Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya New York Times, Barack Obama posachedwapa anauza atolankhani kuti "adadabwa ndi momwe, patatha chaka choposa chaka chochita kampeni, mtundu ndi kugonana zili patsogolo kuposa kale" (1). Ndemangayi idabwera Geraldine Ferraro atakakamizika kusiya udindo wake pa kampeni ya Hillary Clinton chifukwa cha ndemanga zosonyeza kupambana kwa a Obama pazandale chifukwa chodziwika kuti ndi mwamuna wakuda. A Obama mwina amaganiziranso zotuluka ku Mississippi, Ohio, ndi Texas kuwonetsa kuti ovota akuwoneka kuti akulemba mavoti a Democratic Party makamaka potengera khungu komanso/kapena jenda.
Pomwe atsogoleri otsogola a demokalase amakambitsirana za mfundo zabodza nthawi ndi nthawi pa “mikangano” yokonzedwa mosamalitsa komanso kuulutsidwa ndi mabungwe azofalitsa nkhani (ABC, CNN, ndi MSNBC), zisankho za ovota kapena zotsutsa Hillary kapena Obama zafika povuta kwambiri. kuchulukitsidwa ku mafunso a jenda ndi mtundu - kwa ndani wakuda ndi ndani mzungu; amene ali mwamuna ndi amene ali wamkazi. Kawiri kawiri pama primaries, oyang'anira omwe amayang'anira kampeni amamva ovota m'modzi wa demokalase akufotokoza momwe amathandizira a Hillary kapena a Obama mosagwirizana ndi mfundo za omwe amawakonda kapena mbiri yawo ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti Mavoti awo ndi amtundu, fuko, ndi/kapena kuti akhale amuna kapena akazi.
OSATI KUSINTHA Mpikisano
Ndemanga ya Obama ndiyabodza komanso yosocheretsa pamagulu atatu. Vuto loyamba ndi ndemanga yake ndikuti amadziwa bwino kuti mtundu ndi jenda zikupitilizabe kukhala zosagwirizana - komanso magawano omwe amayambitsa mkwiyo ku "United States."
Vuto lachiwiri ndilakuti, chifukwa cha zokonda zake zonse zodzifunira "zopambana mtundu" ndikuyimira ndale zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri "zatsankho" komanso zamtsogolo, kampeni ya Obama SINAKHALA pamwamba pa kusewera "khadi lothamanga" ikapeza. ndizothandiza kutero. Pambuyo pa kampeni ya New Hampshire ndikupita ku zomwe zimatchedwa "black primary" ku South Carolina kwambiri ku Africa-America, mwachitsanzo, a Team Obama adapeza kuti ndizothandiza kuimba mlandu Hillary Clinton wa tsankho chifukwa chopanga chisankho koma osati tsankho kwenikweni. zinatenga utsogoleri wa Lyndon Baines Johnson, osati kungolankhula momveka bwino kwa Martin Luther King (Hillary anaiwala kutchula za kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa gulu lalikulu la anthu lomwe Mfumu yophiphiritsira) kuti apereke Chilamulo cha Ufulu Wovota. Panalinso mphekesera - mwina zolimbikitsidwa ndi, ngati sizinachokere ku kampeni ya Obama - kuti a Bill Clinton adakana kufunikira kwa a Obama pazandale m'njira yolimbikitsa tsankho ponena kuti kusankhidwa kwa Obama ndi "nthano." M'malo mwake, zonse zomwe Clinton adachita zinali zolondola kuti Obama akugulitsa "nthano" ponena kuti anali wotsutsa wamphamvu komanso wosasinthasintha pakuwukira ndi kulanda Iraq.
Munthawi yonse yoyambira, kampeni ya Obama yakhala ikusewerera mpikisano ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbiri yakuda ya Obama m'njira yabwino kwambiri. Kwakulitsa mopambanitsa chikhumbo chaufulu ndi azungu ena chofuna “kusiya mtundu kumbuyo kwathu” mwachiphamaso. Zawapatsa mwayi woti amve bwino za kukana kwawo poyera pomwe akupewa kukangana kwakukulu ndi kupitilirabe kwaulamuliro wa azungu powapatsa munthu wakuda wakuda kuti awathandize - yemwe amanyalanyaza mwachidwi kukula ndi kufunikira kwa kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ndi kuponderezana ku America. moyo. Obama wapatsa azungu aku America mwayi winanso woti adziyamikire chifukwa chosiya zomwe ndimazitcha "kusankhana mitundu" (tsankho lotseguka komanso lovomerezeka la "mkhalidwe wamalingaliro" ndi tsankho) pomwe akulimbana ndi mavuto akuya komanso ozama a "level two" - mwadongosolo. , chikhalidwe cha anthu, mabungwe, ndi "mkhalidwe" (mosasamala kanthu za cholinga) - tsankho.
“NKHANI ZIKUCHEPA PAMENE OVOTA AMAGANIZIRA MAKHALIDWE”
Vuto lachitatu komanso lalikulu kwambiri ndi ndemanga ya a Obama ndi loti gawo lomwe limafotokoza za kulimbikira kwa udindo komanso kufunika kwa mtundu ndi jenda pachikhalidwe cha ndale ku US ndikuti iye ndi ma Idols a Purezidenti waku America omwe adasankhidwa kukhala osankhidwa ndi ma primaries obisika andalama zamakampani ndi media. sakupatsa ovota kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mfundo ndi malingaliro omwe angakhazikitse zisankho zawo.
Pamlingo womwe uyenera kukhala wodabwitsa, mpikisano wotalikirapo wa Hillary-Obama wakhala makamaka wokhudza ofuna kusankhidwa komanso "khalidwe" lawo. Monga wotsogolera wamkulu Andrew Kohut, wotsogolera kafukufuku ku Pew Center, adauza mtolankhani wa Wall Street Journal Gerald Seib koyambirira kwa nyengo ya Democratic Primary, "palibe mgwirizano pamavoti otuluka pakati pa zomwe anthu akuganiza kuti ndizofunikira komanso munthu yemwe amamuvotera. . Zimakhudza makhalidwe a munthuyo.” Pogwira mawu a Kohut m'nkhani yomwe ili ndi mutu wakuti "Nkhani Zachepa M'mapikisano a '08 monga Ovota Amayang'ana Khalidwe," Seib adanena kuti ovota a Democratic South Carolina omwe adazindikira kuti "chuma" ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomwe adavotera Hillary Clinton ndi Barack Obama monga momwe amachitira. omwe adasankha chithandizo chamankhwala kapena nkhondo ya Iraq ngati nkhani zofunika kwambiri. Ku New Hampshire, ma Democrats omwe akufuna kuchoka ku Iraq mwachangu adasweka kwa Clinton ngakhale kuti Obama akuwoneka kuti ali ndi uthenga "wotsutsa nkhondo" (2).
Zamwayi kwa ofuna kusankhidwa m'nyengo yozizirayi zadalira kwambiri mauthenga amalonda amalonda ndi makampani ofalitsa nkhani kuti ndi ndani mwa awiriwa omwe akhala: oipa kapena abwino; woona mtima kapena wachinyengo; wofuna kutchuka kapena wodzipereka pagulu; zoseketsa kapena zopanda nthabwala; zolimba kapena zofewa; wodzidalira kapena wosowa; ogwirizana bwino ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi wawo; zokonda kapena zosavomerezeka; bata kapena kwambiri; moyenera kapena neurotic; chiuno kapena lalikulu, ndi zina zotero. Kulimbana kwanthawi yaitali pa nkhanizi ndi zina zokhudza khalidwe la munthu, khalidwe, ndi zithunzi zakhala zikuchitika m'masewero ambiri omwe amayendetsedwa ndi TV omwe ali ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi mitundu, mafuko ndi amuna. Zigawo zotsogola zaphatikizanso nyimbo zoimbira: Obama adauza Hillary mopanda mantha kuti "ndiwokondeka" (pamkangano waku New Hampshire); kampeni ya Obama ponena kuti Hillary anali watsankho kuti awonetsere LBJ pa MLK pokwaniritsa lamulo laufulu wovota; kukwiya kwa kampeni ya Obama pa kudzudzula kwa Bill Clinton pa ziyeneretso za Obama zotsutsana ndi nkhondo; mlandu Clinton kampeni (zolondola) kuti Obama adakweza angapo mawu ofunikira kampeni ku oratory bwenzi lake Deval Patrick, wakuda Kazembe wa Massachusetts; mlandu Clinton kampeni (zolondola) kuti mkulu mlangizi wa zachuma Obama anauza boma la Canada kupeputsa tanthauzo la Ohio Ohio "zokamba kampeni" zokhudza NAFTA; Mlangizi wa malamulo a Obama achilendo a Samantha Power asiya ntchito chifukwa chotcha Hillary "chilombo" (m'nyuzipepala ya ku Scotland); Ferraro adasiya ntchito chifukwa cha tsankho.
"WOONETSA sayenera KUVUTIKA NDI NKHANI”
Zofalitsa zodziwika bwino komanso kuyankha kwamaphunziro pa mavoti odziwika, osankhidwa, komanso omwe amangoyang'ana mavoti ndikolakwika ovota chifukwa chongoyang'ana mwachibwana pazithunzi za omwe akupikisana nawo, sewero la sopo, "mpikisano wa akavalo," ndi mikhalidwe pazandale. Koma uku ndikuchita bwino pakudzudzula anthu ozunzidwa omwe amanyalanyaza udindo wovuta komanso wovomerezeka wa makampani ofalitsa nkhani ndi otsatsa ndalama okhudzana ndi otsatsa komanso akatswiri azithunzi pokankhira ndendende owonetsa ndale pazandale ndi malingaliro. Monga Noam Chomsky adanenera mukulankhula ku Boston koyambirira kwa February, olamulira "atsogoleri" a "demokalase yamakono" yopangidwa ndi akuluakulu aku US kuyambira chiyambi chamakampani ndi mafumu akhala akukhulupirira kuti "ntchito yofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi ulamuliro wa ‘amuna audindo,’ amene ayenera ‘kukhala opanda kuponderezedwa ndi kubangula kwa gulu losokonezeka,’ anthu onse, ‘akunja osadziwa ndi oloŵerera’ amene ‘ntchito’ yawo ndi kukhala ‘oonerera,’ osati ‘otengamo mbali. .'” Kuwonjezera (3):
“Ndipo owonerera sayenera kuvutitsa mitu yawo ndi nkhani. The Wall Street Journal inafika pafupi ndi mfundo ya mutu waukulu wa tsamba loyamba la Lachiwiri Lachiwiri, pansi pa mutu wakuti 'Nkhani Zikuchepa mu '08 Contest Pamene Ovota Amayang'ana pa Khalidwe.' Kunena zowona, nkhani zimachepa ngati ofuna, oyang'anira zipani, ndi mabungwe awo a PR amayang'ana kwambiri mawonekedwe (mikhalidwe, ndi zina). Mwa nthawi zonse. Ndipo pazifukwa zomveka. Kupatula kusafunikira kwa anthu, amatha kukhala owopsa. Ophunzira omwe akuchitapo kanthu akudziwa kuti pazinthu zazikuluzikulu, zipani zonse za ndale zili bwino kumanja kwa anthu wamba, komanso kuti maudindo awo omwe amagwirizana kwambiri pakapita nthawi, nkhani yomwe idawunikiridwa mu kafukufuku wothandiza ndi Benjamin Page ndi Marshall Bouton, The Foreign Policy Divide; N'chimodzimodzinso ndi ndondomeko zapakhomo. Choncho, n'kofunika kuti ng'ombe zisokonezedwe kwina.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa 2008 wofalitsidwa ndi Pew Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) akugwirizana ndi zotsutsana za Chomsky. Poyang'ana malipoti okwana 1,742 a kampeni ndi osankhidwa omwe adawonekera mu zosindikizira za US ndi zamagetsi pakati pa January 1 ndi May 31, 2007, PEJ idapeza kuti mafunso a ndondomeko adawonetsedwa mu 15 peresenti yokha ya nkhanizo. Thandizo la "mpikisano wa akavalo" - yemwe anali kupambana, yemwe anali kutayika, yemwe anali kukweza ndalama zambiri, ndi yemwe anali kuchita bwino pa chitsa cholankhula - anapanga 63 peresenti ya nkhanizo. Mbiri ya osankhidwawo inali yongoganizira za 1.4 peresenti yokha ya nkhanizo koma mbiri ya ofuna kusankhidwa - mabanja awo, mabanja awo, thanzi lawo (5.1 peresenti), chipembedzo (2 peresenti), zikhulupiriro, ndi mbiri yakale / mbiri yakale - zinapangidwa. 17 peresenti (4).
Kafukufuku wa PEJ ali ndi mutu wosangalatsa: "The Invisible Primary."
Zomwe zafufutidwanso pakutsutsidwa kwapamwamba kwa ovota "zochepa" zomwe zimangoyang'ana chithunzi ndi dzina ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe "wopambana atenge zonse" komanso momwe zipani ziwiri za dongosolo la zisankho zaku America zimathandizira kuchepetsa kusiyana kwamalingaliro ndi mfundo mpaka pomwe. ovota sangachitire mwina koma kusankha malinga ndi zinthu zina kusiyapo ndondomeko ndi malingaliro.
ZOGWIRITSA NTCHITO
Zirizonse zomwe zimayambitsa, osankhidwa awiri otsogola a demokalase sapatsa ovota a demokalase mfundo zazikulu kapena kusiyana kwamalingaliro kuti apitilize kupanga zisankho zawo zazikulu zaka zinayi. Ngati mumvetsera mwatcheru ku zokambiranazo ndikuphunzira za ndondomeko zawo ndikugwirizanitsa ndemanga zawo ndi khalidwe lawo lonse ndi zonena zawo, pamapeto pake zimafika.
Pokhapokha atakakamizidwa kuti achite mosiyana ndi nzika zokwiya komanso zokonzekera za US kapena ochita masewera akunja, onsewa adzasunga gulu lalikulu lankhondo la US ku Iraq kwa moyo wawo wonse waulamuliro wawo (wongopeka), kupitiliza kuphedwa kwa Nazi komwe tidakhazikitsa kudziko lomwe lalandidwa mosaloledwa komanso lolandidwa. dzina la ufulu.
Pokhapokha atakakamizika kutenga njira yosiyana, onse awiri adzathandiza Israeli motsutsana ndi anthu a Palestina ndi dziko la Aarabu mokongola mosasamala kanthu.
Onsewa adzapititsa patsogolo ntchito yamagazi ku Afghanistan.
Onse awiri adzalankhula za kusintha pang'ono ku NAFTA ndi CAFTA ndi WTO ndi zina zotero koma onse adzasiya dongosolo ndi machitidwe a mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Onse awiri adzayesa kusintha machitidwe a zaumoyo ndikuyesera kulembetsa ena omwe sali otetezedwa koma pamapeto a tsiku adzasiya inshuwalansi ndi makampani opanga mankhwala mu ulamuliro wofunikira.
Onse apanga phokoso lothandizira ntchito ndi zochitika zachilengedwe ndikuthetsa kulamulira kwa chidwi chapadera koma adzayankha makamaka ku mabungwe akuluakulu omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri ndi mphamvu zokopa ndale ndi ndondomeko. Zokonda zapaderazi sizikuthandizira gulu la ogwira ntchito komanso sakusangalala ndi kuwongolera zachilengedwe.
Onse awiri adzakambirana zotsutsana ndi kupanda chilungamo kwa mafuko ndi kuthetsa umphawi pa Tchuthi cha Dr. Martin Luther King koma sadzachitapo kanthu pa nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zikufunika kuthana ndi ndondomeko zozama za ulamuliro wa azungu ndi kuponderezana kwa magulu.
Onsewa alankhula pang'ono za zomwe zidapangitsa kuti omwe kale anali olakwa alowe m'gulu la anthu, koma palibe chomwe angachite kuti athane ndi kusagwirizana kwamtundu wa anthu omwe amamangidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kutsekeredwa m'ndende zomwe zasintha dziko la US kukhala nyumba yosungiramo anthu amitundu. kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri.
Ngakhalenso sadzatsatira upangiri wa Dr. King ndikutsatira bajeti yayikulu komanso yotupa yomwe imatchedwa "chitetezo" yomwe imathandizira malo opitilira 700 akunja omwe ali pafupi ndi dziko lapansi ndipo amawononga theka la ndalama zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi ngakhale zina zambiri. Ana opitilira miliyoni miliyoni aku US akukhala muumphawi womwe ofufuza tsopano akuutcha "umphawi wadzaoneni" - osakwana theka la umphawi womwe boma la federal limadziwika kuti ndi losakwanira.
Onsewa asiya chuma chambiri mdziko muno, osachita pang'ono ponena kuti 1 peresenti yapamwamba imakhala ndi theka lachuma cha dziko lonse - mfundo yomwe imapangitsa demokalase yeniyeni komanso yodziwika bwino kukhala yosayerekezeka pazifukwa zomwe Thomas Jefferson ndi James Madison analemba za.
Onse a Hillary ndi a Obama agwirizana ndi Columbia komanso ndondomeko yabizinesi yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi Venezuela komanso kusakonda dziko la Latin America.
Onse apanga phokoso laukali ndi zowopseza ku Iran ndi pulogalamu yake ya nyukiliya yeniyeni kapena yongoganiziridwa koma sadzanena zambiri kapena chilichonse chokhudza zida zanyukiliya zowopsa komanso zokopa za Israeli ndi India.
Onsewa atha kuyembekezeredwa kugwiritsa ntchito zoopsa zenizeni komanso zongoyerekeza kumayiko ena kusokoneza ufulu wa anthu kunyumba.
Zonsezi zimabwera ndi chiyeneretso chovuta kwambiri - pokhapokha atakakamizidwa kuchita mosiyana ndi anthu otchuka kunyumba ndi / kapena kunja.
Kodi ovota akuyenera bwanji kupanga mfundo zolimba kapena kusiyana kwamalingaliro pakati pa ma Democrats amakampani a Hillary ndi Obama? Monga Seib adawonera bwino pa Super Lachiwiri:
"Mademokalase ndi ma Republican afika tsiku lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko lino ndi zofanana izi: Palibe woimira mbali zonse yemwe wapereka malingaliro kapena mfundo zomwe zili ngati malingaliro atsopano adziko ... Lachiwiri, osankhidwa awiri omwe ali otentha kwambiri pakadali pano - Republican John McCain ndi Democrat Barack Obama - ali odabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa chotha kukopa ovota odziyimira pawokha pakati pa malingaliro, komanso kufunitsitsa kwawo kunyengerera pamenepo "(5).
Seib mwachilengedwe sanatchule kuti "zosawoneka bwino" za chuma chamakampani ndi zoulutsira mawu zidagwira ntchito mwamphamvu kuti achepetse mikangano yovomerezeka yandale mwanjira yokomera bizinesi - kuvomereza komwe kukadasokoneza chidwi chake pa ovota ngati othandizira oyambira " ovota amayang'ana kwambiri khalidwe. " Anayiwalanso kutchula kufunika kodziwikiratu kuti mtundu ndi jenda ndi ndani ngati oyimira zisankho kwa ovota omwe akukakamizidwa kuti asankhe pakati pa ofuna kusankha omwe sakuwoneka kuti akusiyana kwambiri pazovuta za anthu zomwe zikuwonetsa kulimbikira kwa zomwe Dr. King adazitcha "zoyipa zitatu zomwe ndi zogwirizana” - kudyerana masuku pamutu pazachuma (ulamuliro wamalonda ndi ukapitalizimu), kusankhana mitundu (komveka bwino), ndi militarism-imperialism.
Paul Street ([imelo ndiotetezedwa]) is a veteran radical historian and independent author, activist, researcher, and journalist in Iowa City, IA. He is the author of Empire and Inequality: America and the World Since 9/11 (Paradigm 2005); Segregated Schools: Educational Apartheid in the Post-Civil Rights Era (Routledge 2005): and Racial Oppression in the Global Metropolis (Rowman&Littlefield 2007). Street is currently completing a book on U.S. political culture and the Barack Obama phenomenon.
zolemba
1. Patrick Healy ndi Jeff Zeleny, "Nkhani Yamitundu Yambiri Imayambiranso Ma Democrats," New York Times, 13 March 2008, p. A1.
2. Gerald Seib, “Nkhani zikuchepa mu mpikisano wa '08 monga Ovota Akuganizira Makhalidwe,” Wall Street Journal, 5 February 2008, p. A1.
3. Noam Chomsky, “'Good News': Iraq and Beyond,” ZNet (February 16, 20088), inawerengedwa pa https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/16522
4. Project for Excellence in Journalism, Pew Research Center, Invisible Primary Invisible Salinso: Kuyang'ana Koyamba pa Kufalikira kwa kampeni ya Purezidenti wa 2008.
(October 29, 2007), wowerengedwa pa http://www.journalism.org/node/8191
5. Seib, "Nkhani Zachepa."
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