutsimikizika kwalamulo, mabizinesi ambiri oyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito akhala opanda vuto pochita ndi ogulitsa ndi makasitomala ndipo asokonekera pamsika.
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Kuyambira 2003, ogwira ntchito akhala akugwira ntchito ku Bauen Hotel ku Buenos Aires popanda chilolezo chalamulo kapena thandizo la boma. Chiyambireni kutenga hoteloyo, ogwira ntchitowo ayamba pang'onopang'ono kuyeretsa hotelo yomwe yasakazidwa ndikupereka ntchito zake. Hoteloyi inatsegulidwanso ndi antchito a 40 ndipo tsopano akugwira ntchito pafupifupi 150. Ogwira ntchito akhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira December 2005 kuti akakamize boma la mzinda wa Buenos Aires kuti liletse lamulo lomwe lingabwezeretse hoteloyo kwa mwini wake wakale. Boma la mzindawo linakana kutsutsa lamuloli. Ngati mgwirizano wa Bauen sunapambane potsatira lamulo latsopano labwino iwo akhoza kutaya hotelo yawo.
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Kumalo akomweko, hotelo ya Bauen yakhala chitsanzo chabwino pakumanga mgwirizano komanso kukulitsa maukonde othandizirana. Pakati pazovuta zamalamulo komanso zovuta zoyendetsa bwino hotelo yotchuka, mamembala a cooperative sanayiwale mizu yawo. Hoteloyi yansanjika khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi yasanduka malo andale a mabungwe ogwira ntchito, kuphatikiza FaSinPat. Pansi pake pali matailosi okongola apamwamba kwambiri, malonda pakati pa fakitale ya Zanon ceramics yoyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito ndi Bauen. Nthawi zonse, ogwira ntchito ku Zanon ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu amakonzekera zochitika ndikukhala ku hotelo poyendera Buenos Aires. Nthumwi za MIC ndi zapansi panthaka zimakhala ndi misonkhano nthawi zonse ku hotelo komanso kuchita misonkhano yoteteza antchito kuti azidzilamulira okha kuti asachotsedwe ndi boma.
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Kulanda kwafakitale kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zopitirira zana ngati chida chomasula anthu ogwira ntchito. Muzovuta zambiri zakale, kulanda fakitale kumangogwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zofuna zimveke m'malo motengera kupanga.
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Panthawi yomwe ogwira ntchito ku Argentina akuchira posachedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zabizinesi komanso kuwukiridwa kwa malamulo a ntchito, mabizinesi omwe adachira akugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo - chotengera kufanana, demokalase yolunjika, ndi mgwirizano - zomwe ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi capitalist. . Mwanjira imeneyi, mabizinesi ochirawa akupanga kumvera kwatsopano kwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
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Kuwonjezeka kwa Chiwawa kwa Ogwira Ntchito
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Zaka makumi atatu za ndondomeko zolimba za neoliberal zawononga gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Argentina. Kuti akwaniritse dongosolo lazachuma lomwe lilipo, ulamuliro wankhanza wankhondo udapangitsa anthu omenyera ufulu wa anthu 30,000 komanso ophunzira kutha panthawi yaulamuliro wankhanza wa 1976-83. Ena akuti mkati mwa milandu ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mikangano ya m’mabungwe, boma likugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimakumbutsa ulamuliro wankhanza.
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Ophunzira otsutsa, aphunzitsi, ogwira ntchito m'boma, ogwira ntchito osagwira ntchito, ndi anthu amtundu wamba akumana ndi chidani chowonjezereka kuchokera ku boma la dziko ndi maboma a zigawo. Purezidenti Nestor Kirchner walephera kukweza moyo wa anthu, ndipo kuukira kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito kwawonjezeka chaka chatha. Mu 2006 ulova m'dziko lonselo udafikabe pa 12.5 peresenti, pomwe anthu opitilira 5.2 miliyoni samapeza ntchito zamalipiro zokwanira kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo zapamwezi.
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Mlandu waposachedwa kwambiri wa nkhanza za boma kwa ogwira ntchito, Carlos Fuentealba, mphunzitsi wa anthu wazaka makumi anayi ndi ziwiri, adamwalira pa Epulo 6 wapolisi atamuwombera m'mutu ndi chibani chokhetsa misozi. Fuentealba anali kutenga nawo mbali pamisewu yomwe bungwe la aphunzitsi lachigawo linakonza ngati zionetsero, pambuyo pa mwezi wathunthu wonyanyala ntchito pofuna kukweza malipiro ndi maphunziro a boma. Imfa ya mphunzitsiyo yachititsa kuti anthu azitsutsana ndi boma lang'ono komanso mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ogwira ntchito.
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Mgwirizano waukulu wa aphunzitsi ku Argentina udachita sitiraka kwa maola makumi awiri ndi anayi, pomwe mabungwe aboma adayimitsa ntchito kwa maola awiri. Ogwira ntchito zoyendera za anthu onse anali ataima pafupi ndi Buenos Aires. Nthumwi ya bungwe la Subway Union ya Buenos Aires Carlos Taborda adati ogwira ntchito adakwiya atamva za imfa ya Fuentealba. “Wantchito aliyense amakhudzidwa ndi imfa ya mphunzitsi. N’zosadabwitsa kuti masiku ano anthu ambiri achita zionetsero chifukwa ufulu wa anthu ukaphwanyidwa, ogwira ntchito kuno ku Argentina amasonkhana.”
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Imfa ya mphunzitsiyo yapangitsa kuti anthu azitsutsana ndi boma lang'ono komanso mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ogwira ntchito. Kusuntha kwa anthu m'derali kwakula m'zaka zapitazi kuyambira pamavuto azachuma ku Argentina mu 2001.
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Carlos Fuentealba si wogwira ntchito woyamba kuphedwa chifukwa cha ziwonetsero ku Neuqua©n. Imfa yake inachitikira limodzi ndi tsiku lokumbukira chaka chakhumi cha kuphedwa kwa Teresa Rodraguez, woyang’anira ndende ndi munthu wosalakwa yemwe anawomberedwa ndi wapolisi pa zionetsero za pa April 12, 1997. Apolisi anamuwombera pamene ankawoloka mlatho umene antchito opanda ntchito ankatsekereza m’mafuta. Mzinda wa Cutral-Ca³. Icho chinali chimodzi mwa zoyamba pickets (misewu yotchinga, yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala njira yotsatiridwa ndi ma piqueteros dziko lonse). Teresa Rodraguez wakhala chizindikiro cha kayendetsedwe ka piquetero, koma kupha kwake sikunalangidwe; apolisi anayi omwe anaimbidwa mlandu wakupha atulutsidwa ndipo akhululukidwa.
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Kuyambira 1995, anthu opitilira makumi asanu ndi limodzi aphedwa paziwonetsero ku Argentina. Julio Talabera, wogwirizira wa HIJOS—bungwe la Children of the Disappeared—akunena kuti maboma amathandizira nkhanza za apolisi kuti abweretse mantha komanso kuti ziwonetsero zichitike. M’zaka ziwiri zapitazi anthu ogwirizana nawo alandira ziopsezo ndipo akhala akuukiridwa. UTC itangolengeza poyera masika apitawa ndi malipoti mazana ambiri akuzunzidwa, oyimira ambiri a bungweli adawopsezedwa. Ndipo modabwitsa kwambiri, abambo awiri adabera mwana wazaka zisanu ndi zinayi wa Josa© Orellano ndi Monica Fraas, ogwira ntchito ku nsalu omwe adanenapo za ntchito yaukapolo m'sitolo yawo. Oukirawo anagwira mnyamatayo ndi mpeni ndi kumuuza kuti “uuze makolo ako kuti asiye kusokoneza ndi malipoti okhudza anthu otuluka thukuta.”
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Njira Yoyambira
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Ngakhale mabungwe ambiri aku Argentina akuwukiridwa ngati ogwira ntchito m'njanji zapansi panthaka, ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo, ndi mabizinesi angapo oyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito alimbikitsa mgwirizano waukulu woteteza ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. Ogwira ntchito m'mayendedwe apansi panthaka alonjeza kufunitsitsa kwawo kugwiritsa ntchito kunyanyala ngati njira yachindunji yoletsa kuponderezedwa ndi boma pamikangano yantchito. Ku Neuqua©n, Zanon yakhazikitsa mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa magulu ammudzi, ogwira ntchito pamavuto, ndikubwezeretsa mabizinesi mdziko lonse lapansi komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Ndikuchita izi, gulu la FaSinPat lasintha kukhala gawo lalikulu lolimbikitsa anthu m'chigawo cha Neuqua©n.
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Mabungwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Argentina, monganso ku Chile, Uruguay, ndi Brazil, akumana ndi zovuta zatsopano chifukwa cha kuyambiranso kwa "mafunde a pinki omwe akupita patsogolo" a maboma a demokalase. Kuchuluka kwa nkhanza za apolisi, kumangidwa kwa ndale, ndi kuphwanya malamulo a ziwonetsero za anthu ndi zina mwazovuta zomwe zili patsogolo pa "msewu wa pinki". Momwe mungapitirizire kupanga mgwirizano waukulu ndi chopinga chachikulu kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku Argentina poyang'anizana ndi zoyesayesa za boma zogwirizanitsa mabungwe ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zoyendetsera bizinesi, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale pali zovuta zandale, mgwirizano wodziyimira pawokha waku Argentina wokonzekera zoyeserera ndi mabizinesi ochira akuyimira kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira imodzi yotsogola kwambiri poteteza ogwira ntchito komanso kukana motsutsana ndi capitalism ndi neoliberalism.
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Ndemanga za Mwezi ndi July/August 2007″”
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Marie Trigona ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha, wopanga wailesi yakanema komanso wopanga mafilimu omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zamayendedwe aku Latin America. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
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