Poyankhulana ndi mnzake wakale Neil Drumming pa National Public Radio's "This American Life" Novembala yatha, wolemba wotchuka waku America Ta Nehesi Coates adalankhula za moyo wake watsopano ku Paris, komwe amasangalala ndi chakudya chabwino komanso amakumana ndi maphunziro aumwini " gym yabwino." Coates anadzifotokoza kuti anali “wonyozeka,” munthu amene zinthu zamtengo wapatali zimakhala zofunika kwa iye. Pa nthawi yomweyo anafulumira kuwonjezera kuti "Sindikuganiza kuti ndine bougie." Unali kusiyana kosangalatsa. Coates anafotokoza kusiyana kwake:
Neil Drumming: "CHABWINO. Zili ngati - Ndikumva ngati Moyo Waku America Uyu, muyenera kufotokoza zimenezo.'
Ta-Nehisi Coates: "bougie amatanthauza chiyani? …Choncho 'bougie' ndi mawu omwe anthu akuda amagwiritsa ntchito - ndipo ndikuganiza kuti azungu amawagwiritsa ntchito panopo, chifukwa ndikuwona azungu akuwagwiritsa ntchito - zomwe ndikuganiza kuti anthu amaganiza kuti zimatha kusinthana ndi 'snob.' Koma kwenikweni sinditero. ganizani [ndiko kulondola]…a bougie ndi snob yemwe amayang'ana pansi….anthu a bougie amafuna kukhala m'gulu la anthu…amafuna kukhala m'gulu labwino. Kotero mwachitsanzo, sindikufuna kuika mwana wanga mu kalabu kapena chinachake, monga mtundu wina wa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena china. Ukudziwa zomwe ndikutanthauza?"
Kuyimba: “Chifukwa chake bougie ndi chinthu chokhazikika. Ndi za… "
Coates: "Inde, sindisamala za izo. Sindisamala za momwe ndiliri….sindipita kumalo abwino ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti ndikuuzeni kuti ndimapita kumalo abwino ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. Ndilibe nkhawa zowoneka ndi anthu oyenera. Mukudziwa zomwe ndikunena? Monga, ine ndiribe izo. Sindiyenera kukhala pa maphwando oyenera….Monga, sindikusowa chilichonse cha izo…..Snobbery, kwa ine, ndi, monga, zinthu [kuseka] Osati za anthu konse. M'malo mwake, ndizoyipa kwambiri kuposa bougie. "
Monga munthu amene amanyansidwa ndi ma bourgeoisie koma sangathe kuyima vinyo wotchipa kapena khofi wamba wamba (ndikuganiza kuti ndine petit-"bougie" pankhani yazakudya ndi zakumwa), ndimatengera Coates pamawu ake pomwe akunena kuti salakalaka anthu apamwamba. kudziwika kwa gulu komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu, osati udindo. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikuganiza kuti pali china choyipa kuposa "bougie": bourgeois. Ndipo chimene chimapangitsa munthu kukhala bourgeois ndi udindo wa munthu wakuthupi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malingaliro ake ndi malingaliro ake, zinthu zomwe zimapitirira kuposa kukonda kwake (kapena kusowa kwake) kwa katundu wabwino ndi ntchito ndi kufunafuna (kapena kusowa kwake) kwa siteshoni. Mwa zina, malingaliro a dziko la bourgeois amatsutsa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kuponderezana kwamagulu ndi kufunikira kwa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ndi kulimbana pakati pa mitundu ndi mizere ina.
Zowona mwanjira iyi, ndikumva kuti mawuwo bourgeois imagwira ntchito bwino ku Ta Nehisi Coates. Zachuma mbali ndi zoonekeratu. Anasamutsa banja lake kupita ku Paris, mothandizidwa ndi ndalama zaposachedwa za $ 625,000 "zanzeru" zochokera ku MacArthur Foundation. Malipiro a mabuku ake mosakayikira ndi ochititsa chidwi. Ayi, iye si wolemera kwambiri ngati anthu 80 olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi chuma chochuluka monga anthu osauka kwambiri 3.6 biliyoni padziko lapansi. Iye si mtundu wina wandalama wapamwamba. Komabe, mwamunayo ali bwino. Amasangalala ndi maziko azachuma kuti apite ndi zokonda za "bougie", zomwe sizingatheke popanda umembala mu kalabu ya ndalama.
Nanga bwanji za mfundo? Tiyeni tiwone ndime yofunika kwambiri yomwe ikuwoneka koyambirira kwa Coates posachedwa New York Times logulitsidwa kwambiri Pakati pa Dziko ndi Ine. Bukhuli ndi kalata yayitali komanso yomveka bwino, yolembera mwana wake wachinyamata pa tsankho lakuya la chikhalidwe cha anthu, mabungwe, komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chasokoneza dziko la United States kuyambira pomwe lidachokera ku republican kuyambira nthawi ino ya kumangidwa kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuwombera apolisi, kutsekeredwa m’ndende, komanso kuikidwa m’ndende. Patsamba lachiwiri, Coates akuwonetsa mtundu wa khungu la "demokalase" yaku America:
"Anthu a ku America amalemekeza demokalase m'njira yomwe imalola kuti anthu azidziwikiratu kuti nthawi ndi nthawi, akhala akunyoza Mulungu wawo ... Ndipotu, anthu a ku America, kwenikweni, sanaperekepo Mulungu wawo. Pamene Abraham Lincoln analengeza, mu 1863 kuti nkhondo ya Gettysburg iyenera kutsimikizira ‘kuti boma la anthu, lopangidwa ndi anthu, kaamba ka anthu, silidzawonongeka padziko lapansi,’ iye sanali kungokhala wolakalaka; kuchiyambi kwa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, United States inali ndi imodzi mwa ziŵerengero zapamwamba za ufulu wa ufulu padziko lonse. The funso siliri ngati Lincoln amatanthauzadi 'boma la anthu' koma zomwe dziko lathu lakhala nalo, m'mbiri yake yonse, lidatenga mawu oti 'anthu' kutanthauza. Mu 1863, silinatanthauze amayi anu kapena agogo anu ndipo silinatanthauze inu ndi ine. Choncho, Vuto la America silikupereka 'boma la anthu' koma njira zomwe anthu adapezera dzina lawo.” (kutsindikanso).
Pali choonadi choonekeratu m’mawu a m’mbiri awa. Coates akulondola, zachidziwikire, kuzindikira kuchotsedwa kwa Akuda ndi akazi - osatchulapo akapolo ndi Amwenye Achimereka - kuchokera ku tanthauzo ladziko latsankho komanso lachiwerewere la "Ife Anthu" komanso kutsatiridwa kwake kogwirizana kwa osankhidwa oyenerera mwalamulo. zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi zoyambirira za Republic of United States.
Komabe, monga munthu amene wafalitsa phiri la zofufuza mozama zokhudzana ndi tsankho lodana ndi anthu akuda m'mbuyomu komanso masiku ano [1], ndiyenera kuyambitsa mafunso ovuta pandime yaukadaulo ya Coates. Kodi ambiri azungu aku America "amapembedza demokalase"? Izi sizinali malingaliro anga pazaka pafupifupi makumi asanu (ndinayamba ndili mwana) ndikulabadira zomwe anzanga aku America akuwoneka kuti amazikonda kwambiri. Ndalama, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu, udindo, ndi kufunafuna chitetezo chenicheni pazachuma zikuoneka kuti zili ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa anthu kusiyana ndi kukhulupirira kufunika kodzilamulira. Ndipo ndadutsa anthu ambiri aku America omwe amapembedza, chabwino, Mulungu (opanda mphamvu zochepa) kuposa iwo omwe amapembedza mfundo ya munthu m'modzi, voti imodzi komanso kukopa kofanana kwa onse.
Chofunika kwambiri komanso chofunikira kwambiri pazolinga za nkhaniyi, chifukwa chiyani Coates amatsutsa "funso [la] ngati Lincoln amatanthauzadi boma la anthu?" Ndipo nchifukwa chiyani munthu wanzeru, wodziwika ndi maziko omwe amalemba mwachidwi komanso chidziwitso cha mbiri yakale yaku America akuganiza kuti US siinapereke demokalase nthawi zonse - ngakhale titachepetsa tanthauzo lathu la "anthu" amuna oyera?
Vuto liri pano ndi maganizo a Coates akhungu, akhungu, odziwikiratu ndi ndale komanso kusazindikira kwake mbiri ya ubale wapagulu komanso kufunikira kwawo pavuto lalikulu lomwe limamukhudza momveka bwino: kuponderezana mitundu. Demokalase, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa, inali vuto lalikulu la Abambo Oyambitsa US. Malingaliro awo a republican-bourgeois ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko la U.S. anali zikumbukiro za kutsimikiza kwa anthu osankhika omwe ali ndi katundu kuti aletse kuopsa kwa ulamuliro wodziwika bwino. Mmodzi amangofunika kuwerenga Mapepala a Federalist kuti awone malingaliro adziko lapansi "waling'ono a republican". Potengedwa m’zigawo za anthu olemekezeka a ku North America, yemwe anali atsamunda a ku Britain mochedwa, nthumwi za m’bungwe la U.S. Constitutional Convention zinagawana maganizo a m’dziko lawo a John Jay akuti “anthu eni ake a dziko ayenera kulilamulira.” Kwa eni ake ndi amisiri apamwamba a mtunduwo, mawuwo anapatsa “ulamuliro wosaletseka wa unyinji,” umene “ulinali wotsimikizirika kubweretsa kugaŵanitsanso katundu mopanda tsankho, kuwononga tanthauzo lenileni la ufulu.” Ndipo ponena za “unyinji,” m’lingaliro laling’ono, iwo ankatanthauza kwenikweni azungu opanda katundu ndi osauka. Anali malingaliro omwe gulu lolamulira la fukoli lidagawana ndi kudutsa zaka 19th Zaka zana.
Ndizowona kuti "umuna woyera wokwanira" unakhala wapadziko lonse, kapena pafupi ndi icho, kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Antebellum, monga capitalist Democrats ndi capitalist Whigs (otsirizawa adasamutsidwa ndi a Republican kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1850) adapikisana kuti apeze maziko okulirapo. ovota kuti asangalale ndi kampeni ya "anthu wamba" (zoyeserera zoyambilira za "kusokoneza anthu ndi anthu apamwamba" zomwe Christopher Hitchens yemwe adatsalirabe adadziwika kuti "chiyambi cha ndale za ku America"). Koma, chabwino…ndiye? Sikuti Akuda (ambiri mwa iwo anali akapolo), akazi, ndi Amwenye Achimereka adachotsedwa mwankhanza ku "anthu" omwe amawamvetsetsa ngati osankhidwa. Ndikuti mavoti sanapite patali kwambiri popereka chilichonse ngati mawu enieni kwa azungu ogwira ntchito mu 19.th zaka zana zaku America. Ndalama za ndale zachisankho zitha kuperekedwa kwa azungu, amisiri, ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono chifukwa zinali zotsika mtengo. Katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale wa ku United States, David Montgomery, ananenapo kuti: “Pamene kutenga nawo mbali m’boma kunatsegukira anthu opanda katundu m’gulu la anthu,” anatero wolemba mbiri wina wa kumanzere wa ku United States David Montgomery, “kuchepa mphamvu kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa mwachisawawa kunkaoneka kuti kukufunika kusintha moyo wa anthu” - a. Kulingalira za mfundo yakuti "chuma chinatetezedwa bwino ku ulamuliro wa demokalase" kupyolera mu chitukuko cha minda ya akapolo yaikulu, yomwe ikukulirakulirabe kudera lonse la Kumwera ndi mafakitale akuluakulu ndi mabizinesi ena akuluakulu, omwe ali pamwamba-pansi otetezedwa ku, ndi kupitirira , ulamuliro wotchuka kumpoto. Panthawiyi, boma la America linakhalabe lolimba m'manja mwa anthu ochita malonda komanso otukuka mafakitale. Zinayamba kutembenukira ku demokalase ndikulepheretsa ubale wa "msika waulere" m'malo mwa anthu opeza ndalama ku South akapolo komanso "ntchito yaulere" Kumpoto. M'zaka za m'ma 1830 ndi 1840 zidawona kukula kwa apolisi akumatauni omwe adatumizidwa kuti aphwanye sitiraka komanso mgwirizano wokhazikitsidwa ndi amisiri azungu ndi olandira malipiro omwe adatsutsa kukwera kwa nthawi ya chikapitalisti yosokoneza ntchito.
Kusagwirizana pakati pa ulamuliro wa gulu la bourgeois pa dzanja limodzi ndi demokalase yovomerezeka yomwe imatanthauzidwa ndikugulitsidwa makamaka ngati ufulu wapadziko lonse - voti - ikupitirira mpaka lero. Pakafukufuku wamkulu yemwe adatulutsidwa mu 2014, asayansi odziwika bwino andale a Martin Gilens (Princeton) ndi Benjamin Page (Kumpoto chakumadzulo) adanenanso kuti demokalase ya US kulibenso (zomwe zikuganiza kuti zidachitikapo). Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, Gilens ndi Page adatsimikiza kuti ndale za US zidakhala "olamulira", pomwe olemera olemera ndi mabungwe awo "amalamulira," okhala ndi mphamvu zopanda malire pa mfundo za dziko. Kuwunika zambiri kuchokera kuzinthu zopitilira 1,800 kuyambira 1981 mpaka 2002, Gilens ndi Tsamba adapeza kuti anthu olemera komanso olumikizana bwino amawongolera zomwe dzikolo likufuna, mosasamala kanthu kapena kutsutsana ndi zomwe ambiri aku U.S. "Mfundo yaikulu yomwe imachokera ku kafukufuku wathu ndi yakuti akuluakulu azachuma ndi magulu omwe akuimira malonda ali ndi zotsatira zodziimira pawokha pa ndondomeko ya boma la US," Gilens ndi Page analemba, "ngakhale magulu achidwi ndi anthu ambiri ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kapena alibe mphamvu zodziimira. .” Malingalirowa akuti, akatswiri otsogola adazindikira, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi zipani ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zili ndi mphamvu ku Washington. Umu ndi mmene ulamuliro wa anthu wankhanza wa ku U.S. “umene ulipo wa demokalase wa chikapitalisti”—chimene Noam Chomsky amachitcha kuti “RECD, chotchulidwa kuti ‘chosweka.
Kodi "zinthu zam'kalasi" zonsezi zikukhudzana bwanji ndi mutu wofunikira womwe zolemba zopambana mphoto za Ta Nehisi Coates zimayang'ana - kuponderezana kwamitundu ndi nkhanza zatsankho ku America? Pang'ono, kunena pang'ono. Kuchokera ku chiyambi cha atsamunda mpaka lero, kuthekera kwa ambuye a ku North America kulamulira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dzikoli koma makamaka azungu ogwira ntchito, otsika, ndi apakati nthawi zonse akhala akudalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mwapadera, kuponderezana, tsankho, ndi nkhanza. wa anthu akuda ndi matupi. Monga wolemba mbiri Edmund S. Morgan adawonetsa mu kafukufuku wake wanzeru Ukapolo waku America, Ufulu waku America (1976) Ukapolo wa Black chattel ndi mitundu yoyipa yomwe idapita nawo idawonekera mu 17.th Virginia monga yankho la gulu lolamulira la obzala fodya ku vuto lake la ntchito ndi kalasi: kukana kwa ambiri (ngakhale osati kokha) antchito oyera ndi eni katundu ang'onoang'ono ku kusalingana ndi kuzunzika komwe kunaperekedwa kwa iwo ndi osankhika oyera.
Kuyambira m'ma 19th Zaka za m'ma 1840, wolemba mbiri Edward Baptist akuwonetsa kuti capitalism ya U.S. "idamanga chuma chambiri chotukuka kumbuyo kwa akapolo omwe anali akapolo komanso opindulitsa kwambiri. ntchito ya thonje." Ambiri azungu ndi oponderezedwa, azachuma komanso (chifukwa cha zolinga zonse) gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito pa ndale la Civil War ndi nthawi yomangidwanso ndi Zakale Zakale - zokhala ndi anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amadzitcha "akapolo a malipiro" - omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo osati "ntchito yaulere" kukhalapo kwa kupha kwa capitalism, kudyera masuku pamutu akapolo akuda kumwera.
Kupyolera mu mbiri yakale ya America, kuwonjezera apo - kuyambira ku lipabuliki koyambirira mpaka m'zaka zaposachedwa za kumangidwa kwa anthu okonda kusankhana mitundu komanso kuyika chizindikiro (zomwe pulofesa wa zamalamulo Michelle Alexander watcha "New Jim Crow") - olemekezeka adziko lino adasewera masewera a Machiavellian osankhana mitundu. gawani ndi kulamulira kuti anthu ogwira ntchito ambiri asakhale pansi. M'nthawi yamakono ya New Gilded Age, 1% yapamwamba kwambiri mdziko muno ili ndi chuma chochulukirapo kuposa otsika 90% pomwe theka la anthu ndi osauka kapena pafupi ndi anthu osauka ndi achizungu omwe amafa azaka zapakati pazaka zapakati zakula kwambiri mogwirizana ndi mzimu woipa. -kusokonekera kwa mwayi wachuma kwa amuna ogwira ntchito amitundu yonse. Anthu ogwira ntchito achizungu akuwoneka kuti sangalembetsedwe chifukwa cha kubweza kwa akuda komwe Coates akuti amalimbikitsa. Ndi chifukwa chomwe ndakhala ndikukumbatira mopanda chidaliro chochepa kuti chili ndi mphamvu ndi anthu oyera ogwira ntchito omwe akuvutika kuti asunge mitu yawo pamwamba pa madzi mu nthawi ya neoliberal.
Zomwe zimatifikitsa ku "malipiro a kuyera" - mawu a wolemba mbiri wa US David Roediger - m'zaka za Barack Obama ndi Donald Trump. Chifukwa chiyani azungu ambiri aku US sanadzuke kuti awononge njira yopezera phindu pazachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso ambuye opanda chisoni a capitalist omwe achitira unyinji wa anthu ogwira ntchito, zabwino wamba, ndi chilengedwe chapadziko lonse lapansi chomwe tonse timagawana ndi chipongwe chakupha? Mbali ina ya yankho ili m’njira imene ukapitalist wa ku Amereka walimbikitsa antchito oyera ambiri, m’mawu a Roediger, “kulongosola ndi kuvomereza malo awo a m’gulu mwa kupanga zizindikiritso monga ‘osati akapolo’ ndi ‘osati akuda,’” Wolemba W.E.B. Akaunti ya DuBois mu 1935, tsankho lodana ndi anthu akuda limapatsa azungu otsika komanso ogwira ntchito mtundu wopotoka wa "malipiro a anthu onse ndi amalingaliro" - muyeso wabodza komanso wosagwira ntchito waudindo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito "kulipirira" chifukwa cha ubale wapagulu ndi wopondereza. Monga Martin Luther King Jr. anaonera mu 1968, U.S. capitalism ya tsankho inapatsa anthu ake a ku Caucasus "kukhutitsidwa kwa ... kuganiza kuti ndinu wamkulu chifukwa ndinu woyera." Kugawanikana kwaufuko ndi manyazi kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kuwerengera phindu ndi zosowa za magulu a eni ake aukapolo atsamunda ndi oyambirira a dziko - ndi ogwirizana nawo amalonda, mafakitale ndi ndale - akupitirizabe mpaka lero kulepheretsa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito kuti athetse ulamuliro wosagwirizana komanso wankhanza. ya capital, yomwe tsopano ikuyika chiwopsezo chowopsa kwambiri ku chilengedwe chomwe chingathe kukhalapo. (Zimatero pamodzi ndi zomwe ndingatchule zokhudzana ndi maganizo "malipiro a amuna" ndi "malipiro a Ufumu": lingaliro lakuti wina ndi wowombera kwambiri chifukwa wina ndi wamwamuna komanso chifukwa amakhala mu mphamvu zankhondo zapadziko lonse).
“Kukhutitsidwa poganiza kuti ndiwe winawake chifukwa chakuti ndiwe woyera” kwakhala bodza loopsa. Zathandiza kubisa udindo wa ogwira ntchito oyera komanso otsika mtengo, omwe sanazimiririke ngakhale kuti anali enieni ngati mwayi wochepa wokhala ndi khungu loyera wapereka kwa iwo omwe si azungu. Zavulaza chuma cha ogwira ntchitowo pochepetsa mphamvu zawo zokulitsa mphamvu zawo pazachuma ndi ndale polumikizana ndi anthu omwe si azungu. Kaŵirikaŵiri chakhala chikugwirizana nawo mu kukhulupirika kwa azungu anzawo olemera omwe sakanatha kusamala za anthu ogwira ntchito a mtundu uliwonse. Yaika mkwiyo wa ogwira ntchito oyera pa adani olakwika - omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa (osakhala oyera ndi osauka) m'malo mwa anthu apamwamba omwe ali ndi ndalama, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chuma chake ndi mphamvu zake kuti awononge ndi kuwononga miyoyo ndi ubwino wamba. Ndipo (pamodzi ndi mauthenga ena ambiri okhudzana ndi malingaliro aku America) adalimbikitsa ogwira ntchito oyera kuti azidziimba mlandu okha komanso ngakhale anthu opanda mwayi wamtundu chifukwa cha zovuta zawo muulamuliro wopanda chisoni wa likulu. Anthu "opatsidwa mwayi" akuyenera kuti azichita bwino, pambuyo pake. Ngati sichoncho, ziyenera kukhala zolakwa zawo. Chifukwa chake chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa amuna oyera ogwira ntchito, choyendetsedwa kwambiri ndi uchidakwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso kudzipha ndi mfuti. Chifukwa chake komanso kutchuka kwa "The [white racist-sexist-nationalist] Donald" ndi mamiliyoni aamuna oyera okwiya komanso oponderezedwa "Trumpenproletarians".
Coates akuwoneka kuti ndi woyimira chiphunzitso cha Roediger. Nayi ndime yochititsa chidwi yomwe ili kumapeto kwa Pakati pa Dziko ndi Ine:
"Kwa amuna omwe amadzikhulupirira kuti ndi oyera, matupi [Akuda] anali ofunikira ku kalabu yochezera ndipo ufulu wothyola matupiwo unali chizindikiro cha chitukuko. ‘Magaŵani aakulu aŵiri a anthu sali olemera ndi osauka, koma oyera ndi akuda,’ anatero phungu wamkulu wa ku South Carolina John C. Calhoun. ‘Ndipo onse akale, osauka ndi olemera, ali a m’gulu lapamwamba, ndipo amalemekezedwa ndi kuchitidwa mofanana.’ Ndipo pamenepo ziri—ufulu wothyola thupi lakuda monga tanthauzo la kufanana kwawo kopatulika. Ndipo ufulu umenewo wakhala ukuwapatsa tanthauzo nthawi zonse, wakhala ukutanthauza kuti panali winawake pansi pa chigwacho chifukwa phiri si phiri ngati palibe kalikonse m’munsimu…Iwe ndi ine, mwana wanga, tiri ‘pansipa’ zimenezo. 1776. Ndizoona lero. Palibe popanda inu ndipo popanda ufulu wakuthyola iwe ayenera kuchoka paphiri, kutaya umulungu wawo, ndikutuluka mu Maloto ... "
Koma zindikirani kusiyana pakati pa Coates mbali imodzi ndi DuBois mbali inayo. Coates savutitsa kapena mwina kusamala kuti afotokoze malingaliro a Calhoun oti anthu oyera oyera komanso osauka a nthawi ya Antebellum onse anali "mgulu lapamwamba" ku chitsutso chilichonse cha Marxian kapena choyambirira cha Bernie Sanders. Amangogwira mawu akuti "wamkulu" (mawu osankhidwa mwachidwi kwa munthu wankhanza waku South Carolina wodya moto) Calhoun kuchokera ku 1830s ndikuti "ndi apo"… Thesis ya DuBois-Roediger ikhoza kubisala mwakachetechete komanso modabwitsa kumbuyo kwa chiweruzo chake. Ot mwina ayi. Angadziwe ndani? Coates sakuwonetsa malingaliro a DuBois 'kapena a King amomwe Mabodza Aakulu (indedi) amafuko ndi oyera akhala khansa osati kungonena kwa America ku demokalase komanso (zachidziwikire) kwa Akuda komanso (ngati mocheperako) pakugwira ntchito koyera. kalasi yomwe ilinso kwambiri (ndipo lero ikuchulukirachulukira) "m'munsimu" ngakhale itakhala yocheperapo kuposa anthu opatukana kwambiri komanso otsekeredwa m'ndende a Black ghettoized osauka (ndi onse omwe sanatchulidweponso Amwenye Achimereka osauka).
Coates sakuwonetsa kukhudzidwa ndi mfundo yofunika: ambiri ogwira ntchito oyera alipira mtengo woyipa chifukwa cha tsankho la ku America. Malipiro a whiteness akhala otsika kwambiri. Ndipo izi zimapangitsa kulingalira kwake pa tsankho laposachedwa la U.S. lopondereza mafuko ndi zomwe zingachitike pa izi kukhala za tsankho komanso zosakwanira. Sakuwona kapena, mwina, amasamala kuti kubwezeredwa kwamtundu wina kumachitika chifukwa cha anthu ambiri ndipo kuyenera kutsatiridwa kudzera mukusintha kwa demokalase-socialist: "kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa anthu komwe" komwe Dr. King adatcha pafupi kutha kwa chiwonongeko cha anthu. moyo wake “nkhani yeniyeni yoyenera kuyang’anizana nayo.” Ndipo izi ngakhale adawerenga (kotero akutero Pakati pa Dziko ndi Ine) a Black Marxists DuBois ndi CLR James (bwanji Oliver Cox?) ku Howard University.
Kodi wolemba waku America waku Paris Ta Nahesi Coates amakhulupiriradi kuti ali "pansipa" mu American System kuposa azungu osaphunzira omwe alibe digiri ya kusekondale ndipo akuvutika kuti apeze ndalama za Wal-Mart kapena Tyson m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ku semirural downstate Illinois kapena mapiri a kum'mawa kwa Tennessee? Mozama? Sikuti nthawi zambiri mumapeza pulezidenti wa neoliberal Obama ndi mlembi wamakono wa Marxist (mmodzi mwa otsutsa oyambirira a Obama komanso osasinthasintha) pa tsamba lomwelo, koma apa ndikuganiza kuti mtsogoleri wamkulu ndikuvomereza: Coates akulakwitsa mopanda pake pa izi. Khungu lake lakhungu limafikira kwa iyemwini, mwachiwonekere.
Kalasi ndi mtundu sizingamveke bwino pakudzipatula wina ndi mnzake m'mbiri ya US yakale ndi yamakono. Amalumikizidwa mwachiyankhulo chimodzi ndi chimzake, olumikizidwa mosagawanika pamagawo angapo mu mbiri yakale yaku America. Koma zonsezi zitha kutayika pa "bougie" Ta Nehisi Coates. Monga wothirira ndemanga wakumanzere John Halle adandilembera posachedwa:
"'bougie' ndi chidule cha 'bourgeoisie'...Coates satchula chiyambi chake ndipo akuwoneka kuti sakudziwa tanthauzo lake: mwachitsanzo, gulu linalake lofotokozedwa ndi ubale wake ndi antchito ndi ndalama. (Simufunikira kukhala wa Marxist kuti mudziwe izi.) Kunyalanyaza zonsezi Coates kumasulira liwulo molingana ndi matanthauzo ake a chikhalidwe cha anthu-monga ngati ndi mtundu wina wa kalembedwe kachitsiru. Funso losangalatsa ndiloti Coates akunyoza - iye amadziwa tanthauzo lenileni la bourgeois monga kutanthauza gulu lazachuma ndipo mwadala amasankha kusatchulapo, kapena kuti maphunziro ake ndi osauka kwambiri - ndiko kunena kuti, neoliberalism yazikika kwambiri, kotero kuti mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kalasi sizizindikirika nkomwe, osamvetsetseka” (kutsindikanso).
Sindikunena kuti ndi ndani amene adayambitsa mlandu wa Coates, kusuliza kapena kusauka kwanzeru. Ngati ndiyenera kulingalira, ndikadasankha choyamba (kusuliza). Chimodzimodzinso ndi ma bourgeois (koma kwenikweni osawona) Obama, mwa njira. Ngakhale pano ndingawonjezere chiyeneretso chofunikira: khungu lakunja ndi chizindikiro cha kuwongolera maphunziro ndi maphunziro apamwamba m'dziko lachikapitalist.
Choonadi chinenedwe, ndikulankhula za Obama. Sindikutsimikiza kuti Coates amamvetsetsa bwino tsankho lamasiku ano ngakhale pamawu ake omwe amanyoza komanso/kapena osauka. Posachedwa ndapeza kusinthanitsa kotsatiraku muzoyankhulana zomwe Coates adapereka Slate July watha:
Slate: "Mukuganiza kuti anthu akuda aku America angatani Obama atasiya udindo?"
Coates: "Ndikuganiza kuti anthu akuda amadziwa chomwe chinali. Chinthu chowawa, chokondeka, chokongola, kamodzi m’moyo.”
Zosangalatsa. Nthawi ya Obama ku White House yadzaza ndi madontho odabwitsa pamtengo wakuda komanso umwini wanyumba komanso mliri womwe ukupitilira wakupha apolisi kwa anyamata akuda. Kumangidwa kwa anthu akuda ndi kuyang'anira zigawenga zakhazikika kwambiri. Ndipo pulezidenti (yemwe Coates adadziwikiratu kuti Malcolm X) adabweretsa chiyani ku Black America m'njira yoyankhira mavuto ake akukulirakulira koma mobwerezabwereza bourgeois nkhani za anthu akuda osauka omwe akuganiza kuti ali ndi udindo waumwini ndi chikhalidwe pazovuta zawo zomwe zikuipiraipira - chizolowezi choyipa cha Obama chomwe Coates adadzudzula yekha - komanso chizindikiro champhamvu cha banja lakuda kulowa mu White House m'dziko laukapolo? (Tangoganizani, kunyozedwa kumene Malcolm X akanakhala nako kwa pulezidenti woyamba wakuda wadziko lino!) N'zomvetsa chisoni koma zodziwikiratu, kupambana kwa ma bourgeois-presentational (woyamba mwaukadaulo pulezidenti Wakuda) [2] walimbitsa chikhulupiriro chabodza cha azungu a ku America kuti kusankhana mitundu sikuyambitsanso. chotchinga chachikulu pakukula kwakuda ndi kufanana.
Kupititsa patsogolo kuwunika koyipa kwamitundu iyi kuti akwaniritse utsogoleri wa Obama ndi ntchito yanthawi ina. (Obama akadali ndi kuwonongeka kwina kwa chaka chimodzi.) Ndizosangalatsa kuti Coates adakwiyitsa Obama (m'mabuku ndi m'maso mwake) podzudzula mchitidwe wonyansa wa pulezidenti wodzudzula anthu osauka akuda chifukwa cha tsankho la ku America komanso chifukwa cholephera kutengera zabwino ndi zoipa. zomwe zimayang'ana pa madandaulo akuluakulu a Black. Koma zikuwoneka bwino kunena kuti Coates amatsindika za kusankhana mitundu ("wokondedwa, wokongola" ndi "kamodzi m'moyo" ndithudi amaposa "zowawa") za zoopsa (zamitundu, chikhalidwe-chuma, ufumu, ndi zina) neoliberal Obama. zochitika kumapeto kwa tsiku zimagwirizana ndi zake bourgeois udindo ndi kuwira, zomwe zimamuika m'malo odyera apamwamba a ku Parisi ndi makalabu azaumoyo, osatchulanso zankhani zamakampani, kuphatikiza pa guwa lolemba nthawi zonse ku Conservative ndi neoliberal. Atlantic. Zochitika zake zaubwanawe ndi malingaliro ake sizingathandize koma kumukondera ku chiweruzo chabwino pa tanthauzo laufuko la zaka za Obama.
Buku laposachedwa la Paul Street ndi Amalamulira: 1% v. Demokalase (Paradigm, 2014)
Malemba omveka
1) Kusiya ndemanga zambiri zandale m'magazini a Kumanzere ndi m'mabuku kwa zaka zambiri, "phiri" ili likuphatikizapo "Mamembala Abwino Kwambiri Mgwirizano": Race, Class, Culture, and Black Worker Militancy in Chicago's Meatpacking Industry, 1920-1940," Journal of American Ethnic History (Kugwa kwa 2000): 18-49; "'Backbone of the Union': Gulu Lankhondo la Black Worker ku Chicago's Stockyards Panthawi Yakuvutika Kwakukulu," Mbiri ya Chicago (Chilimwe 2000): 4-21; "The Logic and Limits of Plant Loyalty: Black Workers, White Labor, and Corporate Racial Paternalism mu Chicago's Meatpacking Industry, 1916-1940." Zolemba Pazaka Zachitukuko, voliyumu 29, no.3 (Spring 1996): 661-683; "Packinghouse Blues: Chicago's Black Packinghouse Workers, 1916-1930," Mbiri ya Chicago, (Kugwa kwa 1989): 63-86; "Kutsutsa Mizimu ya Jim Crow," Timana: Journal of African National Affairs (Cape Town, South Africa: Center for Advanced Studies of African Society, 2007): 7-12; “Kulimbikitsa Ukwati Sikuchepetsa Umphawi: The Real White House Agenda,” mu Mary E. Williams, ed., Umphawi ndi Osowa Pokhala (San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2004), pp. 144-152; "Colour Bind: Prisons and the New American Racism," mu Tera Herivel ndi Paul Wright eds., Dziko Landende: Kusungirako Anthu Osauka aku America (Routledge, 2002), 30-40; Osiyanabe, Osafanana: Mpikisano, Malo, Ndondomeko ndi Boma la Black Chicago (Chicago Urban League, 2005); Mtundu wa Mwayi: Mtundu, Malo, Ndondomeko ndi Kusagwirizana kwa Msika wa Ntchito ku Chicago Metropolitan Area (Chicago Urban League, 2003); Zokonda Zamitundu ndi Mwayi Wogwirira Ntchito Kumidzi Yakumidzi (Chicago Urban League, 2003); The Vicious Circle: Race, Ndende, Ntchito, ndi Community ku Chicago, Illinois, ndi Nation (Chicago Urban League, 2002); Mtundu wa Mphamvu: Kuyimilira kwa African-American mu Malo Opanga zisankho ku Chicago (Chicago Urban League, March 2002); Sukulu Zosiyanitsidwa: Tsankho la Maphunziro mu Nyengo ya Pambuyo pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (Routledge, 2005); Kuponderezedwa Kwamitundu mu Global Metropolis: Mbiri Yamoyo Yakuda ku Chicago (Rowman-Littlefield, 2007). Ndimayika zonsezi kuchokera ku vita yanga kuti ndithetse malingaliro aliwonse oti ndine munthu woganiza bwino wa "kalasi, osati mtundu". Buku lomaliza lomwe latchulidwa pamwambapa likufotokoza mbali zina za nthanthi yautundu wovuta kwambiri ndipo lingathenso kuimbidwa mlandu wopatsa mwayi wopikisana ndi magulu.
2) Buku langa la 2008 Barack Obama ndi Tsogolo la Ndale zaku America (Paradigm 2008) idalembedwa makamaka kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007 ndipo idasindikizidwa kumapeto kwa 2008 makamaka ponena kuti Obama adzasankhidwa ku White House komanso ngati chenjezo lamanzere (lotengera kufunsidwa mozama kwa ntchito ya Obama, zolemba, mayanjano ake, ndi zolankhula) kuti pulezidenti wa Obama adzatumikira chilichonse chomwe Dr. King adachitcha "zoyipa zitatu zomwe zimagwirizana": kusankhana mitundu, kusalungama kwachuma, ndi militarism-imperialism. Imawona kusankhana mitundu mwa osankhidwa oyera ngati chotchinga, koma osati chosatheka, pazisankho za Obama ndipo idadzutsa nkhawa momwe utsogoleri wa "neoliberal" wa "neoliberal" wa Obama ungawonetsere tsoka chifukwa cha chilungamo chamitundu ndi mitundu. Kufanana kwakuda. Coates, mosiyana, poyamba ankaganiza kuti chisankho cha Obama chinali chosatheka chifukwa cha khungu lake. Obama atapambana Januware 3rd 2008 Iowa Caucus, Coates adakumbukira pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2008 ku Washington Post, Coates "sanangomwa [Obama] Kool Aid, Ndinauphika.” Posachedwapa, Coates wakhala ndi zinthu zovuta kunena za utsogoleri wa Obama wakhungu yemwe ndidaneneratu zamtsogolo komanso chikhalidwe chake. Kodi ndingakhale ndi Mphotho ya MacArthur Genius?
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