Michael Isikoff wa NBC waulula malemba a pepala loyera lopangidwa ku Congress ndi dipatimenti ya Zachilungamo yomwe ikuwonetsa zotsutsana zalamulo zomwe Eric Holder adapereka polungamitsa kuphedwa kwa anthu aku America omwe ali kunja, omwe akuwaganizira kuti ndi a al-Qaeda. Mfundo yakuti memo sinafunikire kuti US adziwe za chiwembu chomwe chatsala pang'ono kumenyana ndi US, chomwe membala wa al-Qaeda anali ndi mlandu, kuti amuphe kuchokera kumwamba, adadzidzimutsa onse omenyera ufulu wadziko.
Nazi zotsutsa zisanu za masomphenya a memo, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndizotsutsana mwachindunji ndi mzimu ndi kalata ya malamulo a US. Ziri zosemphana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a mbadwo woyambitsa.
1. M'chilamulo cha azungu, sipangakhale chilango popanda kuperekedwa kwa mlandu wina wofotokozedwa ndi lamulo. Memo sikutanthauza kuti mlandu wina wapalamula, kapena kuti chigawenga chomwe chinakonzedwa chikhale chowopsa komanso chowonekera, kuti nzika yaku America iwonetsedwe kuti iphedwa ndi drone.
2. Kulikonse kuti mphamvu za pulezidenti pansi pa chikalatacho zikunenedwa kuti zimachokera ku 2001 Congress Authorization for the Use of Military Force, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku nyumba yamalamulo, ndi mtundu wa Bill of attainer (Webusaiti Yophunzirira Mbiri ikufotokoza zomwe zili pano):
"Bili, chigamulo kapena chikalata cha munthu yemwe walandirirayo chinali lamulo lomwe limalengeza kuti munthu kapena anthu ali ndi mlandu. Lamulo lachigamulo linalola kuti wolakwayo alangidwe popanda kuzengedwa mlandu. Bill of attainer inali mbali ya malamulo a Chingelezi. Ngakhale kuti Habeus Corpus adatsimikizira kuti mlanduwu uyenera kuweruzidwa ndi oweruza, woweruza adadutsa izi. Mawu akuti “wopeza” amatanthauza kuipitsidwa. Kaŵirikaŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri . . . ndipo kusuntha koteroko kunayimitsa ufulu wa munthu ndi kutsimikizira kuti munthuyo adzapezeka wolakwa pa zolakwa zomwe zafotokozedwa mu biluyo malinga ngati Chilolezo cha Royal chidzaperekedwa. Pamilandu yoopsa kwambiri monga kuukira boma, zotsatira zake zinali kunyongedwa nthaŵi zonse.”
Kodi mungafunse kuti, cholakwika n’chiyani ndi zimenezo? Kungoti ndi zosemphana ndi malamulo. Tech Law Journal ikufotokoza:
"Constitution of the United States, Article I, Gawo 9, ndime 3 imati: "Palibe Bill of Attainder kapena Ex post facto Law yomwe idzatsatidwe." . . .
“Ndime izi za m’malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino sizinali zochulukira, koma zimatchula mawu omveka bwino azamalamulo omwe anali ndi tanthauzo pansi pa malamulo a Chingelezi pa nthawi imene lamulo ladzikolo linakhazikitsidwa. Lamulo la milandu linali lamulo losankha munthu mmodzi kapena angapo ndikuwapatsa chilango, popanda kuweruzidwa. Okonza malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo ankaona kuti kuchita zimenezi n’konyansa chifukwa inali ntchito ya makolo, yoweruza mlandu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kupereka chilango.” William H. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court, tsamba 166 .
Mawonekedwe a AUMF, posankha mamembala onse a al-Qaeda kulikonse komwe ali komanso posatengera dziko lawo kapena zigawenga zenizeni, ngati zinthu zopha anthu, ndizomwe zimaperekedwa. Congress silingathe kulengeza nkhondo pa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono - nkhondo imalengezedwa pamayiko. Mlandu woterewu ndi wosemphana ndi malamulo.
3. Masomphenya a memo amaphwanya mfundo ya kulekanitsa mphamvu. Zimapangitsa purezidenti kukhala woweruza, woweruza komanso woweruza. Chilichonse chimachitika mkati mwa nthambi yayikulu, popanda kuyang'anira milandu. Mphamvu zomwe memo zimapatsa purezidenti ndizofanana ndi zomwe mafumu anthawi yamasiku ano amasangalalira, omwe amatsutsana nawo. Montesquieu adalemba zake Mzimu wa Malamulo, zomwe zinalimbikitsa maulamuliro ambiri otsatirawa, kuphatikizapo America. Montesquieu anatero:
“Komanso, palibe ufulu, ngati mphamvu zoweruza sizisiyanitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi akuluakulu. Zikadalumikizidwa ndi malamulo, moyo ndi ufulu wa nkhaniyo zikanawonetsedwa ndi kuwongolera kosagwirizana; pakuti woweruza ndiye woweruza. Ngati chikaphatikizidwa ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu, woweruza akhoza kuchita zachiwawa ndi kuponderezana.
Chilichonse chikanatha, ngati munthu yemweyo kapena gulu lomwelo, kaya la olemekezeka kapena la anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zitatuzo, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuchita zigamulo zapagulu, ndi kuyesa zomwe zimayambitsa anthu payekhapayekha.
Maufumu ambiri ku Ulaya amakhala ndi boma lachikatikati chifukwa kalonga amene wapatsidwa maulamuliro awiri oyambirira amasiya wachitatu kwa anthu ake. Ku Turkey, kumene maulamuliro atatuwa amalumikizana mwa munthu wa Sultan, anthu amabuula pansi pa kuponderezedwa koopsa.
Chodabwitsa, chifukwa cha masiku ano aku America Islamophobia, olamulira a Obama adzipanga okha kukhala ngati Sun-King, Louis XIV, yemwe anali ndi khothi osati pansi pa chala chake, koma, monga Montesquieu adawonera, ma sultan a Ottoman, omwe. adadzinenera kuti ali ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera, zamalamulo ndi zoweruza. (Kwenikweni maqadi achisilamu kapena oweruza amilandu omwe amaweruza motsatira malamulo achisilamu kapena sharia nawonso sanagonjetsedwe kwathunthu kwa mfumu, kotero ngakhale ma Ottoman anali abwino kuposa memo ya drone).
3. Memo imadzutsanso lingaliro lakale la "kuphwanya malamulo" - kuti munthu akhoza kutulutsidwa kunja kwa chitetezo chalamulo ndi mfumu pamilandu yosamveka bwino monga "kupanduka," komanso mwa lamulo lachifumu. Munthu amene analengeza kuti mfumuyo ndi yachigawenga imalandidwa ufulu wonse ndi chitetezo chalamulo, ndipo aliyense akhoza kumuchitira chilichonse chimene akufuna, popanda zotsatirapo. (Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti “wachigawenga” kutanthauza “chigawenga chokhazikika” ndikofanana ndi mchitidwe wakalewu, womwe unathetsedwa ku UK ndi US).
Ndinalemba nthawi ina kuti vuto loti munthu wina ndi "wophwanya malamulo" chifukwa chokhala wachiwembu kapena wachigawenga ndikuti lingaliro lonseli linathetsedwa ndi malamulo a US. Okonza ake ankanena kuti simungangopachika munthu panja potsatira lamulo. M’malo mwake, munthu amene akunenedwa kuti wapalamula mlandu woukira boma kapena uchigawenga ankayenera kugwidwa, kubweretsedwa kukhoti, kuzengedwa mlandu, ndi kuweruzidwa mogwirizana ndi lamulo linalake, kenako n’kulangidwa ndi boma. Ngati wina wamangidwa, ali ndi ufulu wonena kuti atulutsidwe kukhothi pamaso pa woweruza, ufulu womwe umadziwika kuti habeas corpus (“kubweretsa thupi,” mwachitsanzo, kubweretsa munthu wakuthupi pamaso pa woweruza).
Mawu oyenerera ndi Sixth Amendment mu Bill of Rights:
Pamilandu yonse yamilandu, woimbidwa mlandu adzakhala ndi ufulu wozengedwa mlandu mwachangu komanso pagulu, ndi bwalo lamilandu lopanda tsankho la Boma ndi chigawo chomwe mlanduwo wapalamula, chigawocho chidzatsimikiziridwa kale ndi lamulo, ndikudziwitsidwa za chikhalidwe ndi chifukwa cha mlandu; kukumana ndi mboni zomutsutsa; kukhala ndi ndondomeko yokakamiza kuti apeze mboni zomukomera, komanso kukhala ndi Thandizo la Uphungu kuti adziteteze.
4. Memo imatipempha kuti tidalire akuluakulu kuti akhazikitse mopanda kukayikira kulakwa kwa munthu wa kudziko lakutali, yemwe kupeza kwake kuli kochepa kwambiri kotero kuti US sangathe kuyembekezera kumugwira kapena kuti akuluakulu a boma amugwire. Koma Andy Worthington watsimikiza kuti akaidi ochuluka kwambiri omwe US inawatumiza ku Guantanamo anali osalakwa pamilandu yomwe amawatsutsa. Ngati akuluakulu aboma atha kuyika anthu m'ndende molakwika, akhoza kuwawombera molakwika ndi drone. Mkulu wina wa boma la United States anandiuzapo nkhani ya Mshia wa ku Iraq yemwe anathawa kuzunzidwa mu ulamuliro wa Saddam kudutsa Iran mpaka ku Afghanistan. Mu 2001, anthu akumaloko omwe anali ofunitsitsa kupanga ndalama adamupereka ngati "Taliban" kwa asitikali aku US, omwe mwachiwonekere samazindikira kuti ma Shiite aku Iraq sangathandizire gulu la hyper-Sunni ngati limenelo. Chifukwa chake Shiite waku Iraq adatumizidwa ku Guantanamo ndipo zitha kukhala kuti a Taliban nawonso adalipidwa ndi US chifukwa chomupereka. Jowad Jabar. Akuluakulu a ku America awa ndi mbuli kwambiri moti sangapatsidwe mphamvu zongopha anthu kuchokera kumwamba chifukwa cha zomwe zimatchedwa 'luntha.'
5. Memo, monga momwe Glenn Greenwald akunenera, ikuvomereza chiphunzitso cha Bush/Cheney chakuti dziko lonse ndi bwalo la nkhondo pomwe US ikumenya nkhondo mosalekeza. Kuchiza mazana ochepa a al-Qaeda, kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi m'maselo ang'onoang'ono 60, monga gulu lankhondo la adani, kuwapanga kukhala ofanana ndi asitikali aku Germany mu WW II, ndizopenga pamaso pake. Mlembi wathu wapano wa boma, a John Kerry, adakana lingaliroli. Al-Qaeda ili ndi zigawenga, osati asilikali, ndipo amayambitsa vuto la apolisi, osati vuto lankhondo. Lingaliro loti dziko lonse lapansi ndi bwalo lankhondo limaphwanya malingaliro azamalamulo azamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi monga ulamuliro wadziko.
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