Kuyesetsa mwamphamvu kwa Wal-Mart kuletsa mabungwe ogwira ntchito kuti asatuluke m'masitolo padziko lonse lapansi kwavuta kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ogwira ntchito amafotokoza momwe gulu lamalonda likuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi oteteza ufulu wa ogwira ntchito kuti azisonkhana mwaulele ndikukonzekera mabungwe. Monga wolemba ntchito wabizinesi wamkulu padziko lonse lapansi, Wal-Mart wakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha zovuta zogwirira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito ku United States ndi kunja.
Chifukwa cha malamulo ofooka a US ogwira ntchito, kuphwanya kochititsa chidwi kwa Wal-Mart kwa ufulu wa ogwira ntchito kumachitika ku United States, kumene woyambitsa Wal-Mart Sam Walton anatsegula sitolo yake yoyamba mu 1967. ndi mitengo yotsika, koma pamtengo wa ogwira ntchito, omwe amakumana ndi njira zaukali zotsutsana ndi mgwirizano, malipiro ochepa, nthawi zambiri alibe phindu, kuyang'anitsitsa mozama, ndi zochitika zonyansa zogwirira ntchito. Nthawi zina amakakamizika kugwira ntchito popanda malipiro kapena usana.
Lipoti lalikulu la Human Rights Watch "Ufulu: Kuphwanya Ufulu wa Ogwira Ntchito ku US ku Ufulu Wamayanjano" ndi Wal-Mart mwatsatanetsatane momwe zoyesayesa zaukali zoletsa mabungwe ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphwanya malamulo a federal ndikuphwanya ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. Lipotilo linapeza kuti mabungwe ndi ogwira ntchito adabweretsa milandu 292 motsutsana ndi Wal-Mart chifukwa chophwanya malamulo a ntchito ku United States.
Zogulitsa za mega-chain zafika pambiri kuyambira pomwe adatsegula masitolo padziko lonse lapansi. Ndalama zonse za Wal-Mart zokwana $315.65 biliyoni mchaka chandalama chomwe chimatha pa Januware 31, 2006, zitha kuliyika ngati dziko la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi lolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Wal-Mart amagwiritsa ntchito masitolo pafupifupi 2,700 padziko lonse lapansi ku Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, China, Argentina, Japan, ndi United Kingdom. Panopa Wal-Mart ali ndi antchito pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni, otchedwa “associates,” padziko lonse lapansi, 1.3 miliyoni mwa iwo amagwira ntchito ku United States. Ogwira ntchito m'mayiko monga Argentina, Brazil, ndi Mexico apambana mwayi woimira mgwirizano wochepa chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima okhudza mabuku m'mayiko onse, koma popanda kutsutsidwa kwambiri ndi akuluakulu a Wal-Mart.
Nkhani ku Argentina
Wal-Mart yakopa chidwi cha opanga malamulo aku Argentina pazochita zotsutsana ndi mgwirizano m'masitolo abungwe m'dziko lonse la South America. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, msonkhano wadziko la Argentina udatsogolera kafukufuku wokhudza ntchito za Wal-Mart m'malo ogulitsa 15 aku Argentina. Kutsatira malipoti akuthamangitsidwa kwa nthumwi za mgwirizanowu komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito molakwika, Wal-Mart adayitanitsidwa pamaso pa komiti yofufuza ya Congress mu Julayi 2007.
Gustavo Cordoba, wogwira ntchito m'sitolo ya Wal-Mart ku Buenos Aires, adachotsedwa ntchito mu May chifukwa cha ntchito yake ya bungwe. Iye adachitira umboni pamaso pa komiti yofufuza za machitidwe odana ndi mgwirizano wa bungweli. "Timayamikira ntchito zathu, koma tikufunanso kunena momveka bwino kuti Wal-Mart imaphwanya ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. Tikufuna kuti nkhanzazi zithe ndipo kuwomberana kwa mabungwe kumasiya. A Wal-Mart anaphwanya malamulo a dziko la Argentina ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene zimasala anthu ogwira ntchito.”
Oyimilira a Pulezidenti Nestor Kirchner a Victory Front Party adatsutsana ndi njira zotsutsana ndi mgwirizano wa Wal-Mart. Ataonekera pamaso pa komiti yofufuza, phungu wa dzikolo Santiago Ferrigno anafotokoza “kuda nkhaŵa kwake ndi mmene zinthu zilili pa ntchito ndiponso kuzunzidwa kwa anthu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Wal-Mart Argentina.” Adanenanso zodetsa nkhawa kuti Wal-Mart adalemba ganyu asitikali akale omwe adagwirapo ntchito pagulu lankhondo lankhondo mdziko la 1976-1983 kuti akhale oyang'anira ndi chitetezo mkati mwakampani.
Pamsonkhano wa congressional mu July 2007 woimira Wal-Mart Gaston Wainstein adanena kuti kampaniyo yalola antchito kuti agwirizane ndi mabungwe pamene akupereka makasitomala mitengo yotsika. "Masitolo a Wal-Mart ali ndi ogwira nawo ntchito. Kachiwiri, kampaniyo pakadali pano ili ndi nthumwi 31 za mgwirizano. Chachitatu, m'malo mokhala opanda mabungwe, m'makampani athu mabungwe awiri amagwira ntchito: oyendetsa malonda ndi oyendetsa magalimoto. Oimira a Wal-Mart adatsindika ku bungwe lofufuza kuti masitolo 15 ogwira ntchito amapereka makasitomala "mitengo yotsika kwambiri" yotheka.
Wal-Mart pano ali ndi antchito 5,800 ku Argentina m'dziko lonselo. Malinga ndi malamulo a ntchito, mayendedwe ogulitsa ali ndi ochepera theka la nthumwi za mgwirizano zomwe zimafunikira kuyimira kuchuluka kwa antchito. A Martín Falcón, nthumwi ya mgwirizano pamalo a sitolo ku Avelleneda, akuti malipoti a ogwira ntchito athandiza kuti asiye kuwombera mopanda chilungamo, koma kampaniyo ikupitilizabe kuletsa zoyesayesa za mabungwe. "Pambuyo pa malipoti athu onse a milandu, Wal-Mart ku Avelleneda sakufuna kuthamangitsa antchito aliwonse chifukwa cha mantha. Koma kampaniyo ikupitirizabe kuchita misonkhano ndi antchito kuwauza kuti ndi ‘mabwenzi,’ kuwauza kuti Wal-Mart ndi malo abwino kwambiri ogwirira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Wal-Mart amadziwika kuti amazunza antchito ake chifukwa Wal-Mart safuna kuti antchito ake azichita zinthu mwadongosolo.
Ogwira ntchito akuti Wal-Mart amagwiritsa ntchito njira zochititsa manyazi m'masitolo, nthawi zina mpaka amaletsa ogwira ntchito kuti asapume m'bafa. Mucikozyanyo, mucizyi uujisi myaka yakuzyalwa iili 19 wakatalika kwiiya kucisamu akaambo kakuti wakalomba lugwasyo. Ngakhale kuti anali kumwezi, woyang’anira nyumbayo anamudikirira kwa mphindi 30. Atadetsa buluku lake, supervisor adamuperekeza ku bafa ndikumubweretsera thalauza latsopano ndi zovala zamkati kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito yake.
Mu Okutobala 2007, ogwira ntchito ndi omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe adachita ziwonetsero kunja kwa sitolo ya Wal-Mart kuti awonetsere momwe makampani amagwirira ntchito ku Argentina. Panthawi ya zisudzo ochita zisudzo adanyoza manyazi omwe antchito a Wal-Mart ayenera kupirira. Pachiwonetsero china, wochita sewero adafotokoza kuti "wogula wachinsinsi" ndi chiyani - woyang'anira wodzibisa ngati kasitomala kuti akazonde antchito a Wal-Mart. Gulu la zisudzo lidawonetsanso mapini a mega-store, njira yoperekera mphotho kwa ogwira ntchito chifukwa chosowa nthawi yopumira m'bafa komanso kugwira ntchito nthawi yowonjezera popanda malipiro owonjezera.
Malonda amaletsa ogwira ntchito kuti asadzitchule ngati antchito, ndipo amaumirira pa mawu oti "othandizana nawo." Amakakamizidwa kuyimba nyimbo ya Wal-Mart kuntchito, yodzaza ndi pom-poms.
Zakale Zamdima mu Chitetezo Chachinsinsi
Kuphatikiza pa malipoti otsutsana ndi mgwirizano, Wal-Mart adayang'aniridwa ndi anthu polemba ntchito msilikali wakale wokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa 1976-1983 monga mtsogoleri wa chitetezo. Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean adagwirapo ntchito pagulu lankhondo lopha anthu mdzikolo m'mizinda momwe malo osungira anthu mobisa amagwirira ntchito. Kunja kwa sitolo ya Wal-Mart, oimira ufulu wachibadwidwe adachita nawo kukwapula kapena "kuwonetseredwa" kuyitanitsa kutha kwa kusalangidwa kwa asitikali omwe adatenga nawo gawo pakutha mwadongosolo kwa anthu a 30,000 pankhondo yotchedwa Dirty War.
Woimira bungwe la Wal-Mart ku Argentina akuikira kumbuyo chigamulo chabungweli cholemba ntchito asitikali opuma pantchito omwe adagwira ntchito pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wankhanza. "Sitinadziwitsidwe kuchokera ku bwalo lamilandu kuti Saint Jean ali ndi vuto lililonse." Akuluakulu a usilikali ku Argentina apindula chifukwa chosalangidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Onse pamodzi, asilikali 256 omwe kale anali asilikali komanso a m’boma la asilikali aimbidwa mlandu wophwanya ufulu wa anthu ndipo akuyembekezera kuzengedwa mlandu.
Komabe, izi zikuphatikiza osakwana msilikali m'modzi yemwe anali msilikali m'ndende iliyonse ya 375 yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzunza ndi kuthawitsa anthu 30,000. Kupatulapo manambala, oimira ufulu wachibadwidwe akunena kuti mayeserowa akupita patsogolo pa liwiro la nkhono, ngati ayi. Bambo ake a Saint Jean Jr. adakhala ngati wamkulu komanso wolamulira mwankhanza kwa masiku asanu mu 1982, ndipo akuimbidwa milandu 33 pamilandu yaufulu wa anthu.
Saint Jean pano akutsogolera dipatimenti yachitetezo cha retail chain. Ngakhale sanaimbidwe mlandu wophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi khothi lamilandu, adakhala ku Tucumán pa nthawi ya Independence Operative. Kuyambira mu 1974, chaka chimodzi chisanachitike kulanda boma, a Peronists akumanja adayambitsa bungwe la Independence Operative kuti agwire ntchito zankhondo m'chigawo cha Northern Tucumán. Iyi inakhala malo oyamba kuyesa njira zozunzirako anthu. Ogwira ntchitoyo akuti amalimbana ndi zigawenga zamapiko akumanzere omwe amagwira ntchito kumapiri a Tucumán. Komabe, asilikali anabera ndi kuzunza ogwira ntchito m’minda ya shuga ya m’chigawocho. Anazunza midzi yathunthu kuonetsetsa kuti palibe antchito amene akudandaula za mmene akapolo ankagwirira ntchito m’minda ya nzimbe ndi mphero.
Wogwira ntchito ku Wal-Mart a Falcón limodzi ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe apempha kuti Saint Jean achotsedwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo. "Nditalembedwa ntchito ku Wal-Mart adandifunsa zomwe amayi ndi abambo anga ankapeza ndalama. Anafufuza mbiri yanga yapolisi. Sindikumvetsa kuti munthu uyu yemwe ali ndi udindo wofunikira ngati wamkulu wachitetezo angalembedwe ganyu ku Wal-Mart ndi mbiri yake, "akutero Falcón.
Pambuyo pake Saint Jean anagwira ntchito m’tauni ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Bahía Blanca m’chigawo cha Buenos Aires ndipo pambuyo pake ku Tandil ndi Azul kumene malo osungira anthu mobisa ankagwira ntchito. Ambiri mwa ogwira nawo ntchito a Saint Jean ku Wal-Mart ndi omwe kale anali asitikali omwe adagwira ntchito muulamuliro wankhanza wa 1976-1983 kuphatikiza Miguel Cavazza, Alejandro Patzold, Cristian Thomanssen, Roberto Masilo, Patricio O'Brien, Martín Mundo, Juan Muiño, Roberto. Salmon, ndi Raúl Salazar.
Mgwirizano Chenjerani
Mogwirizana ndi masitolo a Wal-Mart ku United States, malo ogulitsa ku Argentina achitapo kanthu kuti awonetsetse kuti pali mgwirizano wochepa. Njira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu lipoti la Human Rights Watch zikuwonetsa momwe ogwira ntchito akugwirira ntchito m'masitolo aku Argentina, ngakhale kuti zinthu zaku Argentina zokonzekera mgwirizano ndizabwinoko pang'ono kuposa anzawo aku US Wal-Mart.
Ogwira ntchito omwe akukonzekera mgwirizano ku sitolo ya Wal-Mart Avelleneda akumana ndi ziwopsezo komanso ziwopsezo zachiwawa. Mgwirizano wa ogulitsa omwe amaimira antchito a Wal-Mart ndipo akugwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa ambulera ya CGT, wakhala akugwirizana kwambiri ndi kukana kwa kampani kuti agwirizane ndi ogwira ntchito. Pamene Falcón ndi Cordoba adasankhidwa kukhala nthumwi za mgwirizano wosagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wamalonda wa CGT, Wal-Mart adachotsa Cordoba kawiri. Nthumwi zonse ziwirizi zalandira foni kuchokera kwa oyimba omwe sanadziwike ndikuwopseza kuti ngati sasiya ntchito yokonzekera mgwirizanowu amenyedwa.
Sitolo imodzi ku Buenos Aires ikuti amagulitsa ndalama zoposa $3.3 miliyoni pamwezi, ndipo wogwira ntchito amapeza $300 pamwezi. Ndi kukwera kwa inflation, malipiro a Wal-Mart amatsika pansi pa umphawi, kumene banja limafunikira ndalama zosachepera $ 600 pamwezi kuti likwaniritse zosowa zofunika.
Padziko lonse lapansi Wal-Mart akuti amalipira antchito otsika komanso chifukwa chowagwirira ntchito mopanda chilungamo. Zomwe zikuchitika kwa ogwira ntchito ku retail chain ku Brazil ndizofanana ndi ogwira ntchito ku Argentina. Ku Mexico, Wal-Mart adakumana ndi milandu yophwanya malamulo. Newsweek m’nkhani ya mu 2006, inanena kuti Wal-Mart ankagwiritsa ntchito achinyamata pafupifupi 19,000 kuti azigwira ntchito yosungiramo ndalama m’masitolo ake ku Mexico. Achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 14-16 adakanidwa malipiro ndipo adayenera kudalira malangizo amakasitomala ngati chipukuta misozi. Wal-Mart akufotokoza mwalamulo achicheperewo kukhala “odzifunira.”
Kupambana kwa Wal-Mart kwakhala chifukwa cholimbikitsa kwambiri: kuthamangitsa mpikisano. Masitolo a Wal-Mart amapereka mitengo yotsika kwambiri, yomwe ena amatcha mitengo yachiwembu, mpaka ambiri omwe angakhale nawo mpikisano atachotsedwa ntchito, osatha kuyenderana ndi mphamvu zogulira sitolo yaikulu. Pambuyo pake, Wal-Mart ikasiyidwa ndi mpikisano wocheperako, imatha kuwongolera mitengo yokwera kwa makasitomala omwe azolowera kugula chilichonse kuchokera ku golosale, zovala, zida zamagetsi, mpaka mafuta amafuta pamalo amodzi osavuta. Padziko lonse lapansi, ogwira ntchito ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi zimphona zambiri zogulitsa ndi opanga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mpikisano kuti achepetse malipiro ndi ndalama zantchito.
Wogulitsayo adagwiritsanso ntchito njirayi ndi ogwira ntchito, akulemba ntchito achinyamata omwe alibe chidziwitso chokonzekera komanso mbiri yabwino ya ntchito kuti agwirizane ndi mitengo yapamwamba yopangira. Pokhala ndi gulu la achichepere ofunitsitsa kupeza ntchito, Wal-Mart ali ndi “mabwenzi” osatha. Monga Ford m'zaka za m'ma 1920, Wal-Mart adapanganso chitsanzo chopanga.
M'mafakitale a Ford, ogwira ntchito anali ndi phindu la ntchito zokhazikika komanso malipiro omwe angakhalepo, ngakhale kuti antchito anapirira kulamulira ndi kuzunzidwa. Ngakhale mtundu wa Ford udapangidwa kuti ogwira ntchito athe kugula chomaliza, galimoto ya Ford, zomwe zikuchitika kwa ogwira ntchito ku Wal-Mart ndizovuta. Ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito ku Wal-Mart sangakwanitse kugula m'masitolo a abwana awo, ndipo ayenera kupirira mikhalidwe yosakhazikika komanso yowopsa pantchito.
Malinga ndi omenyera ufulu wachigwirizanowu, Falcón, Wal-Mart ali ndi chithunzi chabwino kwa ogula koma ali ndi mbiri yoyipa chifukwa cha momwe amachitira antchito. Wal-Mart mwina adakumana ndi machesi ake, ndi nthumwi zamgwirizano zofunitsitsa kukonza malo ogwira ntchito ndikuphatikiza antchito ambiri m'masitolo. Ogwira ntchito ku Argentina akukakamira kuti aziyimira mabungwe odziyimira pawokha, ndipo akuwoneka kuti akupita patsogolo ngakhale akukumana ndi zovuta.
Marie Trigona ndi mtolankhani wochokera ku Argentina ndipo amalemba pafupipafupi ku America Policy Program (www.americaspolicy.org). Atha kufikiridwa pa mtrigona(a)msn.com.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri
Zida:
Lipoti la Human Rights Watch "Ufulu: Kuphwanya kwa Wal-Mart kwa Ufulu wa Ogwira Ntchito ku US ku Ufulu Wamayanjano"
http://hrw.org/reports/2007/us0507/
Tsiku Lochita Kulimbana ndi Big Box Retailers (November 17, 2007)
http://intldayofaction.bbc.wikispaces.net/
Kanema wa Agora TV Wal-Mart
http://www.revolutionvideo.org/agoratv/secciones/luchas_obreras/wall_wart.html
Wal-Mart Watch
http://walmartwatch.com/
Wal-Mart No
http://wal-mart-no.blogspot.com/
Dzukani Wal-Mart
http://www.wakeupwalmart.com/
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