Ntchito yofunika kwambiri yofalitsa nkhani ndi mabungwe aboma ndikupangitsa kuti anthu azikhala mwamtendere, osadziwa komanso opanda zida zokwanira kuti asokoneze mphamvu zokhazikitsa.
Chidziwitso chomwe chimawunikira momwe dziko lapansi limagwirira ntchito pazandale komanso pazachuma chimachepetsedwa ndi zowulutsa "zambiri". George Orwell's memory hole wotchuka wochokera ku 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' akuwonetsa chodabwitsachi. Ntchito ya Winston Smith ku Unduna wa Choonadi imafuna kuti awononge zolemba zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zabodza za boma:
'Pamene wina ankadziwa kuti chikalata chilichonse chiyenera kuwonongedwa, kapena ngakhale pamene wina awona pepala lotayirira likugona, chinali chinthu chodziwikiratu kuti anyamule phokoso la dzenje lapafupi ndi kuliponya, lomwe lidzagwedezeka. pa mpweya wofunda ku ng'anjo zazikulu zomwe zinali zobisika kwinakwake mkati mwa nyumbayo'.
(Orwell, 'Nineteen Eighty-Four', 1949, Penguin edition, 1982, p. 34)
Zofuna zaulamuliro, kutengera kulamulira kwa anthu osadziwa, zimasungidwa mwamphamvu:
'Mwanjira imeneyi maulosi onse opangidwa ndi Phwando atha kuwonetsedwa ndi umboni wolembedwa kuti anali wolondola, kapena nkhani iliyonse, kapena malingaliro aliwonse, omwe amatsutsana ndi zosowa zanthawiyo, adaloledwa kukhalabe olembedwa. Mbiri yonse inali yosawerengeka, yoyeretsedwa komanso yolembedwanso chimodzimodzi monga momwe kungafunikire. Palibe chimene sichikanatheka, pamene ntchitoyo itachitidwa, kutsimikizira kuti kunama kulikonse kwachitika.’
(Ibid., p. 36)
Monga slogan ya Party ikunenera kuti:
'Yemwe amalamulira zam'mbuyo, amalamulira zam'tsogolo: yemwe amalamulira zapano amayang'anira zakale.'
(Ibid., p. 31)
In lero 'mademokalase' ongopeka, machitidwe a propaganda ndi obisika kwambiri. Mwachidziwikire, pali a kuyasamula phompho pakati pa zolankhula za atsogoleri omwe amati akudera nkhawa za ufulu wa anthu, mtendere ndi demokalase, ndi realpolitik za ufumu, kulanda ndi kulamulira.
Monga Declassified UK adawona koyambirira kwa chaka chino, UK yakonza kapena kuchita zoyeserera za 40 kuchotsa maboma akunja m'maiko a 27 kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Izi zakhudzanso mabungwe azamalamulo, kulowererapo mobisa komanso mobisa komanso kupha anthu. Kuukira kotsogozedwa ndi Britain ku Iran zaka 70 zapitazo mwina ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino; koma sizinali zosokoneza.
Ngati tikulitsa kuchuluka kwa Kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku Britain padziko lonse kuyambira 1945, pali zitsanzo 83. Izi zimachokera ku nkhondo zankhanza za atsamunda ndi ntchito zobisala mpaka kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa maboma okondedwa kapena kuletsa zipolowe, kuphatikizapo British Guiana (tsopano Guyana) mu 1953, Egypt mu 1950s, Iraq mu 2003 ndi Libya mu 2011 (zambiri pa izi pansipa) .
The mbiri yaupandu ku US ponena za kugwetsa maboma akunja, kapena kuyesa kutero, zidalembedwa bwino ndi William Blum, wolemba "Kupha Chiyembekezo: US Military and CIA Interventions kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse 'ndi'Rogue State: Chitsogozo cha Mphamvu Yokhayo Padziko Lonse'.
Zowukira zingapo izi, zigawenga ndi nkhondo zimagulitsidwa pafupipafupi kwa anthu ngati 'njira zothandizira anthu' ndi atsogoleri aku Western komanso anzawo abodza atolankhani 'zambiri'.
Wachigawenga Wambiri
Tony Blair, wamkulu wankhondo waku Britain, amatengedwa kwambiri ndi magulu andale ndi atolankhani aku UK ngati a mkulu wa boma wanzeru pa zochitika zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ikufotokoza mwachidule momwe dziko lino likuyendetsedwa ndi anthu achinyengo komanso odzaza magazi. Kutsimikizira mfundoyi, Financial Times posachedwa tweeted:
'Sir Tony Blair wabwerera. Atanyozedwa ngati "chigawenga chankhondo" ndi ena a Labor, chikoka chake mkati mwa chipanichi chikukulirakulirabe pansi pa Sir Keir Starmer. FT ikulankhula ndi Prime Minister wakale waku UK: https://on.ft.com/3PDkIpE'
Muyenera kukonda kulimbikira kwa FT kugwiritsa ntchito 'Sir', ngati kuti kumapereka ulemu kwa munthu yemwe adamenya nkhondo zowononga zoyambira ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Ntchito ya Costs of War, yochokera ku Brown University ku Providence, Rhode Island, ziwerengero kuti chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe anaphedwa pa nkhondo za pambuyo pa 9/11 - kuphatikizapo Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria ndi Yemen - zikhoza kukhala osachepera 4.5-4.7 miliyoni. A Blair ndi m'modzi mwa atsogoleri aku Western omwe ali nawo pachiwopsezo chowopsachi. Mfundo imeneyi yatayidwa m'malo okumbukira ndi ofalitsa nkhani zabodza omwe mulandireni iye ndi manja otseguka.
Mtsogoleri wakale wa NATO Supreme Allied Commander Wesley Clark kamodzi anafotokoza momwe, kutsatira kuukira 9/11, US anakonza 'kutulutsa' mayiko asanu ndi awiri m'zaka zisanu: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan ndi Iran. Ndizodabwitsa kuti umboniwu, komanso zithunzi zowoneka bwino, sizinawoneke ngati umboni wodalirika ndi media "zambiri".
Lingaliro loti a Blair 'ananamiziridwa kamodzi' ngati chigawenga chankhondo - ndipo tiyeni tisiye mawu oti "chigawenga chankhondo" - ngati kuti ndi chigawenga. sikulinso choncho ndi zopusa. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kodi mawu osankhidwa bwino oti 'kunyoza' amatanthauza chiyani? Malinga ku mtanthauzira mawu wa Merriam-Webster pa intaneti, zitha kutanthauza zinthu ziwiri:
- 1: kunena zonyoza ndi zonyoza: kuipitsa mbiri;
- 2: kuchepetsa kuyerekeza kapena kufunika.
FT ikufuna kuyika m'maganizo mwa owerenga lingaliro loti Blair wakhala wonenezedwa mopanda chilungamo kukhala chigawenga pankhondo; kuti chiphunzitsocho ndi chamwano. Koma a Blair, pamodzi ndi a Bush ndi achifwamba a Cheney, anali m'modzi mwa omwe adathandizira kwambiri zigawenga zomwe zidachitika ku Iraq mu 2003. 'supreme international crime', kuweruzidwa ndi miyezo ya milandu ya Nuremberg yomwe idachitika pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Chithunzi chotsatira cha FT cha munthu wina wodziwika ngati 'Sir' Tony Blair chidakutidwa ndi mawu akuti:
'[Britain] ndi dziko lomwe lili pamavuto. Sitili bwino.'
Sitinatchulidwe kuti Blair anali ndi gawo lalikulu popanga chisokonezo chamasiku ano ku Britain. Kupatula milandu yake yayikulu m'nkhani zakunja, iye amathandizira kwambiri dongosolo lazachuma lowononga lotchedwa 'neoliberalism'. Adapitilira njira yomwe mtsogoleri wa Tory Margaret Thatcher adapanga m'ma 1980s. Zowonadi, pomwe Thatcher adafunsidwa kamodzi zomwe amawona kuti ndizopambana kwambiri, iye Anayankha: 'Tony Blair ndi New Labor'.
Ponena za Blair, ali akufotokozedwa Thatcher m'mawu owoneka bwino ngati 'wandale wamkulu' yemwe cholowa chake chidzamveka padziko lonse lapansi. Iye anawonjezera kuti:
'Nthawi zonse ndinkaganiza kuti ntchito yanga inali yomanga zinthu zina zimene anachita m'malo mozisintha.'
Mtsogoleri wa Labor wapano, Sir Keir Starmer - 'Bwana' wina komanso wokhazikika pakukhazikitsidwa - akudziwonetsa mopanda manyazi ngati munthu wa Blairite. Iwo ali nawo ngakhale adawonekera pagulu limodzi 'kuwonerana mu ulemerero wonyezimira wina ndi mzake', monga mlembi m'modzi wa ndale adatchulidwa.
Jonathan Cook adawona a Blair:
"Imanena chilichonse chomwe Sir Keir Starmer, yemwe anali mkulu wotsutsa boma ku UK, akufunafuna kumukonzanso.
'Ndiyemweyo Starmer yemwe adamuthandizira kunyoza yemwe adatsogolera kumanzere, Jeremy Corbyn'.
Kuwukira kwa 'Unprovoked' ku Ukraine
Bowo lokumbukira ma media ambiri likuwoneka kuti ndi lofunika kwambiri poteteza anthu ku zowona zosasangalatsa za Ukraine. Mafotokozedwe a atsogoleri aku Western omwe ali ndi nkhawa ku Ukraine ndikuphimba chikhumbo chawo chofuna kuwona mtsogoleri waku Russia Vladimir Putin akuchotsedwa pampando komanso Russia 'ofooka', monga Mlembi wa Chitetezo ku United States Lloyd Austin adavomereza kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino. Austin anali membala wa board ya Raytheon Technologies, wochita ntchito zankhondo, atatsika ndi ndalama zambiri. $ Miliyoni 2.7 kulowa nawo utsogoleri wa Biden: chitsanzo chinanso cha 'khomo lozungulira' pakati pa boma ndi gawo la chitetezo.
Katswiri wa ndale ku Australia Caitlin Johnstone adatchulidwa posachedwapa kuti:
'Mosakayikira chisonyezero chimodzi choipitsitsa kwambiri cha nkhani zabodza zankhondo m'zaka za zana la 21 chinachitika chaka chatha, pamene gulu lonse la ndale za kumadzulo/zofalitsa nkhani za kumadzulo linayamba kunena mofanana mawu akuti “chosakwiyitsa” ponena za kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine.'
Kuwonetsa kuti Kumadzulo 'kunakwiyitsa' Russia sikufanana ndi kunena kuti kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine kunali koyenera. Ndipotu ife tinali momveka bwino m'chidziwitso chathu choyamba chawayilesi pambuyo pa kuwukira:
'Kuukira kwa Russia ndi chitsanzo cha m'mabuku a "upandu waukulu", kumenyedwa kwa nkhondo yachiwembu.'
Monga Noam Chomsky anafotokoza, kuwukira kwa Iraq mu 2003 sikunali koyenera, koma:
'palibe amene adachitcha "kuukira kosasunthika kwa Iraq." Ndipotu, sindikudziwa ngati mawuwo anali nthawi kugwiritsidwa ntchito; ngati icho chinali, icho chinali chochepa kwambiri. Tsopano inu muziyang'ana izo pa Google, ndi mazana masauzande a hits. Nkhani iliyonse yomwe imatuluka iyenera kukamba za kuwukira kosayembekezereka kwa Ukraine. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa iwo amadziwa bwino lomwe kuti linakwiyitsidwa. Izi sizikumveka, koma zidakwiyitsidwa kwambiri.'
Bryce Greene, katswiri wazofalitsa nkhani ndi Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR) yochokera ku US, adawona kuti opanga malamulo aku US adawona nkhondo ku Ukraine ngati cholinga chofunikira:
'Omwe 2019 phunziro kuchokera ku bungwe la RAND Corporation-nthambi yoganiza bwino yomwe ili ndi maubwenzi apamtima ndi Pentagon-ananena kuti njira yabwino yowonjezeretsa ndi kusalinganiza Russia idzakhala yowonjezera thandizo lankhondo ku Ukraine, akutsutsa kuti izi zingayambitse kuukira kwa Russia.'
Zolinga zake zidafotokozedwa mu Wall Street Journal maganizo chidutswa ndi John Deni wa Atlantic Council, gulu la anthu oganiza bwino ku US lomwe likugwirizana kwambiri ndi White House ndi makampani a zida zankhondo, lomwe lili ndi mutu wakuti 'The Strategic Case for Risking War in Ukraine'. Greene anafotokoza mwachidule mfundoyi:
'Kuyambitsa nkhondo kungalole US kuti ikhazikitse zilango ndikumenya nkhondo yomwe ingawononge Russia. Kuwonjezera apo, maganizo odana ndi Russia amene anadza chifukwa cha nkhondo akanalimbitsa chigamulo cha NATO.'
Greene anawonjezera kuti:
"Mgwirizano pakati pa opanga mfundo ku Washington ndikukakamiza kuti pakhale mikangano yosatha, ziribe kanthu kuti angati aku Ukraine amwalira panthawiyi. Malingana ngati Russia itaya amuna ndi zinthu, zotsatira zake ku Ukraine ndizosafunikira. Kupambana kwa Ukraine sikunali cholinga.'
Monga Johnstone anatsindika mwa iye kusanthula:
'Ndi basi bwino-zolembedwa kuti US ndi ogwirizana nawo idayambitsa nkhondoyi mu njira zambiri, kuchokera pakukula kwa NATO mpaka kuthandizira kusintha kwa boma ku Kyiv kusewera limodzi ndi ziwawa zotsutsana ndi odzipatula a Donbass kutsanulira zida ku Ukraine. Palinso a umboni wochuluka kuti dziko la United States ndi mayiko ogwirizana nalo linasokoneza mgwirizano wa mtendere pakati pa Russia ndi Ukraine m’masabata oyambirira a nkhondoyo pofuna kuti mkanganowu upitirirebe mpaka kuwononga zofuna za Russia.’
Iye anapitiriza kuti:
'Tikudziwa kuti zochitika zakumadzulo zidayambitsa nkhondo ku Ukraine chifukwa akatswiri ambiri akunja akumadzulo anakhala zaka zambiri akuchenjeza kuti zochita za azungu ziyambitsa nkhondo ku Ukraine.'
Koma musakasaka pachabe kuti mupeze lipoti lodziwika bwino lodziwika bwino komanso mbiri yakale - onaninso izi Chidutswa yolembedwa ndi FAIR - muzofalitsa 'zambiri'.
A posachedwapa kuyankhulana ndi katswiri wazachuma waku US komanso wopenda mfundo za anthu a Jeffrey Sachs, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa The Earth Institute ku Columbia University, adawonetsa momwe izi zasiyidwira pakuyesa kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika ku Ukraine. M'mafotokozedwe apamwamba kwambiri a mphindi 30, Sachs adafotokoza mfundo zofunika kwambiri, osachepera kuti:
'Ndikuganiza kuti chodziwika bwino cha mfundo zakunja zaku America ndi kudzikuza. Ndipo sangamvetsere. Sangamve mizere yofiira ya dziko lina lililonse. Sakhulupirira kuti alipo. Mizere yofiira yokha ndiyo mizere yofiira ya ku America.'
Akunena pano kuchonderera kwa Russia kumayiko akumadzulo kuti asapitirize kukulitsa NATO mpaka kumalire ake; chinachake, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, akatswiri a malamulo akunja akumadzulo akhala akuchenjeza kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu. Kodi Washington ingalole kuti gawo lachikoka cha Russia lifike kumalire a US, ndi Mexico ndi Canada pansi pa 'zoyipa' za Kremlin? Inde sichoncho.
Sachs anawonjezera:
'Zikuwonekeratu koyambirira kwa chaka cha 2014 kuti kusintha kwa boma [ku Ukraine] - komanso mtundu wina wa kusintha kwa boma la US - zinali kuchitika. Ndipo ndikunena chimodzimodzi chifukwa kafukufuku wamaphunziro awonetsa kuti, panthawi ya Cold War yokha, panali machitidwe 64 osintha maboma aku US. Ndizodabwitsa.'
Chomwe chilinso chodabwitsa, koma chodziwikiratu, ndikuti zokambirana zilizonse ngati izi ndizosaloledwa m'magulu 'olemekezeka'.
Sachs akufotokozedwa momwe US idakhazikitsira Ukraine pambuyo pa Minsk II mgwirizano mu 2015, amene cholinga kubweretsa mtendere ku Donbas dera la Ukraine:
'Musadere nkhawa kalikonse. Tili ndi nsana wanu. Mudzalowa nawo NATO.'
Udindo wa Biden, yemwe panthawiyo anali Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti waku US komanso Purezidenti tsopano, anali kunena kuti:
'Ukraine nditero kukhala mbali ya NATO. Tidzawonjezera zida zankhondo [ku Ukraine].'
Pa Disembala 17, 2021, a Putin adalemba mgwirizano wachitetezo pakati pa Russia ndi United States. Sachs adawerenga ndi anamaliza kuti 'zinali zokambitsirana mwamtheradi', ndikuwonjezera kuti:
'Sikuti zonse zidzalandiridwa, koma maziko a izi ndi NATO ayenera kuletsa kukulitsa kotero kuti tisakhale ndi nkhondo.'
Sachs, yemwe kwa nthawi yayitali amalumikizana ndi akuluakulu m'maboma otsatizana a US, kenaka adalongosola kusinthana komwe adachita pafoni ndi White House. 'Nkhondoyi ndi yopeŵeka', adatero. 'Pewani nkhondoyi, simukufuna nkhondo pa wotchi yanu.'
Koma a White House adatsimikiza kuti sizipereka kudzipereka kuti asiye kukulitsa. M'malo mwake:
'Ayi, ayi! NATO ili ndi ndondomeko yotsegula zitseko [kutanthauza kuti dziko lililonse likhoza kulowa nawo NATO.]'
Sachs anayankha kuti:
'Ndi njira yankhondo ndi inu mukudziwa izo. Inu mwatero muli kukambilana.'
Dinani. White House idadula.
Sachs adanena wofunsayo:
'Anthu awa samamvetsetsa kalikonse pankhani ya diplomacy. Chilichonse chokhudza zenizeni. Akazembe awo omwe akhala akuwauza kwa zaka 30 kuti iyi ndi njira yankhondo.'
Sachs adafotokozanso momwe mtsogoleri waku Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky adadabwitsidwa pomwe kuwukira kwa Russia kudayamba pa 24 February 2022, mpaka adayamba. kunena poyera, m’masiku oŵerengeka chabe, kuti Ukraine ingakhale yosaloŵererapo; mwanjira ina, osati kulowa nawo NATO. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha zomwe Russia ankafuna. Koma aku America adatseka zokambiranazo, monga Sachs adapitiliza kufotokoza.
Pofika mu Marichi 2022, akuluakulu a boma la Ukraine ndi Russia anali kuchita zokambirana ku Turkey. Pakadali pano, Naftali Bennett, yemwe anali Prime Minister wa Israeli panthawiyo, anali kupita patsogolo pakuyanjanitsa pakati pa Zelensky ndi Putin, monga adafotokozera panthawi yomwe adakhalapo. kuyankhulana kwanthawi yayitali pa njira yake ya YouTube. Koma, pomaliza, US atsekezedwa ntchito zamtendere. Sachs kutchulidwa Kufotokozera kwa Bennett chifukwa chake:
'Iwo [a US] ankafuna kuwoneka olimba ku China. Iwo anali ndi nkhawa kuti izi zitha kuwoneka zofooka ku China.'
Zodabwitsa! Chodetsa nkhawa chachikulu cha US ndikuwonetsetsa kuti champhamvu ku China, mdani wake wamkulu pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zimakumbukira zomwe zidapangitsa US kugwa mabomba a atomiki ku Japan kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse monga chiwonetsero champhamvu ku Soviet Union.
Mwamwayi, a Boris Johnson, yemwe anali Prime Minister waku Britain, adapita ku Ukraine mu Epulo 2022, mwina motsogozedwa ndi US, akuuza Zelensky. osati kukambirana ndi Russia.
Tikadakhala ndi zoulutsira nkhani zademokalase, zopanda tsankho, mfundo zonsezi zikanafalikira m'manyuzipepala adziko lonse. Olemba nkhani a BBC News amakumbutsa mosalekeza owonera ndi omvera momwe mayiko akumadzulo adakwiyira Russia, kenako adaletsa ntchito zamtendere. M'malo mwake, chibowo chokumbukira chikugwira ntchito yake - zosokoneza zasowa - ndipo tikuwumbidwa ndi mabodza a khoma ndi khoma okhudza kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine.
Libya: Gulu la Propaganda Masterclass
Chochitika chokumbukira kukumbukira ndichofunikira kwambiri pakufalitsa nkhani ku Libya komwe, monga ife analemba sabata yatha, yavutika kwambiri kusefukira kwa madzi kwaposachedwa komanso kugwa kwa madamu awiri. Mzinda wa Derna unakokoloka m’nyanja pambuyo pa mvula ya 40cm mu maola makumi awiri ndi anayi, ndipo anthu 20,000 anafa.
Koma mbiri yaposachedwa yakhala ikubisidwa kotheratu ndi atolankhani a boma. Mu 2011, kuwukira kwa NATO ku Libya kunawononga kwambiri boma ndikupha anthu pafupifupi 40,000. Fukoli, lomwe poyamba linali limodzi mwa mayiko otukuka kwambiri mu Afirika pazaumoyo ndi maphunziro, linakhala dziko lolephera, chifukwa cha kugwa kwa ntchito zofunika, kuyambiranso kwa misika yaukapolo ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni.
Kuphulika kwakukulu, komwe kumakhudza kwambiri UK ndi France, kunali kosangalatsa kulimbana (onani zidziwitso zathu zapa media za 2011 Pano ndi Pano) ndi andale aku Western komanso atolankhani amakampani aboma, kuphatikiza BBC News, ngati 'njira yothandiza anthu' kuchotsa 'wolamulira wankhanza', Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.
Zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwopseze kuphedwa kwa gulu lankhondo la Gaddafi ku Benghazi. Mkulu wa boma yemwe anali pansi pa Prime Minister, David Cameron, ananena:
'Panali kumverera kwamphamvu kwambiri pamwamba pa boma ili kuti Benghazi akhoza kukhala Srebrenica ya wotchi yathu mosavuta. M'badwo umene wakhalapo ku Bosnia sudzakhala "m'badwo wokokera mlatho".'
Nkhaniyi inali yokhudza kuphedwa kwa Asilamu aku Bosnia okwana 8,000 ku Srebrenica mu Julayi 1995 ndi asitikali aku Bosnia a Serb. Chiwopsezo cha zomwe zikuchitika ku Benghazi zinali nkhani yosalekeza pamawayilesi ndi masamba akutsogolo a nyuzipepala. The Guardian, mogwirizana ndi ena onse omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ndi 'sipekitiramu' m'manyuzipepala aku Britain, adalimbikitsidwa Cameron ngati mtsogoleri wadziko lonse lapansi. Mtsinje wa Arab Spring 'unasintha nduna yaikulu kuchoka ku munthu wokayikakayika kukhala wolowererapo mwachidwi.' Pepalalo linamuthandiza moyenerera zidutswa za sycophantic monga zomwe zimatchedwa modabwitsa, 'Nkhondo ya David Cameron ya Libyan: chifukwa chiyani PM anamva kuti Gaddafi amayenera kuimitsidwa.'
Mu Ogasiti 2011, wofalitsa nkhani za Guardian Andrew Rawnsley Anayankha kuti NATO igwetse boma la Libyan:
'A Libyan tsopano ali ndi mwayi wotenga njira yaufulu, mtendere ndi chitukuko, mwayi womwe akanakanidwa tikadayendapo pomwe Muammar Gaddafi amakonzekera mitsinje yamagazi. Britain ndi ogwirizana nawo adapeza bwino ku Libya.'
Mtolankhani wa BBC John Humphrys akuyang'ana chipambano chimenecho chinabweretsa 'kuŵala kwa makhalidwe abwino.' (BBC Radio 4 Lero, 21 October 2011)
Palinso zitsanzo zambiri kuchokera ku Guardian ndi ena onse a 'MSM'. Matenda a blitz yabodzayi adawululidwa momveka bwino ndi lipoti la 2016 la nkhondo ya Libya ndi House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee. Lipoti mwachidule:
'Chotsatira chake chinali kugwa kwa ndale ndi zachuma, nkhondo zapakati pa magulu ankhondo ndi amitundu, mavuto aumunthu ndi othawa kwawo, kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, kufalikira kwa zida za ulamuliro wa Gaddafi kudera lonselo ndi kukula kwa ISIL kumpoto kwa Africa.'
Ponena za kuwopseza kuphedwa kwa gulu lankhondo la Gaddafi ku Benghazi, zifukwa zobwerezabwereza za kulowererapo, lipotilo. Ndemanga:
"lingaliro lakuti Muammar Gaddafi akanalamula kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba ku Benghazi sizinachirikidwe ndi umboni umene ulipo… Mbiri ya zaka 40 ya Gaddafi ya kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe sanaphatikizepo ziwopsezo zazikulu za anthu wamba aku Libya.' (Kutsindika kwathu)
Zambiri pa izi, komanso zofalitsa zabodza zomwe zidathandizira kuwukira kwa NATO ku Libya, zitha kupezeka mu chenjezo lathu la 2016, 'The Great Libya War Fraud'.
Kumbuyo kwa mawu onena za kuchotsa wolamulira wankhanza kunali, ndithudi, chinthu chachikulu cha mafuta; monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri pankhondo zachifumu zakumadzulo. Mu 2011, Real News inafunsa Kevin G. Hall, mtolankhani wa zachuma ku McClatchy Newspapers, yemwe adaphunzira za WikiLeaked pa Libya. Hall anati:
'Zowona zake, tinadutsa zolemba za 251,000 [zotayikira] ... Mwa izo, 10 peresenti yonse ya izo, 10 peresenti yonse ya zolembazo, zotchulidwa mwanjira ina, mawonekedwe, kapena mafuta.' ('WikiLeaks iwulula kuti US ikufuna kuti Russia isakhale ndi mafuta aku Libya,' The Real News, 11 May 2011)
Hall adamaliza motere:
'Zonse ndi mafuta.'
Mu 2022, Declassified UK inanena kuti:
'Zimphona zazikulu za mafuta za ku Britain BP ndi Shell zikubwerera ku dziko lolemera kwambiri la kumpoto kwa Africa patangotha zaka khumi kuchokera pamene dziko la UK lidalowetsa m'chipwirikiti mu nkhondo yake ya 2011, yomwe boma la Britain silinavomereze kuti linali nkhondo ya mafuta.'
Apo anali Zowonjezera 'zopindulitsa' ku West. Monga woyambitsa nawo WikiLeaks Julian Assange anafotokoza poyankhulana ndi John Pilger, Hillary Clinton adafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wochotsa Gaddafi ngati imodzi mwakufuna kwake kukhala Purezidenti wa US. Clinton panthawiyo anali Secretary of State wa US pansi pa Purezidenti Barack Obama:
'Nkhondo ya Libya inali, kuposa wina aliyense, nkhondo ya Hillary Clinton ... Hillary Clinton. Izi zalembedwa m'maimelo ake onse [maimelo otayikira ofalitsidwa ndi WikiLeaks]'.
Assange anawonjezera kuti:
"Iye adawona kuchotsedwa kwa Gaddafi, ndi kugwetsedwa kwa dziko la Libyan, zomwe angagwiritse ntchito pokonzekera chisankho cha Purezidenti."
Mutha kukumbukira za Clinton kuyankha kosangalatsa kupha mwankhanza kwa Gaddafi:
'Ife tinabwera, tinawona, iye anafa.'
Komanso, monga momwe Assange ananenera, kuwonongedwa kwa dziko la Libyan kunabweretsa tsoka lachigawenga ndi vuto la othawa kwawo, ndipo ambiri akumira poyesa kuwoloka nyanja ya Mediterranean kupita ku Ulaya:
'A Jihadist adalowamo. ISIS idalowamo. Izi zidadzetsa vuto la othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo ku Europe. Chifukwa, sikuti munangokhala ndi anthu othawa ku Libya, anthu omwe adathawa ku Syria, kusokoneza mayiko ena aku Africa chifukwa chakuyenda kwa zida, dziko la Libyan silinathenso kuwongolera kuyenda kwa anthu kudutsamo…. [Libya] anali atakhala bwino m'botolo la Africa. Choncho, mavuto onse, mavuto azachuma, nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Africa - anthu omwe poyamba ankathawa mavutowa sanathere ku Ulaya.'
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi mbiri ya kusefukira kwa madzi osefukira ku Libya zikuphatikizidwa m'nkhani zamasiku ano. Chabwino, pali kutchulidwa chizindikiro. Choipitsitsa kwambiri, pali kulembedwanso kwachinyengo kwambiri ndi kunyoza mbiri yakale.
A lipoti pa webusayiti ya Sky News idayenda momwe zimaloledwa kufotokoza zenizeni:
Anthu a ku Libya atopa ndi zaka ndi zaka zaulamuliro woyipa womwe ambiri mwa iwo unayambira mu 2011 komanso kuthamangitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi NATO kwa Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, munthawi yomwe idadziwika kuti Arab Spring.
'Gaddafi anaphedwa ndipo dzikolo linalowa m’chipwirikiti ndi magulu ankhondo omenyana ndi zida omwe ankalimbirana ulamuliro ndi madera.’
An nkhani pa gawo la BBC News Africa lapereka chidziwitso chachidule cha chowonadi choyipa:
'Libya yakhala ikukumana ndi chipwirikiti kuyambira pamene asilikali othandizidwa ndi mgwirizano wa asilikali a NATO akumadzulo adagonjetsa wolamulira wa nthawi yaitali Col Muammar Gaddafi mu October 2011.'
Izi ndi zokhazo zomwe zatchulidwa m'nkhani yosonyeza kuti azungu ali ndi udindo pa ngoziyi. Kufufuza kochititsa manyazi kofalitsa nkhani zokopa kunasonyezedwa pamene nkhaniyo inali atumizidwa ndi akaunti ya BBC Africa Twitter/X. Owerenga ambiri adawonetsa zosiyidwa mowoneka bwino kuti chenjezo la Twitter / X lamtundu adawonekera Pansi pa tweet ya BBC:
'Owerenga anawonjezera nkhani zomwe amaganiza kuti anthu angafune kudziwa.'
ndiye:
'Chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa NATO ku Libya, mavuto angapo monga kusowa kwa boma logwirizana, kuyambiranso kwa misika ya akapolo ndi kugwa kwa ntchito zothandizira anthu kwachititsa kuti dzikoli lisathe kuthana ndi masoka achilengedwe.'
Ngati 'nkhani' yotere - zenizeni, zofunikira zomwe zikusoweka - zikadawonekera pafupipafupi pa ma tweets a BBC chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa owerenga, zikanakhala ntchito zaboma; ndi chochititsa manyazi chachikulu kwa iwo wodzinenera 'otsogolera padziko lonse lapansi owulutsa ntchito za anthu'.
Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chiwopsezo cha kufa mu mzinda wa Derna ku Libya chinali chakuti madamu awiri adagwa, ndikutumiza. 30 miliyoni cubic metres madzi mu city in 'mafunde ngati tsunami'. Madamuwa anamangidwa m’zaka za m’ma 1970 pofuna kuteteza anthu a m’derali. Kampani yaku Turkey idachita mgwirizano mu 2007 kukonza madamu. Ntchitoyi inayima pambuyo pa kuphulitsa mabomba kwa NATO mu 2011. Kampani yaku Turkey idachoka mdzikolo, makina awo adabedwa ndipo ntchito yonse yamadamu idatha. Izi zidanenedwa mwachidule mu Guardian waposachedwa nkhani, koma kulakwa kwa NATO kudatsitsidwa ndipo sikunapange mitu yayikulu kudutsa 'MSM' yomwe idayenera.
Nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri zidasokonezedwanso mobisa: NATO idawononga dala maziko amadzi ku Libya mu 2011. Mtolankhani wofufuza Nafeez Ahmed. inanena mu 2015:
"Kuyang'ana kwa asitikali pazomangamanga za anthu wamba, makamaka zamadzi, ndi mlandu wankhondo pansi pamisonkhano ya Geneva. Komabe izi ndi zomwe NATO idachita ku Libya, kwinaku akuimba mlandu Gaddafi mwiniwakeyo.'
Ros Atkins, yemwe adapeza mbiri yayikulu monga 'wofotokozera' katswiri, ndi moniker 'BBC News Analysis Editor', adalongosola. kanema pa tsamba la BBC News 'pa kusefukira kwa madzi ku Libya - komanso zaka zamavuto komweko.' Apanso, gawo lowopsa la NATO pakuwononga dziko la 2011 lidawonekeranso. 'Kufotokozera' kwa BBC sikunafotokoze chilichonse.
Panthawiyi, Guardian anathamanga mwatsoka Mkonzi chomwe chilidi chimodzi mwazolemba zoyipa kwambiri za Orwellian m'mbiri yomwe idasindikizidwapo:
'Mafunso ambiri osungira mafuta ndi zolinga zachitetezo cha madera alimbikitsa mayiko akunja kuti alowerere ku Libya.'
Monga tanenera pamwambapa, zimenezo zinali zotsindika osati nkhani mu 2011 pamene Guardian amafalitsa osatopa kwa 'intervention'. Nkhaniyo inapitiriza kuti:
'Anthu a ku Libya ali ndi chifukwa chomveka chodzimva kuti alephera ndi mayiko komanso atsogoleri awo.'
M'malo mwake, adalepheranso ndi akonzi a Guardian, antchito akuluakulu, olemba nkhani ndi atolankhani omwe adachita zambiri kuti agulitse 'nkhondo ya Cameron' ku Libya. Palibe paliponse muzolemba zomwe NATO imatchulidwanso.
Ndipo pansi pa screed yowopsya iyi, yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kunali zifukwa zomveka zothandizira Guardian:
'Utolankhani wathu wopanda mantha, wofufuza ndi mphamvu yowunikira panthawi yomwe olemera ndi amphamvu akuthawa kwambiri, ku Ulaya ndi kupitirira.'
Izi ndikusintha molimba mtima kwa chowonadi kuchokera kwa m'modzi mwa omwe adasokoneza kwambiri utolankhani wokumbukira zinthu m'maiko aku Western.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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