Kusalinganika ndi 'mipata yazidziwitso'
Tsoka ilo mpaka pano anthu ali ndi lingaliro losavuta la chilichonse mwa izi. Kafukufuku wa Gallup yemwe adachitika m'chilimwechi adapeza kuti 76% mwa omwe adafunsidwa amadziwa "zochepa kwambiri" kapena "palibe" za lamulo latsopanoli. Woyang'anira zisankho adauza Sabata la Maphunziro kuti "Ndi anthu osazindikira za Palibe Mwana Wotsalira."11
Nโzosadabwitsa kuti ambiri mwa amene anafunsidwa anagwirizana ndi zolinga zosamveka za malamulowo. Apanso, ndani angatsutse lonjezo la federal loti "Musasiye Mwana"? Oposa makumi asanu ndi awiri mwa anthu XNUMX aliwonse ananenanso kuti kunali kofunika kwambiri kutseka mipata yochita bwino pakati pa ophunzira a mafuko, mafuko, ndi magulu osiyanasiyana.
Koma malinga ndi Education Week, atauzidwa za kuyesedwa kwenikweni ndi kuyankha kwa lamulo, "anthu sanagwirizane ndi zina mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu"
Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa AYP chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimawerengedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ophunzira omwe apambana mayeso a boma. Chifukwa chake pamayeso ngati New Jersey's High School Proficiency Assessment, pomwe opambana ndi 200, kuthandiza wophunzira wazilankhulo ziwiri, wophunzira maphunziro apadera ochokera m'banja lopeza ndalama zochepa kukweza mayeso ake kuchokera, kunena kuti, 50 mpaka 199 amawerengera pachabe, ndipo kwenikweni amawerengedwa ngati kulephera m'magulu anayi osiyana. Kusuntha wophunzira kuchokera ku 199 kupita ku 200 ndikopambana.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Gallup, anthu akapatsidwa tsatanetsatane wamtunduwu, anthu amatsutsa machitidwe otere. 12 mwa anthu XNUMX alionse ananena kuti โnjira yabwino yodziwira ntchito imene sukulu yaboma ikuchita ingakhale yodziwira ngati ophunzira asonyeza 'kusintha koyenera kuchokera pamene anayambira.' Maperesenti makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, adanenanso kuti mayeso amodzi m'boma lonse sangapereke chithunzithunzi chabwino ngati sukulu yaboma ikufunika kuwongolera."XNUMX
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, anthu ambiri amachirikiza lingaliro lakuti ndondomeko ya federal iyenera kuthandizira kuchepetsa kusiyana pakati pa maphunziro, koma makamaka sadziwa momwe NCLB ikufuna kuchita izi. Tiyenera kuwadziwitsa.
Koma "kusiyana kwachidziwitso" pakati pa chithandizo cha anthu chochepetsera kusiyana kwa maphunziro ndi kusadziwika kofala ponena za zotsatira zenizeni zomwe NCLB idzakhala nazo pa sukulu ndizowonetsera kutsutsana kozama kwambiri pamtima pa lamulo latsopanoli.
Lamulo latsopano la feduro limakhazikitsa lamulo kusukulu zomwe sizimaperekedwa ku bungwe lina lililonse mdera. Tangoganizani lamulo la federal lomwe linanena kuti 100% ya nzika zonse ziyenera kukhala ndi chithandizo chokwanira chaumoyo m'zaka khumi ndi ziwiri kapena chilango chidzaperekedwa kwa madokotala ndi zipatala. Kapena umbanda wonse uyenera kuthetsedwa m'zaka khumi ndi ziwiri kapena dipatimenti ya apolisi yakomweko idzayang'anizana ndi zachinsinsi.
Ndale zomwe zinatulutsa NCLB zimanyalanyazaรขโฌโkapena kulimbikitsaรขโฌโkusagwirizana pafupifupi mdera lililonse. Andale ngati Purezidenti Bush amalankhula za "kukondera kofewa kwa ziyembekezo zochepa." Koma muyeso weniweni wa nkhawa yawo ndi zomwe akufuna kuchita pa kusalingana koteroko, osati m'masukulu okha, koma m'madera ambiri, ndipo apa zolembazo zimasiya kukayikira: kusagwirizana kuli ngati America monga pie yokonzedwa.
Tengani, mwachitsanzo, kusalingana kwa ndalama pakati pa magulu omwewo omwe NCLB imati iyenera kufikira 100% yofanana pazaka 12. Kafukufuku wambiri wakhazikitsa mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa zomwe ophunzira amachita pamayeso okhazikika ndi ndalama zabanja. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kusagwirizana kwa ndalama mโderalo sikuli chifukwa cholepherera kusukulu, ndithudi dongosolo lililonse la feduro lofuna kutseka kusiyana kwa chipambano mโmasukulu liyenera kukhudzidwa ndi mmene zinthu zilili mโmadera ogwirizana kwambiri monga zinthu zimene mabanja ndi sukulu ziyenera kugwirira ntchito.
Koma kuyang'ana pa data pa kusalingana kwa ndalamaรขโฌโmakamaka kudzera mu prism ya AYPรขโฌโkumasonyeza chinyengo chomwe chili pamtima pa malamulo a NCLB. Mu 1991 ndalama zapakatikati za mabanja akuda zinali pafupifupi 58% ya ndalama za azungu, ndalama za ku Spain zinali pafupifupi 70%.13 Tikadagwiritsa ntchito "logic" ya AYP pamlingo wofunikira wa momwe chuma chathu chimagwirira ntchito, kusiyana kwa ndalama kwa anthu akuda kungafune. kucheperachepera ndi 3.5% chaka chilichonse kukokera ngakhale mkati mwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, nthawi yomweyo masukulu amaperekedwa kuti afananize mayeso. Hispanics, kuyambira ndi kusiyana kochepa, zikanayenera kutseka kusiyana ndi 2.5% pachaka.
Mukayerekeza izi ndi momwe chuma chidayendera pakati pa 1991 ndi 2002, nthawi yomwe chuma chikuwoneka kuti sichinachitikepo ndikukula, mupeza kuti chuma cha US sichikadakwaniritsa zolinga zake za AYP zosagwirizana ndi ndalama chaka chilichonse pagulu lililonse.. Kumapeto kwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, kusiyana pakati pa ndalama zakuda ndi zoyera kunali kochepa chabe 3.7% yomvetsa chisoni; kwa Hispanics kusiyana kunali kochepera .4% kuposa momwe kunaliri mu 1991.
Ngati tinkakhala m'chilengedwe china komwe kulinganiza ndalama kunalidi cholinga cha mfundo zachuma za federal komanso dongosolo la zilango ngati la NCLB limayika chiwopsezo pazambiri zamakampani ndi zamalonda kuti akwaniritse cholinga chapamwamba chotere, mukuganiza kuti chingakhale njira zotani zothandizira pakuchita koyipa kotere: "zowongolera" kubwereka chilankhulo cha zilango za NCLB? Economic "kukonzanso? "Kukonzanso" kwa mabungwe athu akuluakulu? Nanga bwanji za "state takeover?"
Mfundo, ndithudi, ndi yakuti palibe gawo loyenera la ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuchokera ku ndalama zapakhomo kupita ku umphaลตi wa ana kupita ku chithandizo chamankhwala mpaka ku ndalama za sukulu, kumene ndondomeko ya federal panopa ikulamula kuti pakhale kufanana pakati pa magulu onse a anthu mkati mwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri poopsezedwa ndi chilango. โkupatula mayeso okhazikika m'masukulu aboma. Ngati izi zikuwoneka ngati zopanda chilungamo komanso zopanda pake, ndichifukwa zili choncho. Ndi ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito mipata yopambana kuti atchule masukulu ngati olephera, popanda kupereka chithandizo, zothandizira ndi njira zomwe zikufunikira kuti zithetse.
Zotsatira zandalama
Tiyeni tione bwinobwino nkhani ya ndalama. Ofalitsa nkhani adzaza ndi madandaulo a a Democrats omwe adavotera NCLB kuti Bush Administration sinapereke ndalama zonse zamalamulo. Ndipo ndizowona kuti bajeti yamakono ya Boma ikufuna ndalama zokwana $12 biliyoni m'malo mwa $18 biliyoni zomwe Congress idavomereza poyambirira.14
Koma ziwerengero zonsezi ndi zaka zopepuka kutali ndi zomwe zingatenge kuti akwaniritse malonjezo a NCLB, ngakhale pamayeso ake ocheperako. William Mathis ndi woyang'anira masukulu ku Vermont komanso pulofesa wamaphunziro azachuma pa yunivesite ya Vermont. Adachita kafukufuku wa zomwe zingawononge kuti akwaniritse udindo wa NCLB. Iye anafotokoza kuti pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe akatswiri azachuma mโsukulu amagwiritsa ntchito pofuna kuyerekeza mtengo woterewu, monga njira ya โprofessional judgementโ yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magulu a akatswiri kuti afotokoze zinthu zomwe mwana aliyense amafunikira kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za boma kenako nโkuwonjezera kuti akafike kusukulu. chithunzi cha boma. Kapena njira ya "sukulu yochita bwino" yomwe imazindikiritsa gulu la masukulu ochita bwino kwambiri, kuwunika momwe amawonongera ndalama, ndikuwonjezera kusukulu zina. Palinso njira zinanso.
Mathis adachita kafukufuku m'maboma khumi ndi zomwe zingawononge mwana aliyense kuti akwaniritse miyezo yaukadaulo ya boma. Ndipo adabwera ndi zomwe adazitcha kuti ndizosakhazikika pakati pa $ 85 biliyoni ndi $ 148 biliyoni chaka chilichonse kuposa momwe amawonongera masukulu pano, kuwonjezeka kwapachaka pakati pa 20% ndi 35%. Pakalipano, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ndalama za federal zomwe zikutsagana ndi NCLB zikuyimira kuwonjezeka kwa 1% kuposa ndalama zomwe zilipo panopa. kuchokera ku Washington.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake mayiko ena monga New Hampshire akufufuza ndalama / phindu kuti awone ngati kuli koyenera kupitirizabe kutenga ndalama za federal. Bungwe la New Hampshire School Administrators Association linati boma lidzalandira pafupifupi $77 mu ndalama zatsopano za feduro kwa wophunzira aliyense, pamene udindo wokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo udzawononga ndalama zosachepera $575 pa wophunzira aliyense. sayenera โkugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zilizonse kapena kuwononga ndalama zilizonse zomwe sizinalipire pansi pa lamuloli.โ16
Njira imodzi yophunzitsira anthu za kusiyana koyasamula pakati pa malonjezo ndi chuma chokhudzana ndi lamuloli ndikupempha akatswiri a zandalama za sukulu m'boma lililonse kuti achite kafukufuku wofananira, ndikupita patsogolo ndikuwerengera momwe zingakhudzire ngati ndalama zitathiridwa. pakupanga miyezo ndi mayeso m'malo mwake adagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu monga kuchepetsa kukula kwa kalasi kapena chitukuko chaukadaulo chochokera kusukulu.
Kusamutsa ndi Ubwino wa Aphunzitsi
Ndiloleni ndifotokoze mwachidule nkhani zina zochepa chabe. Zolemba za privatization mu NCLB zikuwonekera bwino kwambiri pamakonzedwe osinthira masukulu ndi ntchito zowonjezera. Dongosolo losavuta la voucher lidachotsedwa pamalingaliro oyambilira ngati gawo la mgwirizano wamalamulo womwe unapangitsa kuti zitheke. M'malo mwake tili ndi zinthu zomwe zimafuna kuti chigawo chigwiritse ntchito ndalama zokwana 20% za federal kuti zithandizire kusamuka kuchokera kusukulu zolephera kupita kusukulu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zolinga zawo za AYP kapena zomwe sizilandira ndalama za Mutu Woyamba. Ndipo dziko lililonse likuyenera kukonzekera mndandanda wa ovomerezeka owonjezera ophunzitsira ophunzira omwe akukhalabe m'masukulu omwe akufunika kuwongolera. Kusamutsa ndi maphunziro a maphunziro ali ndi zovuta zambiri, koma padzakhala zotsatira zitatu:
1. Chiwerengero cha 20% sichidzafika pafupi ndi mtengo woperekera mayendedwe ndi maphunziro kwa onse oyenerera.
2. Palibe paliponse pomwe pali malo okwanira oti apite kusukulu kuti achuluke kwambiri a ophunzira oyenerera kusamutsidwa.
3. Ndalama zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito pothandizira maphunziro a aliyense payekha ndi kusamutsidwa zidzachepetsa ndalama zomwe zingapezeke zopititsa patsogolo sukulu yonse m'masukulu omwewo.
NCLB siika ndalama zomanga masukulu atsopano m'maboma olephera kapena kukulitsa luso lolandira masukulu. Sizimapereka chithandizo chilichonse cholandira masukulu kuti athe kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa ophunzira, makamaka omwe ali ndi mbiri yamavuto amaphunziro. Sizimapangitsa kuti maboma olemera atsegule zitseko zawo kwa ophunzira ochokera m'maboma osauka. Makolo owerengeka angapeze zosankha zina za sukulu za ana awo mโmaboma amene ali ndi mipando yotseguka. Koma chotsatira chachikulu chidzakhala kupanga mwachinyengo kufuna kusamutsidwa komwe kulibe komanso kuti m'malo mwake zitha kutumizidwa kuzinthu zatsopano zama voucher zomwe pamapeto pake zidzasuntha ndalama ndi ophunzira kumakampani opanga masukulu apadera.
Ichi ndi cholinga cha othandizira ena a NCLB. Jeanne Allen, pulezidenti wa Center for Education Reform, ananeneratu kuti malamulowa adzabweretsa "chipwirikiti" chomwe chingapangitse "kuchuluka kwa zinthu." 18 Pakalipano "zowonjezera" ndi lonjezo lina la NCLB lomwe silinakwaniritsidwe, koma chisokonezo chikuwonjezeka. .
Chaka chino Chicago inapeza malo okwana 1,035 kwa ophunzira a 240,000 omwe amapita kusukulu pa mndandanda wolephera.19 Chaka chatha ku Washington, DC, makolo a 15,000 adadziwitsidwa za ufulu wawo wosamukira kumalo omwe alipo 240. 20 Baltimore anali ndi sukulu 83 zolephera ndi ophunzira 30,000 ndi 11 kulandira masukulu okhala ndi mipando yotseguka yosakwana 200. 21
Kumbali ina New York City, yokhala ndi meya watsopano waku Republican wothandizira ma voucha, yapita patsogolo kuposa masukulu ena ambiri potsatira malamulo osamutsa. Akuluakulu adati palibe zopempha zosinthira zomwe zidakanidwa. Ndipo ngakhale ophunzira 8,000 omwe adasankha kusamuka anali gawo laling'ono chabe la pafupifupi 300,000 omwe anali oyenerera, kusamutsidwa 8,000 kumeneku kwadzetsa chipwirikiti m'masukulu amzindawu kugwa uku. Mphunzitsi wamkulu pasukulu ina yaingโono analongosola mmene chiลตerengero cha makalasi chinakwera kuchoka pa a 20 otsika kufika pa 30, akumawonjezera kuti, โTakhala tikumenyana kwambiri mโmwezi umodzi kuposa mmene tinachitira chaka chonse chatha. Ndipo palibe zowonjezera. Zimawononga makhalidwe abwino.โ 22
Sindikudziwa momwe zinthu zilili kuno ku Portland, koma ndikumvetsa kuti Portland yakhala ikulimbikitsa kusamutsidwa ndipo yakhala ikukumana ndi mavuto omwe angadziwike. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku pa momwe akuluakulu aboma ndi boma akulolera kukwaniritsa zina mwazomwe zingakhale zovulaza za NCLB ndi mfundo ina yofunika kukambirana tikafika poganizira njira zotsutsa.
Pomaliza, mawu ochepa onena za momwe aphunzitsi amaperekera NCLB. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kusiyana kwa maphunziro, NCLB imapereka njira zokayikitsa pamavuto enieni. Mfundo yakuti aphunzitsi ambiri sakukonzekereratu kapena kuti sanakonzekere bwino ntchito yawo yophunzitsa, ndiponso kuti zimenezi nโzosiyana kwambiri ndi masukulu a mโmadera osauka kwambiri, ndi vuto lenileni. Ubwino wa kaphunzitsidwe ndi kaphunzitsidwe mwina ndiye kusintha kofunikira kwambiri pakupita patsogolo kwamaphunziro kwa ophunzira ndipo, mosiyana ndi zina, izi ndikusintha komwe masukulu ndi zigawo zitha kukhudza kwambiri.
Koma "aphunzitsi odziwa bwino ntchito" a NCLB samayesa kuchuluka kwa kuphunzitsa, amatsata ziyeneretso, ndipo ulalo pakati pa ziyeneretso zovomerezeka ndi kuchita bwino m'kalasi wakhala wovuta. NCLB imalowetsa malamulo atsopano a federal m'malo mwa malamulo omwe alipo kale ndipo imachita izi mosasamala zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri aphunzitsi asukulu zapakati, aphunzitsi a maphunziro apadera, ndi aphunzitsi m'maboma ang'onoang'ono ndi akumidzi. Malamulo atsopanowa nthawi zambiri amayezera makhadi aku koleji kapena zambiri zomwe amalandila pamayeso amderali, ndipo amafuna kuti aphunzitsi azikhala ndi ziphaso zamaphunziro osiyanasiyana, pomwe zidziwitso zanthawi zonse, monga satifiketi ya K-8 kapena satifiketi yamaphunziro apadera, zinali zovomerezeka. Malamulo atsopanowa nthawi zambiri satengera luso la m'kalasi kapenanso kuganizira momwe kalasi ikuyendera. Ndipo samapereka zinthu zomwe zigawo zimafunikira kuti zikope anthu ambiri ku ntchito za uphunzitsi kapena kulemba ntchito aphunzitsi m'malo osowa.
Zonse ndi gawo la dongosolo la maphunziro a NCLB. Ndipo makalata amene ayamba kupita kunyumba kwa makolo onena kuti aphunzitsi ena ndi osayenerera akuwoneka kuti anapangidwa makamakaรขโฌโpamene zambiri za lamuloli ndiรขโฌโkufooketsa aphunzitsi komanso kukulitsa mkangano pakati pa aphunzitsi ndi makolo. Mayiko akuyenera kudziwitsa makolo za aphunzitsi omwe alephera kutsatira malamulo atsopanowa ndikupanga masinthidwe atsatanetsatane otsata ziyeneretso za aphunzitsi, Koma alibe udindo wothandizanso aphunzitsi kukwaniritsa zofunikira zatsopano. Ndizodabwitsanso kuti lamulo lomweli lomwe likufuna kutsimikizira kuti wophunzira aliyense ali ndi "mphunzitsi wabwino kwambiri" likukhazikitsa dongosolo loyesera lomwe limapereka luso la aphunzitsi ndi kunyoza machitidwe a m'kalasi m'njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maphunziro alephereke m'malo mosintha. Palibe chapamwamba chokhudza NCLB.
Chiyembekezo cha Kusintha kwa NCLB
Tsoka ilo palibe kuchoka ku momwe lamuloli lilili loyipa. NCLB tsopano ndi bomba lomwe likufika pamtima pa maphunziro a anthu ndikuwopseza kuwonongeka kwakukulu kuchokera mbali zingapo. Koma pazowopsa zake zonse, pali zifukwa zambiri zokhulupirira kuti zitha kutsutsidwa kapena kusinthidwa nthawi isanathe.
Mawa, ndikumvetsa kuti padzakhala gawo la ndondomeko za momwe tingayankhire kuukira kwa masukulu athu omwe NCLB ikuyimira. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ambiri a inu mudzatha kutenga nawo mbali pazomwe titha kulowa muzothekera za kukana ndi kuyankha mokwanira.
Koma ndikufuna kutseka apa ndi mawu ochepa ponena za kumene pangakhale mipata kuti ayambe kumanga mtundu wa zovuta zandale zomwe zidzafunikire kukakamiza kusintha.
Ndikuganiza kuti tiyambe ndi kuvomereza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kulimbikitsa anthu kuti akakamize kusintha kwa malamulo a NCLB ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuti athandizire masomphenya enieni a kupititsa patsogolo sukulu omwe pamapeto pake amagwirizana ndi maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zili ngati kusiyana pakati pa kulimbikitsa kutsutsa mfundo za US ku Iraq ndikutsata kusintha kwanthawi yayitali komwe kukufunika kusintha mfundo zakunja zaku US. Onsewa ndi kuyesetsa kofunikira komwe kumayenera kupita patsogolo, koma kumaphatikizapo magawo osiyanasiyana a ntchito ndi njira.
Ngakhale kuti anthu sakudziwa za NCLB, kuthekera kopeza chithandizo chake kuti asinthe kapena kuthetseratu lamuloli ndi kwakukulu. Anthu akamadziwa zambiri za lamuloli, amatsutsa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri safuna kuwongolera masukulu am'deralo, makamaka pankhani ya maphunziro ndi malangizo makamaka pamene ma feed amangopereka 7% ya ndalama za sukulu. Ndipo ngakhale anthu ali ndi udindowu pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, amatha kukhala ogwirizana motsutsana ndi kusokoneza kwa mutu wa Washington muzochitika za boma ndi zakomweko. Ndipo izi zitha kupereka chivundikiro chochuluka kwa andale akuderalo, aboma, ndi a Congression kuti atsutse, pakadali pano, kutalika kwa Washington kupita kusukulu zakomweko.
Titha kupindulanso pakusiyanasiyana pakukhazikitsa kwanuko komanso m'boma Izi zitha kupereka mwayi wosintha zoyipa za NCLB. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ambiri ali m'magawo osiyanasiyana osatsatira kapena kukana kutsata zofunikira za NCLB. Mtsogoleri wa masukulu ku Los Angeles watcha mulingo wa malamulo a AYP ndi "dongosolo loyipa" ndipo adauza akuluakulu ake kuti anyalanyaze "kusaganizira" kwawo. kuti tichititse kuchulukirachulukira, sitinkachita.โ23 Ku Alabama, Bungwe Loona za Maphunziro la Boma linapereka chigamulo chonyalanyaza malangizo okhudza khalidwe la aphunzitsi mโchaka chimene chikubwerachi.24
Zina mwa izi zitha kukhala inertia ya boma, m'malo molimbana ndi mfundo. Koma tiyenera kuyang'anira zisankho zomwe maboma ndi zigawo amapanga pokwaniritsa zomwe NCLB ikupereka ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, kukakamiza akuluakulu kuti aganizire zosankha zomwe zingachepetse kapena kupewa kuwonongeka.
Tiyenera kulembera poyera ndalama zomwe NCLB sizinaperekedwe ndi ndalama zosagwirizana nazo, kwinaku tikukonza njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito ndalama.
Ku Congress kuli kale mabilu khumi omwe adayambitsidwa kuti asinthe kapena kuchotsa mbali za NCLB. Ndemanga zitha kupezeka patsamba la FairTest (www.fairtest.org). Zimaphatikizapo kuimitsidwa kwa zoyeserera za NCLB, njira zoyimitsa zilango chaka chilichonse chomwe ndalama zonse siziperekedwa, malingaliro osintha malamulo oyesa kuti apatse masukulu mbiri chifukwa chopita patsogolo pakapita nthawi, ndi njira zofananira. Tiyenera kusankha mabilu abwino kwambiriwa ndikukankhira poyera akuluakulu aboma ndi mayiko kuti awathandize.
Mabungwe akuluakulu onse a aphunzitsi adzakhala akugwira ntchito yokonzanso NCLB, ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Ndizothandizanso kukakamiza mabungwe aboma ndi mabungwe am'deralo kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu pakuphunzitsa anthu za NCLB ndikulimbikitsa akuluakulu amderalo kuti athandizire kusintha.
M'chaka chotsatira, padzakhalanso zokambirana zachigawo ndi mayiko pakati pa olimbikitsa maphunziro, kuphatikizapo magulu ngati FairTest ndi Rethinking Schools, omwe adzayesa kupeza zomwe akugwirizana ndi omwe akuda nkhawa ndi osati kupha NCLB, koma m'malo mwake ndi lamulo lomwe kwenikweni angapereke thandizo lofunika kwambiri la njira zenizeni zopititsira patsogolo sukulu, njira zomwe sizimayesedwa, osati kukula kumodzi kokwanira zonse, koma zomwe zimapereka maziko odalirika othetsera mavuto ovuta kwambiri komanso ovuta kwambiri a kusiyana pakati pa maphunziro, kuyankha kusukulu, ndi kupititsa patsogolo sukulu. Pamapeto pake sikokwanira kungokakamiza NCLB kuchoka m'njanji, chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa sitima yomwe ikubwera, mwa zina, ndendende zomwe asilikali a sukulu yaulere akuyembekezera. Monga momwe wowonera wina ananenera, โNCLB si yankho ku vuto la maphunziro a anthu. NCLB ndi chida choyambitsa mavuto.โ26 Tikufunika chida china.
Ndipo potsiriza, monga mwachizolowezi, kulinganiza kofunika kwambiri kudzakhala komweko, kochitidwa ndi aphunzitsi ndi olimbikitsa maphunziro m'masukulu ndi m'madera akumidzi, makamaka pa zokambirana zolimba pakati pa aphunzitsi, makolo, ndi anthu ammudzi omwe akuyenera kupeza njira zokhalira pamodzi kuthandizira ana ndi masukulu pamene lamuloli likuyesera kutilekanitsa. Tikufunika magulu a choonadi a NCLB, zolemba zowona, makalata opita kwa mkonzi, kampeni yoyimbira pawailesi, zokambirana za anthu za momwe lamuloli likukhudzira, mabwalo a makolo ammudzi: zochitika zonse zademokalase. Monga mwachizolowezi ndi chinthu chokhacho chomwe chingatipulumutse, ndipo ndikukuthokozani pondiyitana kuti ndikhale nawo lero.
zolemba
1 "Seneti Ivomereza Bili Yowonjezera Udindo Waboma pa Maphunziro a Anthu,"
Diana Jean Schemo, New York Times, Dec. 19, 2001.
2 "NCLB: Osalira, Konzani," Monty Neill, Sukulu Zopindulitsa, Kugwa, 2003.
3 Zosankha Zambiri: Bwanji nditero States Lembani Zomwe Zasowa M'mayeso Awo? Matthew Gandal, Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, February, 2002.
4 Kodi Sukulu Zolephera Zingakonzedwe? Ronald. C. Brady, lofalitsidwa ndi Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, Washington, DC January 2003.
5 Onani "Palibe Mwana Wotsalira: Mtengo ndi Zopindulitsa," William Mathis, Kapena, May, 2003.
6 "Malipoti a Boma pa Kupita patsogolo Amasiyana Kwambiri," Erik W. Roben, Sabata la Maphunziro, September 3, 2003.
7 Mateyo, Kapena, May, 2003.
8 "Maboma Amadula Miyezo Yoyesera Kuti Apewe Zilango," Sam Dillon, New York Times, May 22, 2003.
9 Diloni, NYT, May 22, 2003.
10 Diloni, NYT, May 22, 2003.
11 "Pagulu Osadziwa Lamulo la 'Palibe Mwana', Kafukufuku Wapeza," John Gehring, Sabata la Maphunziro, Sept. 3, 2003.
12 Ambuye, Sabata la Maphunziro, Sept. 3, 2003.
13 US Census Bureau, Mbiri Yakale Yopeza Matebulo - Mabanja.
14 "Pa Mizere Yakutsogolo, Ovulala," Michael Winerip, New York Times, September 24, 2003.
15 Mateyo, Kapena, May, 2003.
16 Mateyo, Kapena, May, 2003.
17 Mutu IX, Gawo E, Gawo 2, Gawo. 9527 ya No Child Left Behind Act, onaninso โNew Federal Education Law Strains State Coffers,โ Associated Press, Lachisanu, Epulo 18, 2003.
18 "Lamulo Latsopano Lachigwirizano Limalimbitsa Zofunikira pa Sukulu Zolephera," Diana Jean Schemo, New York Times, November 27, 2002.
19 "Ndi malo 1,035 okha omwe atsegulidwa kuti asamutse masukulu amzinda," Lori Olszewski ndi Stephanie Banchero, Chicago Tribune, August 16, 2003.
20 โMsampha Woyankha: Mmene โPalibe Mwana Wotsalira Mโmbuyoโ amabweretsera mavuto mโsukulu za boma,โ a Danny Rose, pa www.onlinejournal.com, August 2, 2003.
21 "Pang'onopang'ono amayamba, zabodza zikuchuluka m'dziko lonselo," Alexander Russo, Catalyst, September, 2002.
22 โMu 'Palibe Mwana Wotsalira,' Vuto la Masamu,โ Michael Winerip, October 1, 2003.
23 Msuzi wa vinyo, New York Times, October 1, 2003.
24 Winerip, Oct. 1, 2003.
25 โZikufunika Kuwongoleredwa: Njira Khumi Zomwe Dipatimenti Yophunzitsa ku United States Yalephera Kuchita Mogwirizana ndi Zimene Aphunzitsi Amachita,โ Education Trust, Sept. 3, 2003.
26 Rose, www.onlinejournal.com, Ogasiti 2, 2003.
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