Kupeza malingaliro otsutsana ndi capitalist molakwika ndikunyalanyaza izo kwathunthu ndi miyambo yanthawi zonse kwa aluntha aku US. Zizolowezi zimabwerera mmbuyo ndipo zapitirirabe kupyola zakachikwi zamakono. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zakupha, monga zikuwonekera ndi mabuku awiri afupiafupi osindikizidwa ndi makampani otsogola aku US zaka zingapo zapitazo - wolemba mbiri waufulu James Livingston's. Against Thrift: Chifukwa Chake Chikhalidwe Cha Ogula Ndi Chabwino Pa Chuma, Chilengedwe, ndi Moyo Wanu (Basic Books, 2011) ndi mtolankhani wa zachilengedwe David Owen's Conundrum: Momwe Sayansi Yatsopano, Kuchulukitsa Mwachangu, ndi Zolinga Zabwino Zingapangitse Mavuto Athu Amphamvu ndi Zanyengo Kuipitsitsa (Penguin, 2011).
KUPANGITSA MARX POTHANDIZA ZAMBIRI
"Makhalidwe Antchito Achipulotesitanti" a Marx
Pano, kuchokera patsamba zana ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu oyambirira a Barack Obama okonda[1] Bukhu la Livingston ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha waluntha wa ku U.S. akupeza woganiza wakale wotsutsa chikapitalisti (Karl Marx) molakwika moipa: โMโchenicheni, ndinganene kuti sitingakhale momasuka ndi zokondweretsa za chikhalidwe cha ogula (osatchulapo za moyo wa malingaliro) ndendende chifukwa chikhalidwe cha Chipulotesitanti chimativutitsabe - chifukwa timakhulupirira pamodzi ndi Marx, yemwe adalandira lingaliro kuchokera kwa Hegel, yemwe adazipeza kuchokera kwa Luther, kuti chikhalidwe chaumunthu ndicho kusinthana kwa metabolic ndi chilengedwe komwe timatcha ntchito. โ Ndi "ntchito," Livingston pano amatanthauza ntchito yamanja ndi yakuthupi, yaluso ndi yosaphunzira, yogwira ntchito makamaka yopanga zinthu, kuchotsa, mayendedwe ndi zina zotero.
Ndizovuta kulingalira kuti aliyense akusowa chizindikiro pa Marx kwathunthu. Marx anakhala ndi gawo la mkango wa zaka zake zopindulitsa kwambiri akugwira ntchito zanzeru kwambiri ("moyo wa maganizo," kunena zochepa) m'maphunziro ake ndi laibulale ya British Museum. Anali woyamikira kuthawa ntchito za malipiro (zopanga kapena zina) chifukwa cha chithandizo cha bwenzi lake la bourgeois ndi chikominisi mnzake Frederick Engels. Chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi awiri, Marx analemba za ulemerero wa "tsogolo lachikomyunizimu" pamene onse adzakhala omasuka kutsatira zofuna zaluso ndi luntha kupyola zofunikira ndi magawo a ntchito zamagulu:
"Pakuti, pamene kugawanika kwa ntchito kumayamba, munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo linalake la ntchito, lomwe limakakamizika pa iye ndipo sangathe kuthawa. Iye ndi mlenje, msodzi, mbusa, kapena wosuliza ndipo ayenera kukhalabe choncho ngati sakufuna kutaya chuma chake; ndikukhala m'gulu lachikomyunizimu, pomwe palibe amene ali ndi gawo limodzi lokha la ntchito koma aliyense amatha kukwaniritsidwa munthambi iliyonse yomwe angafune, gulu limayang'anira zopanga zambiri motero zimandipangitsa kuti ndichite chinthu chimodzi lero ndi china mawa, kusaka m'mawa. , kusodza masana, kuweta ngโombe madzulo, kudzudzula pambuyo pa chakudya, monga momwe ndimaganizira, popanda kukhala mlenje, msodzi, mโbusa kapena wosuliza.โ[2]
Zaka makumi awiri kenako, pafupi ndi kutha kwa buku lachitatu la Capital, Marx ankaganiza kuti gulu la post-capitalist ndi post-class, lomwe anthu monga "opanga ogwirizana" angapange dziko la "ufulu weniweni" kupitirira kufunikira kwa ntchito yogwira ntchito komanso mogwirizana ndi "umunthu" wawo weniweni - dziko limene chofunika choyamba tsiku lalifupi la ntchito:
"Pamenepo, gawo la ufulu kwenikweni zimayambira pomwe ntchito yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi kufunikira ndi malingaliro a tsiku ndi tsiku imasiya; kotero mu chikhalidwe chenicheni cha zinthu izo chagona kupitirira gawo la kupanga zinthu zenizeni. Monga momwe munthu wankhanza ayenera kulimbana ndi Chilengedwe kuti akwaniritse zofuna zake, kusunga ndi kubereka moyo, momwemonso munthu wotukuka ayenera kutero m'magulu onse a anthu komanso pansi pa njira zonse zopangira. Ndi chitukuko chake gawo ili la kufunikira kwa thupi limakula chifukwa cha zofuna zake; koma, panthawi imodzimodziyo, mphamvu zopanga zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofuna izi zimawonjezekanso. Ufulu m'munda uwu ukhoza kukhala ndi anthu oyanjana nawo, opanga ogwirizana, kuwongolera mwanzeru kuyanjana kwawo ndi Chilengedwe, kubweretsa pansi pa ulamuliro wawo wamba, m'malo molamulidwa ndi mphamvu zakhungu za Chilengedwe; ndikukwaniritsa izi ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri komanso pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino, ndi yoyenera, umunthu wawo. Koma komabe ikadali gawo lofunikira. Kupitirira apo kumayamba kukula kwa mphamvu zaumunthu zomwe ziri mapeto mwa iwo okha, malo enieni a ufulu, omwe, komabe, amatha kuphuka ndi gawo ili lofunikira monga maziko ake. Kufupikitsa tsiku logwira ntchito ndilofunika kwambiriโ(kutsindika kwawonjezera).[3]
Izo siziri ndendende โmakhalidwe abwino Achiprotestantiโ otengera kwa Calvin, Luther, ndi Hegel - kapena kwa wina aliyense. Sikuti Marx akupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la "umunthu" wofuna kuti tizilimbikira nthawi zonse kupanga zinthu - Zosiyana kwambiri, kwenikweni.
Mtengo wa RECC
Chodabwitsa chokhudza malingaliro olakwika a Livingston a Marx ndikuti kwa Livingston amamudziwa bwino Marx. Iye ali ndi mbiri yolemba mu chinachake cha Marxist mtsempha, kuphatikizapo nkhani mu magazini maphunziro amatchedwa Malingaliro a Marxist ndi mabuku awiri amaphunziro omwe amawonetsa mbiri yakale m'malemba akale a Marx, kuphatikiza Capital.
Nโchifukwa chiyani akunamizira wotsutsa-kapitalisti wotchuka chonchi? Ndikulingalira kwanga ndikuti Livingston amafuna kupanga galu wakumanzere kuti agwirizane ndi kutsutsa kwake kwa Neo-Keynesian kumanja pokopa aluntha komanso opanga malingaliro kuyitanidwa kwake kuti anthu aku America alandire ulemerero wa "chikhalidwe cha ogula" monga "zabwino pazachuma. , chilengedwe, ndi moyo wanu.โ Zimathandiza nthawi zonse kuwombera Marx ndi "Marxists" (Livingston amadzudzula omalizawo kuti amakondana ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi opanga zaluso) poyesa kuzindikirika komanso kukhala ndi mbiri yakukhazikitsa chikhalidwe chaluntha. [4]
Osadandaula kuti chikhalidwe cha ogula ku America (RECC) chamanga mamiliyoni osaneneka aku America kuti agwire ntchito mopambanitsa (yang'anani kumanzere kwa katswiri wazachuma Juliet Schor yemwe adaphunzirapo za capitalism ndi "njira yolakwika yantchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito"[5]). Osadandaula kuti RECC, motsogozedwa ndi kutsatsa kwamakampani kosalekeza komanso chizolowezi chokhazikika chomwe chalowa muzopanga zokha, ndichomwe chimayambitsa kuthetsedwa kwachuma kwamasiku ano kwazachilengedwe. Monga momwe akatswiri azachilengedwe a Marxist John Bellamy Foster ndi Brett Clark adanenera kumapeto kwa 2012:
โTikukhala mโdziko losachulukitsa chuma chenicheni koma mโmalo mwa โmatendaโ kuti tigwiritse ntchito mawu osaiwalika a John Ruskinโฆ.Makampani olongedza katundu, omwe ambiri mwa iwo amagwira ntchito yotsatsa malonda, ndi makampani achitatu padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa chakudya ndi mphamvu. โฆ Pafupifupi matani 300 miliyoni apulasitiki amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse. Ziwiri mwa zitatu zokha za izi ndizokwanira, malinga ndi Guardian, 'kuphimba mayiko 48 ogwirizana a U.S. mu kukulunga chakudya cha pulasitiki.'... Kukhalitsa ndi mdani wa dongosolo. Phindu lalikulu chotero limapangidwa ndi chikhalidwe chotaya zinthu. Moyo wachuma wama foni am'manja ku Untied States ndi zaka zingapo chabe chifukwa cha kutha kwamalingaliro komanso kutha kwamalingaliro, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mafoni a m'manja okwana 140 miliyoni adafikira zomwe bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency limatcha "mapeto a moyo" wawo (EOL) mu 2007. Pafupifupi makompyuta 250 miliyoni ndi zotumphukira zinafikira EOL yawo mchaka chomwecho. Mu 2006 Steve Jobs adalimbikitsa makasitomala kuti azigula iPod chaka chilichonse kuti azitsatira zamakono zamakono. Makontena oposa 150 biliyoni akumwa kamodzi amagulidwa ku United States chaka chilichonse, pamene makapu 320 miliyoni amagulidwa ndi kutayidwa. tsiku lililonse. Kuyambira mโma 1960, zotengera zogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi zakwera kuchoka pa 6 peresenti ya zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi kufika pa 99 peresenti lerolino. Makalata opitirira mabiliyoni 100 a makalata osafunika kwenikweni amene amatumizidwa mโnyumba ndi mโmabizinesi ku United States chaka chilichonse amawonjezera matani 51 miliyoni a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha chaka chilichonse. M'chuma chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chiwononge zinyalala zonse, zinthu zimapangidwa mwadongosolo kuti zisawonzekenso."[6]
Izi sizili "zabwino kwa chilengedwe," kunena pang'ono.
Ndipo musadandaule kuti RECC imalima ndikuwononga chiwonongeko cha psyche yaumunthu. Monga Foster ndi Clark amalemba:
โKutsatsa malonda mโnjira zopezerapo masuku pamutu kusamvana kwa anthu mโchitaganya cha capitalist chaufulu tsopano ndi luso labwino kwambiri. Kale mu 1933, katswiri wa za chikhalidwe cha anthu Robert S. Lynd anaona mโnkhani ina ya mutu wakuti, โThe People as Consumers,โ imene inalembera Komiti Yofufuza ya Pulezidenti Yoona za Makhalidwe a Anthu, kuti kusintha kwa โkusatsa malonda, chizindikiro, ndi kalembedweโ kunalinganizidwa kuti kupindule kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka anthu. kusokonekera kwa anthu ndi kupatukana kobwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yazachuma. Mabungwe ankaona โkusoลตa ntchito, kunyada, kusungulumwa, kulephera kukwatira, ndi mikangano inaโ monga mwaลตi wokweza โzinthu zochulukirachulukira mโgulu la anthu osunga umunthu wawo. Pamalo aliwonse owonekera wogulitsa watcheru amakhala wokonzeka ndi mankhwala.โ Chosoลตa chophiphiritsira chimene katundu amapeza mโchitaganya chathu nโchofunika kwambiri ku chimene Juliet Schor anachitcha โchododometsa chakuthupi,โ ndiko kuti, kugulitsa zinthu zakuthupi kuti tikwaniritse zosoลตa zimene kwenikweni sizingatsimikiziridwe ndi zinthu zakuthupi.Chodabwitsa nโchakuti, kulephera kupeza chikhutiro kuchokera ku zinthu zimenezi nโkumene kumachititsa kuti msika ukhale wokhazikikaโmalinga ngati, nthaลตi zonse timauzidwa kuti, โchikhutiro nโchotsimikizika.โ Kutsatsa kumaseweretsa ziwopsezo za anthu izi, kumapanga mindandanda yosatha ya zofuna zatsopano, kukulitsa kuwonongeka kwadongosolo lonse.โ[7]
Izi sizabwino kwa moyo, kapena chilengedwe, ngakhale zingathandize bwanji kulimbikitsa Gross National Product ("chuma").
Nthano ya Wogula Wolamulira
Livingston ndi wokonzeka kutsutsa zotere, ndithudi. Ndi umodzi mwamikangano yayikulu ya Livingston (yomwe ili mumutu wa buku lake[8]) kuti ogula ali ndi mphamvu zochiritsira chilengedwe popanga zisankho zanzeru, zamoyo, komanso zobiriwira zamtundu wanji wa katundu ndi ntchito zomwe akufuna kudya komanso momwe angachitire. Zosankha zotere, a Livingston akuti, zimachokera pa zosowa zazikulu zaumunthu ndi chikhumbo chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zenizeni zenizeni, osati chilakolako chosalekeza cha kudzikundikira kosatha kwa zinthu zosinthana (chuma) zomwe zimayendetsa ndalama zikalowa m'nyengo yotchuka ya ndalama ndi katundu wa Marx (M [ndalama]). -C- [commodity] -M' [ndalama โzoyamba,โ zowonjezedwapo phindu]). Amatilola ife, Livingston akutsutsa, kuyika zofunikira zachilengedwe - mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, chakudya chopanda mafakitale, ulimi wokhazikika, etc. - pamtima pa chitukuko cha zachuma ndi kupanga. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akutsutsa, "chikhalidwe cha ogula" chimatipatsa maloto a dziko lopanda kupanga ndi kuvutikira - mlatho wopita kudziko lokonzekera zosangalatsa zosavuta, zomasuka, zopatsa thanzi zaumunthu ndi zosangalatsa, osati ntchito zopanda malire. kupereka zosowa zosawerengeka za anthu ochepa omwe amapeza ndalama. [9]
Pali zolakwika ziwiri zowopsa pakukangana kwachilengedwe kwa Livingston. Choyamba ndi kukumbatira kwa Livingston ku nthano ya wogula wodzilamulira, yomwe imatembenuza mdima wa capitalism wamasiku ano. "Ndi imodzi mwa madola khumi ndi awiri aliwonse a GDP ya U.S. yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malonda (omwe samaphatikizapo ndalama zogulitsira zomwe zimapangidwira popanga zinthu zomwezo)," Foster ndi Clark analemba kuti, "ulamuliro wa ogula ndi chinyengo chabe. Anthu paokha paokha amakhudzidwa ndi nkhani zabodza zazamalonda pafupifupi mphindi iliyonse ya moyo wawo. Zowonadi, monga John Kenneth Galbraith anatsutsa chifukwa cha โkudaliraโ kwake kotchuka, mmene timadyera mu ukapitalist wamakono zimadalira kwambiri mmene timapangira, osati mwanjira ina.โ[10]
Green capitalist niche misika pambali, chowonadi chowawachi sichichoka mpaka ogwira ntchito nzika adzalandira mphamvu za "mphamvu zopanga" kuti "ayendetse bwino" "kusinthana ndi Chirengedwe" cha anthu [kupanga]),โฆkukwaniritsa ... pansi pamikhalidweโฆ za umunthu wawo.โ
KUSAMULA MARX KOMANSO M'KUTHANDIZA ZOCHEPA
linagawidwa
Cholakwika chachiwiri chakupha mumkangano wa Livingston ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti zobiriwira, zomwe zimawononga mphamvu komanso kupanga ndi zabwino kwa chilengedwe. Zomwe zimatifikitsa kwa David Owen. Kuchokera ku Livingston's Against Thrift ku Owen Conundrum zimatitengera kwa wolemba yemwe amadziwa ntchito ya Marx koma amamuyimira molakwika Marx potiuza kwa ogula zambiri kwa wolemba yemwe akuwoneka kwathunthu osasamala za Marx ndi oganiza za anti-capitalist kale komanso kuyambira pomwe amatiuza kuti tidye zochepa..
Mosiyana ndi Livingston, Owen ndi woganiza mozama komanso woganizira zasayansi[11] amene amasamala kwambiri za chilengedwe. Conundrum yadzipereka kuti tikhoze kuganiza kuti titha kugula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera kuti tithane ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Magalimoto ophatikizika, mababu ophatikizika a fulorosenti, ma e-mabuku, mapanelo adzuwa, masitima othamanga, zakudya zakumaloko, zochotsera mpweya - kwa Owen zinthu izi ndi zina zomwe amati ndi zokhazikika komanso njira zopulumutsira zachilengedwe "zilibe ntchito kapena zimapangitsa kuti mavutowo aipireipire."`[ 12]
Chigamulo cha Owen chimachokera pa mfundo ya zachuma yotchedwa "rebound effect." Pansi pa lamulo la "rebound", kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi kumachepetsa mtengo wa chinthu china kapena ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa kupulumutsa mphamvu (zomwe akatswiri ena amatcha "backfire") ndipo potero amatsutsa kupindula kwa chilengedwe. Buku la Owen limatengera zomwe amachitcha kuti "Prius Fallacy" - "chikhulupiriro chakuti kusinthira kumayendedwe owoneka bwino kumapangitsa kuyenda komweko kukhala kolimbikitsa zachilengedwe." Kuchuluka kwamafuta kwapangitsa kuti gasi azikwera chifukwa anthu amangoyendetsa mtunda wochulukirapo ndikugula magalimoto akuluakulu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya akavalo (SUV). Owen amakananso njira za HOV, zowongolera magalimoto, ndi mapulogalamu amafoni anzeru kuti apeze malo oimikapo magalimoto ngati "osagwirizana ndi chilengedwe chifukwa amapangitsa madalaivala kukhala osangalala kwambiri ndi magalimoto kuposa momwe analiri kale."
Conundrum yodzaza ndi zovuta zina za eco-ironic. Ma air conditioners ndi okwera mtengo komanso otsika mtengo kotero kuti nyumba zambiri tsopano zili ndi zoziziritsira mpweya. Mababu otsika mtengo kwambiri akafika, m'pamenenso amasiyidwa. Firiji yogwira ntchito bwino komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri, m'pamenenso malo ozizira kwambiri achulukanso (malo opangira mafuta am'deralo ali ndi mphamvu yozizirira kuposa masitolo akuluakulu omwe anali nawo zaka 40 zapitazo). Ndege zingakhale zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso zachangu kuposa kale, koma izi zimangotanthauza kuti kuuluka mtunda wautali kwatsika mtengo. Ndi zina zotero. Owen analemba kuti: โVuto la chilengedwe chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kotereku nโlakuti zokolola zakhala zikubwerezedwa nthaลตi zonse popanga zinthu zina: pamene tachita bwino popanga zinthu, tapanga zinthu zambiri.โ[14]
Jevons 'Paradox 2.0
Kuthamangira m'buku losavuta kuwerenga la Owens (kusiyana kwina ndi kotopetsa kwa Livingston Against Thrift) [15], ndinapitiriza kuyembekezera kuona mawu akuti โJevonโs Paradox.โ Mawuwa adabwera patsamba 102, mutu wawufupi usanachitike "William Stanley Jevons." Jevons anali katswiri wazachuma wachingelezi wazaka za m'ma 1860 yemwe adayankha mokondwera kwa akuluakulu aku Britain omwe anali ndi nkhawa kuti ntchito yawo yaulemerero yamakampani idzatheratu powona kuti kukwera kwaukadaulo - makamaka kuwotcha kwachuma kwamainjini amakina - kumapangitsa kuti dziko lonse liwonongeke. malasha ndi zinthu zina m'malo mozipulumutsa. "Ndiwo chuma chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito [malasha]," adatero Jevons Funso la Malasha (1865), "zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ..... [E] kusintha kwambiri kwa injini ... .komanso kufulumizitsa mwatsopano kugwiritsa ntchito malasha[16]... ..Ndizosokoneza malingaliro kuganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mwachuma ndikufanana ndi kuchepa kwamafuta. Chosiyana kwambiri ndi choonadiโ[17]
Ndi momwemonso lero, monga momwe Owens amadziwira. โJevon's Paradox" ali ndi moyo komanso ali bwino pa dziko lathu lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chowonjezereka. Monga Foster akuti:
โKupita patsogolo kwaumisiri mโmagalimoto, kumene kwawonjezera avereji ya mailosi pa galoni imodzi ya magalimoto ndi 30 peresenti ku United States kuyambira 1980, sikunachepetse mphamvu zonse zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi magalimoto. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta pagalimoto iliyonse kunakhala kosasintha pomwe kupindula kwabwinoko kudapangitsa kuti chiwonjezeke, osati kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi magalimoto m'misewu (ndi ma mile oyendetsedwa) komanso kukula kwawo ndi 'machitidwe' (kuthamanga, kuthamanga, ndi zina zambiri. ) - kotero kuti ma SUV ndi ma minivan tsopano ali ndi misewu yayikulu yaku U.S. Ngakhale kuti United States idakwanitsa kuwirikiza kawiri mphamvu zake kuyambira 1975, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kwakwera kwambiri. Pazaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu zapitazi, a Juliet Schor akuti, 'mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa dola imodzi ya GFP zadulidwa pakati. Koma m'malo motsika, mphamvu zamagetsi zawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 40 peresenti. Komanso, kufunikira kukuchulukirachulukira m'magawo omwe apindula kwambiri - zoyendera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zogona.'[18]
"Non-Radical Option"
Zoyenera kuchita? Owen amatsutsa (monga momwe Jevons adachitira mu nthawi yake) kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito ponseponse pofuna kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali. Imodzi mwa mitu yambiri ya buku lake ili ndi mutu wakuti "Kufunika Kochepa." Tiyenera kudya zochepa, mocheperapo, monga zamoyo. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ayenera kusiya kudzipereka kwawo pa "kukula kwachuma kosatha, kwa chaka ndi chaka."[19] Kumapeto kwake, Owen akufuna kuti anthu aku America achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pokhalira limodzi. (Iye akutchula mzinda wa New York monga โmudzi [wosadziลตa] wobiriwira kwambiri ku United Statesโ chifukwa mzindawu ndi wodzaza, malo okhala ndi oletsedwa, zoyendera za anthu onse [zabwino], ndipo umwini wagalimoto ndi wotsika)[20]. Akufuna kuti nzika ndi omwe ali ndi maudindo azitsatira mfundo zomwe zimavomereza "kufunika kwa chilengedwe kuti pakhale kuwononga ndalama" pokakamiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe: kuonjezera misonkho yamafuta ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe. Akufuna kuti tiyendetse ma Model T mophiphiritsa: โNgati magalimoto okhawo amene alipo lerolino anali ma Model T a 1920, mukuganiza kuti mumayenda makilomita angati chaka chilichonse, ndipo mukuganiza kuti mungakhale kutali bwanji ndi ntchito?โ Malinga ndi malingaliro a Owen, "Zochita zogwira ntchito bwino sizikhala zomveka ngati njira yoyendetsera chilengedwe pokhapokha zitatsatiridwa - komanso kunyalanyazidwa - ndi miyeso yomwe imapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse."[21]
Pamodzi ndi "zokhazikika" ndi akatswiri odana ndi kukula / kutsika komwe amatchula (mwachitsanzo, Herman Daly), Owen akunena molondola kuti kupitirizabe kukula kwachuma - ngakhale zomwe zimatchedwa kukula kobiriwira komwe kumakondedwa ndi olimbikitsa "green capitalism" monga Paul Hawken ndi Paul Krugman ( ndi pulofesa Livingston) - ndizosakhazikika pa Dziko Lapansi. Zomwe zapezedwa ndi ziweruzo za sayansi yapadziko lapansi yamasiku ano ndizomveka bwino. Monga momwe bungwe la Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research (UK) linamaliza chaka chatha: "Lero, mu 2013, tikuyang'anizana ndi tsogolo losapeลตeka ...Titha kupitiriza ndi kukwera kwa mpweya ndi kukolola zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo koopsa, kapena tikuvomereza kuti tili ndi chosankha ndikutsata zochepetsera mpweya woipa kwambiri: Palibenso njira yosakhala yoipitsitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, matekinoloje operekera mpweya wochepa sangathe kupereka kuchuluka kofunikira kwa kuchepetsa utsi - amafunika kuthandizidwa ndikuchepetsa mwachangu, mwakuya komanso koyambirira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi. "kupha dziko lapansi" (kupha chilengedwe chomwe chilipo - dziko lapansi lidzakhala ndi moyo kuposa ife).[22]
Capitalism: The Real Conundrum
Owen akulakwitsa, komabe, ngati akuganiza kuti ndikokwanira kudzudzula njira ndi matekinoloje obiriwira abodza komanso kuyitanitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pang'ono, kukopa mzimu wa Jevons. "Kubwereranso" ndi "kubwerera kumbuyo" komwe amadana nako sikumangotengera zotsatira zaumisiri zosayembekezereka. Palibe cholakwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakono monga choncho. Mwachokha, chiyenera kukhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri, chofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsidwa. Vuto ndilakuti "zotukuka" zaukadaulo Owen sakudziwa kukhala yankho - ndipo ngakhale othandizira pavutoli - adayambitsidwa pansi pa capitalism, dongosolo lomwe zolowa zotsika mtengo zimathandizira mabungwe omwe amapeza phindu kugulitsa zinthu zambiri kwa ogula ambiri, kukankha. kugulitsa ndi kubweza ndalama (phindu) apamwamba. โPansi pa makonzedwe osiyanasiyana a kakhalidwe,โ wolemba mbiri ya zachuma Richard Smith akutero, โngati phindu silinali cholinga cha kupanga, ndiye kuti zopindulitsa zoterozo zikakhozadi kusunga . . . [24] Chinyengo ndi kupanga chomwe Foster amachitcha "njira yomwe kuchita bwino sikulinso temberero - dongosolo lapamwamba lomwe zolinga zake ndizofanana, chitukuko cha anthu, madera, ndi kukhazikika."[25]
Cholakwika chachiwiri cha Owen, chokhudzana kwambiri ndi chakuti amalephera kumvetsetsa zimenezo kuyitanitsa kutha kwa kukula kosalekeza kumatanthauza kuyitana kutha kwa capitalism. Kukula sikungosankha pansi pa capitalism. Zimamangidwa mu dongosolo. Monga Smith anenera, "zovuta zosakanizika ndi zosalekeza za kukula ndi ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za kubereka kwa capitalist mumsika wampikisano, womwe uli ndi mabizinesi onse koma ochepa ...."[26]Mabizinesi ambiri amadziwa bwino lomwe kuti "amakula kapena kufaโ kwa iwo ndi mfundo yaikulu ya kupulumuka chifukwa cha zitsenderezo zomwe amakumana nazo: (i) kupeza misika ya zokolola ndi zotulukapo zawo; (ii) kuteteza udindo wawo kwa opikisana nawo. Katswiri wodziwa bwino za chikhalidwe cha anthu Joel Kovel akufotokoza bwino kwambiri m'buku lothandizana laposachedwa Tangoganizani: Kukhala ku Socialist USA:
โKomabe, ukapitalizimu ungakhale utavekedwa monga chitaganya cha demokalase, misika yaulere, kapena kupita patsogolo, chofunika chake choyamba ndicho phindu ndipo, chotero kukula, kufutukuka kosatha kwa malonda azachuma. Izi zimafuna kusintha chilichonse chotheka kukhala ndalamaโฆ.Monga [Marx] adalemba momveka bwino Capital: โUnjikani! Wunjikani! Umenewo ndi Mose ndi aneneriโฆlikulu lake lili mu mphamvu ya chipembedzo chomwe chimayendetsa dongosolo lake kuti lisinthe dziko lonse lapansi - nyanja zake zam'mlengalenga ndi mlengalenga ndi chilichonse pansi pa dzuwa - kukhala zinthu zogulitsidwa pamsika, zopindulitsa zimasinthidwa kukhala ndalama zazikuluโฆZowona motere, ukapitalizimu ndi woyambitsa matendaโฆ.mtundu wa khansa ya metastasizing, matenda omwe amafunikira chithandizo chamankhwala - kusintha kosintha."[27]
"Global Treadmill of Production"
Nthawi yomweyo, khansa ngakhale ingakhale ku chilengedwe, kukula kwachuma ndikofunikira kwa anthu ambiri, omwe amadalira ntchito ndi zina zambiri. Monga Smith amanenera atafunsa funsoli "chifukwa chiyani wina angafune capitalism yokhazikika?":
"Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti nzika wamba zikufuna kuwona chilengedwe chikuyeretsedwa, akufuna kuyimitsa kuwonongedwa kwa dziko lapansi, kuwonongedwa kwa tsogolo la ana awo. Koma monga ogwira ntchito m'chuma cha capitalist, 'kupanda kukula' kumangotanthauza kuti palibe ntchitoโฆ.ngati mabungwe ndi chuma sichikukula mosalekeza, kodi ntchito za ana ogwira ntchito zimachokera kuti? Lerolino, ku United States, akuti kuli anthu osachepera asanu ndi aลตiri ofunsira ntchito iliyonse yomwe ilipo. Kodi anthu ena asanu ndi mmodzi angapeze kuti ntchito ngati palibe kukula? Ndipo mkhalidwewu ndi woipitsitsa kwambiri mโmaiko otukuka kumene, kumene ulova uli wocheperako.โ[28]
Takulandilani ku zomwe Foster adazitcha kale "zopanga padziko lonse lapansi." Monga adafotokozera:
"Lingaliro la chopondapochi likhoza kugawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi. Choyamba, chomangidwa m'dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikupangitsa chifukwa chake chachikulu, ndikuwonjezeka kwa chuma ndi gawo laling'ono la anthu omwe ali pamwamba pa piramidi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chachiwiri, pali kusamuka kwanthawi yayitali kwa ogwira ntchito kuchoka pantchito yodzilemba okha ndi kulowa ntchito zamalipiro zomwe zimatengera kukula kosalekeza kwa kupanga. Chachitatu, kulimbana kwa mpikisano pakati pa mabizinesi kumafunikira kupweteka kwa kutha kwa kugawa chuma chosonkhanitsidwa ku matekinoloje atsopano, osinthika omwe amathandiza kukulitsa kupanga. Chachinayi, zofuna zimapangidwa m'njira yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale njala yosatha. Chachisanu, boma limakhala ndi udindo waukulu wopititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha zachuma cha dziko, pamene likuwonetsetsa kuti pali "chitetezo cha anthu" kwa anthu ochepa chabe a nzika zake. Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, njira zazikulu zolankhulirana ndi maphunziro ndi mbali ya njira yolimbikitsira, zomwe zimathandizira kulimbikitsa zomwe zimafunikira komanso zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri.
"Makhalidwe abwino a dongosololi ndikuti ndi mtundu wa khola lalikulu la agologolo. Aliyense, kapena pafupifupi aliyense, ndi gawo la chopondapochi ndipo sangathe kapena sakufuna kutsika. Otsatsa ndalama ndi oyang'anira amayendetsedwa ndi kufunikira kodziunjikira chuma ndikukulitsa kukula kwa ntchito zawo kuti achite bwino m'mipikisano yapadziko lonse lapansi. Za ambiri kudzipereka kwa treadmill kumakhala kochepa komanso kosalunjika: amangofunika kupeza ntchito pamalipiro oyenera.. Koma kusungabe ntchitozo ndikukhalabe ndi moyo wokhazikika mumikhalidwe iyi ndikofunikira, monga Red Queen in Kudzera mugalasi Yoyang'ana, kuthamanga mofulumira komanso mofulumira kuti mukhalebe pamalo amodzi.โ[29]
Zofunikira zomwezo zopanda nzeru zomwe zimayendetsa capitalism mumayendedwe obwerezabwereza komanso kuthamangitsidwa kumasintha dongosolo lazachuma kukhala chiwopsezo cha khansa ku moyo wamunthu. Kutheratu kwa zamoyozi ndi "chofunikira kwambiri" (Noam Chomsky[30]) kwa gulu lazamalonda lakumadzulo lomwe lili pamwamba pa gudumu loyipa la makoswe lomwe likuchulukana kosatha.
Mzimu wa Marx
David Owen akanatha kumvetsa zonsezi ngati akanayang'ana woganiza wina wamkulu yemwe ankagwira ntchito pazandale ku England m'zaka za m'ma 1860 pambali pa Jevons. Ndikunena, za Marx. Kwa Jevons Paradox m'mawonekedwe ake apachiyambi ndi otsatira ali pamtima chitsanzo cha zovuta zazikulu za capitalism monga momwe Marx amamvetsetsa. Mwachitsanzo, kupindula kwa ntchito zogwira ntchito sikuchepetsa nthawi yonse yomwe anthu amathera pantchito chifukwa cholinga cha kupindula koteroko pansi pa ulamuliro wa chuma ndicho kupititsa patsogolo kuonjezera phindu. Monga momwe Marx adanenera, kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito "si cholinga cha kugwiritsa ntchito makina pansi pa capitalism..... Makinawa ndi njira yopangira zochulukira" ndipo potero amathandizira kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri. [31] Monga Adam Smith, David Ricardo, ndi mibadwo ya akatswiri azachuma omwe adatsatira pambuyo pa Keynes ndi kupitirira apo, Marx anamvetsetsa bwino lomwe kuti ukapitalizimu umadalira kukula kwachuma kosatha.[32]
Zingakhale zabwino ngati titha kuchiritsa chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zobiriwira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera komanso kupanga. Ndipo zingakhale bwino ngati titha kupita ku chuma chokhazikika chomwe chimalemekeza ubwino wa chilengedwe chonse pakugwiritsa ntchito kosatha ndi kusonkhanitsa kwamtengo wapatali. Koma zinthu izi sizingachitike pansi pa chikapitalism, dongosolo lomwe silingathenso kuneneratu kukula ndi kupitiriza kuposa momwe anthu sangasiye kupuma ndi kukhala ndi moyo. Tanthauzo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka phindu nthawi zonse limatsikira osati pakuchita bwino kwenikweni komanso kwachitukuko koma makamaka pakuchita bwino kwa capitalist: kubweza kwakukulu pamabizinesi achinsinsi.
Izi ndizowona makamaka m'zaka zamakampani. Pansi pa fomu yamabizinesi, oyang'anira makampani apamwamba alibe ufulu wosankha kuchotsera kapena kuyika patsogolo nkhawa zazachilengedwe kuposa phindu. "Makampani," akutero Richard Smith, "ali ndi eni ake ambiri. Ndipo omwe ali ndi masheya sakuyang'ana 'stasis;' akuyang'ana kuti apindule kwambiri, kotero amayendetsa ma CEO awo patsogolo. " Kuphatikiza apo, ma CEO awo amaletsedwa ndi malamulo aku US kukhala ndi udindo wosamalira anthu (kuphatikiza udindo wa chilengedwe) pazokonda za eni ake. Monga momwe Smith akukankhira, kutsatira Marx, โtifunikira mtundu wosiyana kotheratu wa dongosolo lazachuma, dongosolo lazachuma losakhala lachikapitala lozikidwa pa zosoลตa za anthu, zosoลตa za chilengedwe, ndi dongosolo la mtengo losiyana kotheratu, losazikidwa pa phindu.โ[33]
Amenewo, ndithudi, angakhale mathero a kulingalira kwa Marx โopanga ogwirizana, akumawongolera mwanzeru kuyanjana kwawo ndi Chilengedwe, kuchibweretsa pansi pa ulamuliro wawo wamba, mโmalo mwa kulamuliridwa nacho monga ndi mphamvu zakhungu za Chilengedwe; ndi kukwaniritsa zimenezi ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri ndiponso mโmikhalidwe yabwino, ndi yoyenerera, chibadwa chawo chaumunthu.โ
ITAMBANI ZIMENE MUKUKONDA
Inde, Marx anamwalira kalekale. Sizokhudza iye kapena otsatira ake enieni kapena onenedwa. Ndipo sizokhudza zolemba zandale. Ndi za kupulumuka kwa "m'tsogolo komanso mibadwo yapano ... kuphatikiza ... Monga Smith akumaliza: "'Socialism'? โEconomic democracy?โ Itanani zomwe mumakondaโฆMwina timapulumutsa capitalism kapena tidzipulumutsa tokha. Sitingathe kuwapulumutsa onse awiri.โ[34]
Loto la Pulofesa Livingston la kukhala ndi ogula-obiriwira- ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo woyendetsedwa ndi mtengo (kuyitanitsa "zambiri") ndi loto la Owen la capitalism yokhazikika (kuyitanitsa zochepa) zonse zili pambali pa mfundoyo. Sizokhudza kudya ndi kupanga zochepa kapena zambiri kumapeto kwa tsiku. Ndi za chani: (a) kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokomera anthu onse komanso motsatira mfundo za demokalase, kapena (b) kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze phindu laumwini, motsogozedwa ndi utsogoleri wankhanza wosasankhidwa wa capital? Kuchuluka kwa sayansi yapadziko lapansi komanso kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kukuwonetsa mwamphamvu kuti kupulumuka kwa anthu komanso kukhala ndi moyo kwa zamoyo zina Padziko Lapansi kumafuna kupitilira kwamatsenga komaliza ndi zakale. Monga wanthanthi wa Marxist waku Hungarian Istvan Meszaros anaziika zaka khumi ndi zitatu zapitazo, โTikutha nthawi. . . . Chowonadi chosasangalatsa cha nkhaniyi ndi chakuti ngati palibe tsogolo la gulu lalikulu la anthu m'nthawi yathu ino, sipangakhale tsogolo la anthu."[35]
Paul Street ndiwothandizira nawo pagulu lothandizira lomwe langotulutsidwa kumene Tangoganizani: Ndikukhala ku United States ya Socialist (New York: Harper-Collins, 2014, http://harpercollins.com/books/Imagine/?isbn=9780062305572 )ndi wolemba wa Amalamulira: 1% v. Demokalase (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2014, http://www.paradigmpublishers.com/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=367810)
Zothandizira
1 Onani chikalata chochititsa manyazi chakumapeto kwa Novembala 2007 "Akatswiri a Obama," History News Network, http://hnn.us/article/44958. Mzere wakuseka mokweza udafika kumapeto: "Monga Purezidenti, Barack Obama amangoyamba njira yochiritsa zomwe zikuvutitsa anthu athu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti US ikugwira ntchito yopindulitsa padziko lapansi. Koma tikukhulupirira kuti iye ndi wandale wosowa yemwe amatha kufotokozera tanthauzo la demokalase, yemwe angathandize kutsitsimutsa zomwe William James adatcha kuti 'wanzeru wamba wa anthu'. "Tambasulani tanthauzo la demokalase" zikuwoneka ngati zosamveka bwino patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ngakhale kuti sizinali zomwe zimatanthauzidwa ndi olemba mbiri ambiri omwe adasaina. Onani "Civil Liberties Under Obama With Glenn Greenwald," Speech to International Socialist Organization, Chicago, Illinois, July 2011, http://www.chicagosocialists.org/content/civil-liberties-under-obama-glenn-greenwald - kusinkhasinkha kodetsa nkhawa pakuwukira kwa Obama pa ufulu wachibadwidwe zisanachitike mavumbulutso a Snowden.
2. Karl Marx, The Germany Ideology [1845] (New York: International, 2001). 53
3. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 3: Njira Yopangira Ma Capitalist Pathunthu [1867[ (New York: International, 1976), 820
4. Kuti mupeze umboni wosonyeza kuti chipambano china chinapezeka pankhaniyi, onani kuonekera kwa Livingston pa โNewshourโ ya โPublicโ Broadcasting System ya โNewshourโ yolambiridwa ndi mphamvu (Public Broadcasting System).http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2012/12/james-livingston-corporations.html) ndi kupeza kwa Livingston kwa malo a Op-Ed mu New York Times (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/opinion/its-consumer-spending-stupid.html?_r=0 ndi http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/opinion/a-fairer-corporate-tax.html ) ndi Bloomberg News (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-28/austerity-is-bad-for-you-and-it-s-no-fun-commentary-by-james-livingston.html) ndi zowonekera pa Bloomberg TV, http://www.businessweek.com/videos/2013-12-26/i-see-snowden-as-a-national-hero-livingston.
5. Juliet Schor, American Ogwira Ntchito Mopitirira Muyeso: Kutsika Kosayembekezereka kwa Chisangalalo (New York: Basic, 1992), 107-138; Juliet Schor, The Overspent American (New York: Basic, 1998), 99, 162-63, 240-41.
6. John Bellamy Foster ndi Brett Clark, "The Planetary Emergency," Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse (December 2013), http://monthlyreview.org/2012/12/01/the-planetary-emergency
7. Foster ndi Clark, "Planetary Emergency."
8. Ndikunena za mawu akuti โzabwino kwa chilengedwe,โ pamutuwu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti malo okhawo omwe amatchulidwa zachilengedwe mu Against Thriftโs index ndi ili: โNkhawa za chilengedwe: moyo wa makhalidwe abwino wa ogula, 179-181; kugula pa intaneti, 22; ndi kusintha kwa zakudya, 183.โ Ndiwo masamba anayi mโbuku lamasamba 257 limene limaika โzabwino kwa chilengedweโ pamutu wake.
9. Livingston, Against Thrift, 22, 180.
10. Foster ndi Clark, "Planetary Emergency."
11. Motero, Owen sangalembe zinthu monga izi: โNdife gawo lalikulu la Chilengedwe monga nthaka yokha, chifukwa kuyambira pamene Neolithic inasintha kubzala ndi kukolola kwathuโฆ. dziko lapansi. Choncho 'zinthu zenizeni' za dziko lapansi sizinthu zakunja zokhazikika zomwe zimagwira ntchito molingana ndi malamulo oyendayenda omwe sitinawapange: zambiri mwa 'zinthu zomwe zimapanga dziko lapansi', kuphatikizapo mitengo ndi zipululu, sizikanatheka. khalani pano popanda ife, chifukwa, Mulungu atithandize, tinalipo pa chilengedwe chawoโ (Livingston, Against Thrift, 180). Livingston akulondola kuzindikira (m'malo mwake) kuti umunthu wapanga kale zomwe timatcha Chilengedwe koma zowona pali malamulo ambiri achilengedwe omwe sitinawapange. Titha kumvetsetsa ndikugwira ntchito ndi Lachiwiri Lachiwiri la Thermodynamics kapena General Relativity kapena Wave-Particle Duality koma izi sizikutipanga kukhala olemba Chirengedwe, omwe malamulo awo timawamvetsetsa mosakwanira. Malamulowa anali akugwira ntchito tisanawonekere padziko lapansi ndipo adzatipitilira ngati titayika - zomwe zingatheke mzaka chikwi zikubwerazi zikomo kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kwa anthropogenic ndi njira zina zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi kukula muzinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zachitika. monyada monyoza malamulo achilengedwe.
12. Owen, Conundrum, 2.
13. Owen, Conundrum, 95.
14. Owen akufotokoza mwachidule โzovutaโ ndi nthano yaumwini: โPa desiki langa ndili ndi chitini chakale cha moลตa, cha mโma 1940, chimene panthaลตi ina chinali ndi ma ounces khumi ndi aลตiri a Hampden โwofatsa koma olimbaโ ale. Chitsulo chopanda kanthu (chomwe ndinachipeza mkati mwa khoma la nyumba yanga panthawi yokonzanso) chimalemera magalamu makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi, kapena kasanu ndi theka kuposa momwe zakumwa zamakono khumi ndi ziwiri zimatha kupangidwa ndi aluminiyamu. Chimenecho chikhoza kuimira ntchito yochititsa chidwi yochotsa thupi. Koma kodi kuchepa kwa zinthu zotayidwa kumene kwachititsa kuti zinyalala za munthu zichepe? Kapena zangotipatsa mphamvu ndikutilimbikitsa kuti tizikhala osasamala pakudya kwathuโ Owen, Conundrum, 32.
15. Ngakhale bukhu la Owen liribe kanthu kena kamene bukhu la Livingston amagawana ndi mavoliyumu ovuta kwambiri osapeka: index. Izi, ngati mutamaliza kuwerenga Against Thrift ndikufuna kuwunikanso zonse zomwe Livingston adalemba, kunena, Keynes kapena Marx kapena ndalama, mutha kuchita izi mwachangu. Kuti muwunikenso zomwe Owen adanena za Herman Daly kapena Model Ts kapena makapu a kaboni kapena Jevons ndi zina zotero, muyenera kubwereza bukuli mobwerezabwereza. Kuchoka pamindandanda yankhani zofalitsa nkhani zabodza ndi nkhaza yanzeru.
16. William Stanley Jevons, Funso la Makala, kope lachitatu (New York: Kelley, 1905), lotchulidwa mu Richard Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism," Ndemanga Yazachuma Padziko Lonse, ya 53, June 26, 2010, yosindikizidwanso ndi kukonzedwanso pa Wopanda (Januware 15, 2014), http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/21215-beyond-growth-or-beyond-capitalism
17 Jevons, Funso la Malasha, wotchulidwa mu Owen, The Conundrum, 104. Kutsindika mu Jevons.
18.John Bellamy Foster, Brett Clark, ndi Richard York, The Ecological Rift: Nkhondo ya Capitalism pa Planet (New York: Ndemanga ya Mwezi, 2010), 178.
19. Owen, Conundrum, 246.
20. Owen, Conundrum, 38-60.
21. Owen, Conundrum, 149, 151-152
22. Bungwe la Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research, "Msonkhano Wochepetsera Kuchepetsa Kutulutsa Utoto wa Radical Emission, December 10-11, 2013," http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/radical-emission-reduction-conference-tyndall-centre-event-confronting-challenge-climate-change
23. Naomi Klein, โMomwe Sayansi Imatiuza Kuti Tipanduke,โ Watsopano wa Mayiko (Okutobala 29, 2013), http://www.newstatesman.com/2013/10/science-says-revolt
24. Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?" (onani mfundo 13, pamwambapa)
25. Foster et al. The Ecological Rift, 181.
26. Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?"
27. Joel Kovel, Chaputala 2: โTsogolo Lidzakhala Lachiyanjano Chifukwa Popanda Ecolsocialism Sipadzakhala Tsogolo,โ mu Francis Goldin, Debby Smith, ndi Michael Steven Smith, TAYEREKEZANI Mukukhala ku United States ya Socialist (New York: Harper Collins, 2014), 27-28
28. Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?"
29. John Bellamy Foster, "Global Ecology and the Common Good," Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse (February 1995), werengani pa intaneti pa http://clogic.eserver.org/3-1&2/foster.html
30. "Sindikufuna kutha popanda kutchula zakunja kwina komwe kumachotsedwa mumsika wamsika: tsogolo la mitunduyo. Chiwopsezo chadongosolo muzachuma chikhoza kuthetsedwa ndi wokhometsa msonkho, koma palibe amene angapulumutse ngati chilengedwe chikuwonongeka. Mfundo yakuti iyenera kuwonongedwa ili pafupi ndi zofunikira za bungwe.โ Noam Chomsky, โKodi Dziko Lalikulu Kwambiri Kuti Lilephereke?โ TomDispatch (August 20, 2012), http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175581/best_of_tomdispatch%3A_noam_chomsky,_who_owns_the_world_
31. Karl Marx, Capital,vol. 1 (London: Penguin, 1976), 492.
32. P.M. Mathew, "Marxism in Revival Mode," The New Indian Express, Ogasiti 22, 2013, http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/Marxism-in-revival-mode/2013/08/22/article1745272.ece1; William Appleman Williams, Kuzemba Kwakukulu: Nkhani Yokhudza Kufunika Kwamakono kwa Karl Marx ndi Nzeru za Kuvomereza Wopanduka Muzokambirana Zokhudza Tsogolo la America. (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964), 31; Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?"
33. Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?"
34. Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?"
35. Istvan Meszaros, Socialism kapena Barbarism: Kuchokera ku "American Century" mpaka Crossroads (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001), 80; kutsindika anawonjezera
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