ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama[Military-Industrial Complex and Impacts on the Third World - Asia-Pacific Research Network workshop on women and war, 17 June 2008.]
Msilikali ndi Ndalama,
amakumana nthawi iliyonse akuganiza kuti ndizofunikira,
asandutsa abale ndi alongo athu kukhala alonda,
iwo akusandutsa dziko lapansi kukhala manda
(Gil Scott-Heron)[I]
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, Bush isanayambe 'nkhondo yowopsya', New Zealand TV inawonetsa sewero loopsya la US lotchedwa 'Soldier of Fortune Inc.', za gulu lapamwamba (lopangidwa ndi akale a US Marines, Delta Force, CIA, British. Ogwira ntchito ku SAS) omwe adachita ntchito zobisika za Boma la US 'zosavomerezeka'. Amatha kutenga chikwama chodzaza ndi ndalama kuchokera kwa olumikizana ndi asitikali opanda mthunzi ndikupita ku Middle East, Latin America, Haiti, kapena Balkan, kapena kusuta nthumwi zakunja ndi adani osiyanasiyana ku USA, mishoni zomwe Washington inganene kuti ndi yokanira chifukwa. palibe amene anali asilikali ogwira ntchito. Inali ntchito yonyansa, koma wina amayenera kuchita kuti 'demokalase ya US' ikhale yotetezeka, pamtengo wake. Zikumveka bwino? Chowonadi nthawi zina chimakhala chachilendo kuposa nthano zongopeka, ndipo zomwe zimachitika pagulu la akatswiri apadera komanso akatswiri azamisala zimakhala zopanda ntchito zikatsutsana ndi zenizeni.
Tikukhala ndi kulimbana mu nthawi ya capitalism yodziwika bwino yankhondo komanso chiwawa cha capitalism. Nkhondo, ntchito, mfundo zachitetezo cha dziko komanso kupondereza anthu osamvana - kunyumba ndi kunja - zimapangitsa kuti bizinesi ichuluke padziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe mtolankhani wodalirika waku US Thomas Friedman adanenera momveka bwino kuti: "Dzanja lobisika la msika siligwira ntchito popanda nkhonya yobisika - McDonald's sangathe kuchita bwino popanda McDonnell Douglas, womanga F-15. Ndipo nkhonya zobisika zomwe zimateteza dziko lapansi kuukadaulo wa Silicon Valley zimatchedwa United States Army, Air Force ndi Marine Corps.[Ii]
Militarized Capitalism: Gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale mu 2008
Kodi gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale mu 2008 ndi chiyani? Chili kuti? Kodi zikuwoneka bwanji? Sindikutsimikiza ngati mawuwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito motchuka kwambiri ndi Purezidenti wakale wa US Dwight Eisenhower[III] mu 1961 ndiye wofotokozera bwino kwambiri kuti aphatikize mahema ambiri ndi mbali zambiri zankhondo ndi chitetezo ndi maulalo ndi kulumikizana pakati pa likulu ndi ogwirizana nawo ndale. Kodi mawu ngati 'bizinesi yachitetezo' ndi 'malonda a zida' akuphatikizana bwino ndi anthu opindula pankhondo masiku ano, omwe zowononga zawo zitha kupezekanso mumpanda wapamwamba kwambiri wa tsankho womangidwa ndi Israeli kuti atseke West Bank ndi Gaza.[Iv], ndi mnzake waku Western Hemispheric kumalire a US-Mexico[V], mu mapulogalamu oyerekezera maulendo apakompyuta operekedwa kwa asilikali a US ndi British ndi CAE ya Canada[vi], m'magulu ankhondo achinsinsi ngati Blackwater, DynCorp ndi Aegis[vii] ku Iraq, Afghanistan, ndi kwina[viii], mu intelligence yakunja, IT, kufunsa ndi ntchito zomasulira za L-3/Titan[ix], mu bajeti zazikulu zothandizira zankhondo zomwe US โโikupereka ku maboma a Israel, Pakistan, Egypt ndi Colombia.[x], pakati pa ena, ndi m'ntchito za 'mitima ndi maganizo' za US Special Operations Forces okhala ku Philippines akuchita 'ntchito zothandiza anthu' - zachipatala, zamano ndi zina zothandiza anthu, kuphatikiza ntchito zomanga m'madera ambiri akutali ku Mindanao.[xi]- ntchito zomwe ziyenera kukhala ntchito ya boma; monga momwe zilili pakupanga zida ndi kutumiza zida kunja.
Monga mabungwe onse akunja, makampaniwa amasangalala ndi ubale wapakhomo komanso wokhazikika ndi maboma apamwamba kwambiri ndi magulu awo ankhondo, kuchotsera misonkho, kuthandizira kugulitsa kunja, ndi mitundu ina yonse ya zolimbikitsa zomwe zimawathandiza kuti aziyang'ana kwambiri pazotsatira zawo - phindu. . Maboma aku US, mosasamala kanthu za kukhulupirika kwawo kwa zipani zawo, amakhala ndi andale omwe ali ndi ndalama komanso zokonda bizinesi mubizinesi yachitetezo komanso opindula pankhondo, mwina akuwonetseredwa momveka bwino ndi ubale wa Dick Cheney ndi Halliburton mapangano a madola mabiliyoni ambiri kuti apereke zomanga, kuchereza alendo, ndi ntchito zina kwa asitikali aku US ataukira Iraq mu 2003.[xii]. Koma ndi bizinesi monga mwachizolowezi ku US militarized capitalism. Lipoti la Epulo 2008 Center for Responsive Politics likuti US Mamembala a Congress adayika ndalama za US $ 196 miliyoni zandalama zawo m'makampani omwe amalandira madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri patsiku kuchokera ku mgwirizano wa Pentagon kuti apereke katundu ndi ntchito kwa asitikali ankhondo aku US, kuyambira opanga ndege ndi zida mpaka opanga zida zamankhwala ndi zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi.[xiii] Kuti titchule zitsanzo zingapo za zitseko zozungulira, bungwe la oyang'anira General Dynamics limaphatikizapo Wachiwiri Wachiwiri kwa Mkulu wa Asitikali aku US, wamkulu wakale wa US Air Force General, yemwe kale anali Chief of Naval Operations mu US Navy, komanso Chief of the Navy. Kugula kwa Chitetezo ku Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Britain[xiv], pamene akuluakulu a CAE aku Canada komanso omwe kale anali akuluakulu aku Canada akuphatikizapo wachiwiri kwa nduna ya zamalonda ndi zakunja ku Canada, komanso mtsogoleri wakale wa Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.[xv].
Mfuti Zaganyu, Ndalama Zazikulu, Palibe Malamulo
Asilikali achinsinsi omwe amalembedwa ntchito ndi maboma ndi makampani siatsopano. Kampani yaku Britain East India idalemba ganyu anthu wamba kuti amenye nkhondo zoyeserera ndikuwongolera India[xvi]. Koma kukula kochulukira, kutsogola komanso kudalirana kwa mayiko amakampani azida zodzitchinjiriza ngati Blackwater ndi DynCorp, onse omwe amatenga 90% yamabizinesi awo kuchokera ku makontrakitala aboma la US, ndizodabwitsa. Ngati asitikali okhazikika nthawi zambiri amathawa kupha, kuli bwanji kwa ma mercenaries apadera chifukwa chosowa kuyang'anira ntchito zawo, popanda maboma owongolera, ngakhale amapangidwa ndi maboma ndikulipidwa ndi ndalama zaboma? Amagwira ntchito mopanda chilango komanso mopanda chitetezo. Amalemba ndi kutumiza akale ankhondo ndi apolisi padziko lonse lapansi, ena a iwo akale a magulu ankhondo opondereza kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi[xvii]. Patsamba lawo la webusayiti, a Blackwater, omwe mgwirizano wake ndi dipatimenti ya US State idasinthidwa posachedwa[xviii] ngakhale adakwiya ndi chimodzi mwazochitika zambiri zomwe alonda awo adawombera ndikupha anthu 17 aku Iraq ku Nisour Square, Baghdad, September watha.[xix], Funsani: "Timachitira ena ulemu wapamwamba kwambiri, mwayi wofanana komanso wodalirika. Timalemekeza zikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu padziko lonse lapansiโ[xx]. Pansi, "Blackwater alibe ulemu kwa anthu aku Iraq," mkulu wa Unduna wa Zam'kati ku Iraq adauza mtolankhani wa Washington Post ku 2007.[xxi]. "Amawona ma Iraqi ngati nyama, ngakhale ndikuganiza kuti atha kulemekeza kwambiri nyama. Taona zimene amachita mโmisewu. Akapanda kuwombera, akuponya mabotolo amadzi kwa anthu ndikuwatcha mayina. Ngati mukuopseza mwana kapena mayi wachikulire, kapena mukupha munthu wamba wosalakwa yemwe wakwera mโgalimoto yake, si uchigawenga umenewo?
Madola onse, palibe nzeru
Lipoti la February 2008 Center for Arms Control and Non-proliferation lipoti, kusinthidwa kwa kukwera kwa mitengo, bajeti ya Pentagon ya chaka chachuma (FY) 2009 ndi yaikulu kwambiri kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse - US $ 515.4 biliyoni.[xxii]: kuposa nthawi ya nkhondo za Vietnam ndi Korea, kapena kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe Reagan's Cold War adawononga. US amawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa ndalama maiko 45 otsatira owononga ndalama kwambiri padziko lonse ataphatikizidwa, nkhani za48% ya ndalama zonse zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, Nthawi 5.8 kuposa China, Nthawi 10.2 kuposa Russia, ndi 98.6 nthawi kuposa Iran. Lipoti lomwelo likunena za US Office of Management and Budget ikuyerekeza kuti ndalama zonse zapachaka za Dipatimenti Yoteteza Zokha zidzakula kufika $546 biliyoni pofika FY 2013 - kuyerekezera kokhazikika. Ndalama zonse za Pentagon, kuphatikizapo ndalama za Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu kapena zochitika zenizeni zankhondo pa nthawi ya FY'09 kupyolera mu FY'13 zidzafika $ 2.6 trilioni. Chaka chatha, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)[xxiii] anaganiza kuti ndalama zankhondo zapadziko lonse mu 2006 zidafika ku US $ 1204 biliyoni - kuwonjezeka kwa 3.5% m'mawu enieni kuyambira 2005, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 37% pazaka 10 kuyambira 1997. dziko lonse.
Ngakhale ndalama zankhondo zankhondo zaku US komanso ndalama zankhondo zikuchepera padziko lonse lapansi, zakhudza kwambiri mayiko ena, kuphatikiza ndi zida zake zankhondo komanso "chitetezo" chapadziko lonse lapansi. Boma la Japan posachedwapa lalengeza za kukweza kwakukulu kwa asilikali pamene South Korea, China, ndi Russia awonjezera ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zankhondo[xxiv]. 2008 ndi chaka chodziwika bwino chakugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha Israeli[xxv].Pofika mโchaka cha 2006, makampani anayi mwa makampani 100 opangira zida zankhondo padziko lonse anali Israel: Israel Aircraft Industries, Israel Military Industries, Elbit Systems ndi Rafael.[xxvi]. Lipoti la October 2007 la CBC, lochokera kuzinthu zamasitomu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja makamaka kwa asilikali, linapeza kuti pakati pa 2000 ndi 2006, zida za ku Canada zidakwera maulendo 3.5, panthawi yomwe Canada, wogulitsa wamkulu wachisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lapansi, adatumiza CDN $ 3.6 biliyoni m'nkhondo. katundu. Koma pali kuwonekera pang'ono pakuwongolera zida, ndipo chithunzi chenicheni cha kutumizidwa kwa asitikali aku Canada ndizovuta kutsatira popeza boma silinatulutse malipoti apachaka opereka zambiri zazaka kuyambira 2002 kupita ku Nyumba yamalamulo. A mwachitsanzo, wothandizira wakale wa SNC Lavalin waku Montreal, SNC Tec, mwachitsanzo, amapanga zida zazing'ono zankhondo zaku US (SNC Tec idagulitsidwa ku 2006 kwa General Dynamics, omenyera nkhondo atawonetsa kulumikizana kwamakampani aku Canada ndi zipolopolo zothamangitsidwa kumfuti zaku US ku Iraq)[xxvii].
Chilolezo chopha: Chiwonetsero choyang'anira zida
Kuzindikira ndikutsata zida zambiri za zida ndi zida zowononga anthu ambiri ndizovuta kwambiri. Pazotsutsa zonse za chinsinsi cha maboma a Third World ndi kusowa kuwonekera pokhudzana ndi ndalama zoteteza chitetezo ndi ntchito zankhondo, pali njira zambiri zomwe zimatchedwa kuti First World maiko okhudza kulamulira zida. Mwachitsanzo, zida zambiri zankhondo zochokera ku Canada kupita ku US sizimayendetsedwa, chifukwa sizifuna zilolezo za boma chifukwa cha mgwirizano wachitetezo womwe udasainidwa pakati pa Ottawa ndi Washington m'ma 1940. Otsutsa ena awona kuti zofunikira za chilolezo chotumiza kunja ndizochepa kwambiri kotero kuti ndizotheka kuti zida zina zimasamukira kwa anthu ena.[xxviii].
Maboma ena a EU anyozetsa, kunyalanyaza kapena kunyalanyaza njira zamayiko otumiza kunja ndi malamulo a EU pankhani yotumiza zida kunja. Spain ndi mayiko ena (kuphatikizapo Britain, ndipo ndithudi US) alola kusamutsidwa kwa zipangizo ndi thandizo lina ku Colombia m'manja mwa asilikali a chitetezo cha boma ndi asilikali omwe achita kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa anthu. Zida zazing'ono zopangidwa ku Italy zatumizidwanso ku mayiko omwe akumenyana kapena kumene kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu kumachitika, kuphatikizapo Algeria, Colombia, Eritrea, Indonesia, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Pakistan ndi Sierra Leone.[xxix] Wogwira ntchito ku Britain komanso wolemba Mark Thomas[xxx] akuwonetsa momwe kampani yaku Britain yapamwamba kwambiri ya Radstone sifunikira chilolezo chotumizira zinthu zamakompyuta zomwe zimakhala ndi "ubongo" wa Predator drone, galimoto yosayendetsedwa ya Aerial yopangidwa ndi General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi CIA kuwombera mizinga. ku Yemen motsutsana ndi anthu omwe akuwakayikira a Al-Qaeda mu 2002, ku Federally Administered Tribal Areas ku Pakistan mchaka cha 2006, pachiwembu chomwe chidapha anthu pafupifupi 25 kuphatikiza azimayi asanu ndi ana asanu, ndipo posachedwa kudera lomwelo la Pakistan. Wofufuza wa ku Britain Anna Stavriankis[xxxi] akunena kuti ""m'malo moletsa kutumizidwa kwa zida kunja, malangizo omwe amawunikidwa kuti apereke chilolezo chotumiza zida kunja ndi osadziwika bwino ndipo amatanthauziridwa mwanjira yoti athandizire kutumiza kunja". Akupitiriza kuti, "Maboma otsatizanatsatizana ku UK, ubale wapamtima umene ali nawo ndi makampani a zida zankhondo, komanso kutsindika kwa mphamvu zankhondo monga chizindikiro cha kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi, ziyenera kutsutsidwa, pamene akupanga magawo. m'mene malayisensi amapezeka".
Malinga ndi 2006 Amnesty International[xxxii] Malinga ndi malipoti, magalimoto ankhondo aku China opitilira 200 - omwe nthawi zambiri amayendera ma injini a dizilo aku US a Cummins - adatumizidwa ku Sudan mu Ogasiti 2005, ngakhale kuti mayiko awiriwa adaletsa zida zankhondo ku maiko onse awiri komanso kutenga nawo gawo kwa magalimoto ofanana kupha ndi kulanda anthu wamba ku Darfur. Zida zankhondo zaku China zimatumizidwa nthawi zonse ku Burma, kuphatikiza magalimoto ankhondo 2005 a 400 kupita ku gulu lankhondo la Myanmar. Kutumiza kwa asitikali aku China kupita ku Nepal mu 2005 komanso koyambirira kwa 2006, kuphatikiza mfuti ndi mabomba opangidwa ndi China kwa asitikali aku Nepalese, omwe amapondereza mwankhanza mayendedwe a anthu. China ikukhudzidwanso ndi kukula kwa malonda osaloledwa a mfuti za Norinco zopangidwa ku China ku Australia, Malaysia, Thailand komanso South Africa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamilandu monga kuba ndi kugwiririra.
Kuponderezedwa kwankhondo kwa otsutsa komanso kudalirana kwadziko lapansi kwa imperialist
Maboma ambiri, kuyambira ku Philippines kupita ku India kupita ku Colombia, akumenya nkhondo mobisa kapena mobisa motsutsana ndi magulu otsutsa ndi otsutsa boma, zomwe zimalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha mantha momwe zida ndi zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi kusagwirizana kwapakhomo ndi kuphwanya chitetezo motsutsana ndi 'adani mkati' - kukana. mayendedwe a anthu osauka, kulimbikitsa amayi, Amwenye, opanda malo, alimi, ndi ogwira ntchito, magulu otsutsana ndi mapangano a malonda aulere ndi kusintha kwatsopano. Mikangano yokhudzana ndi malo komanso kusapezeka kwachuma kwachuma kumakulitsidwa komanso kukukulirakulira chifukwa chamagulu ankhondo amakampani monga migodi, mafuta, gasi, ulimi wamafakitale ndi nkhalango. Mwachitsanzo, woweruza wa khothi la US District wavomereza kuti pali umboni wosonyeza kuti Chevron analipira ndi zida Asilikali aku Nigeria ndi apolisi awombera ndi kuzunza anthu omwe amatsutsa zomwe kampani yamafuta ikuchita mdera la Niger Delta[xxxiii]. Freeport McMoran adalipira asitikali aku Indonesia, apolisi ndi asitikali achitetezo omwe adaukira madera ozungulira mgodi wa golide ndi mkuwa wa Grasberg ku West Papua.[xxxiv]. Ndipo tisaiwale momwe woyambitsa ndi chief executive wa Aegis, yemwe kale anali Asitikali aku BritainLt. Col. Tim Spicer[xxxv] Anayambitsanso Sandline, kampani ina ya mercenary yomwe boma la Papua New Guinea linapanga zaka khumi zapitazo kwa US $ 36 miliyoni chifukwa choyesa kuthetsa ufulu wodzilamulira ku Bougainville, womwe unatseka mgodi waukulu wamkuwa ku Panguna. , ya kampani ina ya Rio Tinto[xxxvi]. Asilikali ndi ndalama, ndithudi.
Monga momwe katswiri waku Uruguay / mtolankhani Raul Zibechi amanenera, madera akumidzi m'maiko a Third World asandukanso madera ankhondo pomwe mayiko amayesa kukhazikitsa bata potengera kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu wa 'ukhondo' kuti anthu osauka azikhala otalikirana ndi anthu wamba.[xxxvii]Kusungidwa kwankhondo kotereku kwa anthu osauka kukuwonetsa kuti akuluakulu andale ndi azachuma amaopa kutsutsa mphamvu za boma kuchokera kumayendedwe osauka akumatauni. . Kuphwanyidwa mwadongosolo kwa mphamvu za mayiko kuti zithandizire anthu awo, komanso kusakwanira kwa ndalama zamayiko zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo zalimbikitsa umphawi ndi mikangano.
Kollsman, Inc. kampani ya New Hampshire yochokera ku Elbit, kampani ya Israeli yomwe ikugwira ntchito yomanga khoma la tsankho ku Palestine yomwe idalandidwa, idapangidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo Kwawo[xxxviii]monga gawo la mgwirizano womwe umaphatikizanso gawo la Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Unit kuti apange Chithunzi cha SBInet, chitetezo chapamwamba kwambiri cha malire a US-Mexico (ndi US-Canada), gawo la Secure Border Initiative[xxxix]. Monga momwe magulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu aku New York a Ad Hoc Coalition for Justice ku Middle East ndi Desis Rising Up & Moving (DRUM) adanenera, "Elbit itumiza ukadaulo wankhondo waku Israeli, woyesedwa ndi anthu aku Palestine, kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi osamukira kumayiko ena."[xl]
Kumenya nkhondo ndi njira zoyendetsera msika waulere ndi zida zopangitsa maiko kukhala 'otetezeka' kwa osunga ndalama akunja, mopanda ufulu wa anthu am'deralo kuti adziwe tsogolo lawo.[xli]. Mgwirizano wa World Trade Organization (WTO) umasokoneza ndondomeko za chikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe, koma tetezani makampani ankhondo kudzera mu 'chitetezo chosiyana' mu General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (Article XXI)[xlii]. Kupatulapo chitetezo kumanena kuti dziko silingaimitsidwe kuchita chilichonse chomwe likuwona kuti ndi koyenera kuteteza chitetezo chake chofunikira; zochita 'zokhudzana ndi magalimoto, zida ndi zida zankhondo komanso kugulitsa katundu ndi zida zina zomwe zimayendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi cholinga chopereka gulu lankhondo (kapena) zomwe zidatengedwa panthawi yankhondo kapena mwadzidzidzi mu ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi' . Ngakhale kusintha kwadongosolo ndi malonda ndi kumasula ndalama zikuperekedwa kudera lonse la Asia-Pacific ndi kupitirira apo, thanzi, maphunziro, ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu zatsika, ndi chithandizo cha mafakitale ambiri am'deralo kapena ulimi wathetsedwa, ubwino wamakampani ndi chithandizo ku makampani a chitetezo, ndi mkulu. kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo zikadalipobe.
Makina opha anthu amtundu wa Capitalist amapeza kusintha kosagwirizana ndi jenda: Azimayi amakana
Mtolo wa nkhondo, mikangano, ziwawa ndi ukapitalizimu wankhondo umagwera mopanda malire. Zotsatira za amayi sizingawonekere m'malo omenyana okha, koma chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa zida zazing'ono komanso kukwera kwa asilikali m'madera ndi magulu onse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhanza kwa amayi zikhale zambiri m'nyumba ndi m'madera, kugwiriridwa, nkhanza za kugonana, kusamutsidwa ndi chiwawa. kukwezedwa kwa ankhondo achimuna. Azimayi ndi omwe amatha kukhala othawa kwawo kunkhondo. Mosadabwitsa ndiye, akhalanso azimayi omwe atsogola kukana nkhondo, nkhondo ndi ziwawa, mabwalo ankhondo aku US komanso kuphatikizika kwachimuna kwa anthu ambiri komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nthawi zambiri ndi amayi omwe amanyamula zidutswa m'madera omwe ang'ambika ndi nkhondo, chiwawa komanso kuponderezana ndi boma. Cynthia Enloe ananena kuti ogwira ntchito zothandiza anthu amene amakambirana nkhani za nkhanza za mโbanja โamavomereza kuti ntchito ya usilikali ingathandize kuti anthu azichitira nkhanza kunyumba kusiyana ndi ntchito ina iliyonseโ.[xliii] Pakadali pano, tikumanena zonena kuti cholinga chachikulu chakuukira kwa Afghanistan motsogozedwa ndi US ndikumasula azimayi aku Afghani. Pothirirapo ndemanga pa izi, Sunera Thobani akuti, "nkhondo imodzi pankhondo yamalingaliro idayenera kumenyedwa pankhani ya ubale pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ... kulimbikitsa anthu akumayiko akumadzulo kuti apulumutse azimayi achisilamu kungakhale kothandiza kuposa kuwalimbikitsa kuti azitsatira mfundo zachikunja zopezera chitetezo. US ikulamulira mafuta ndi gasi. โ[xliv]
Monga momwe zomwe zikunenedwa kuti nkhawa zothandiza anthu zimaperekedwa ngati zifukwa zankhondo zophimbidwa ndi ma imperialist pazachuma.[xlv], makontrakitala ankhondo ndi mabungwe opindulitsa pankhondo amadziwonetsa ngati ophatikiza, opita patsogolo pagulu komanso osaganizira za jenda. Pamasamba awo amakampani, bizinesi yayikulu yamabungwewa idapakidwa utoto ndi zodzikongoletsera zomwe zingatipangitse kuiwala kuti ndi zankhondo ndikupha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, makontrakitala a Pentagon ngati Northrop Grumman amadzitamandira "kusiyana kwa ogwira ntchito"[xlvi] ndikuwonetsa akazi awo oyang'anira. Makampani achitetezo aku Canada ndi US akhazikitsa mabungwe ngati Women in Defense and Security (WiDS)[xlvii], anasaina zikumbutso za mgwirizano ndi Dipatimenti Yoona za Chitetezo ku Canada, ndipo ali ogwirizana ndi Canadian Association of Defense and Security Industries (CADSI)[xlviii], bungwe lotsogozedwa ndi mafakitale lamakampani oposa 550 omwe ali m'mafakitale achitetezo ndi chitetezo ku Canada. "kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa atsogoleri achikazi pantchito zachitetezo ndi chitetezo ku Canada". Raytheon, tAmapanga mabomba a "Bunker Buster", Tomahawk ndi Patriot mizinga, yomwe inagwidwa ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq.[xlix]kupha anthu ambiri, akuti: โKusiyanasiyana ku Raytheon ndikokhudza kuphatikizika - kupereka malo omwe aliyense amadzimva kuti ndi wofunika komanso kuti ali ndi mphamvu yochita bwino kwambiri, mosasamala kanthu kuti anthu ndi osiyana bwanji "[l]. Booz Allen Hamilton wochokera ku Virginia[li], mmodzi mwa ogulitsa kwambiri zamakono ndi ogwira ntchito ku mabungwe azondi a boma la US monga CIA, NSA, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), komanso US Department of Defense ndi Department of Homeland Security (mtsogoleri wakale wa CIA R. James Woolsey ndi yemwe tsopano ndi wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa Booz Allen), amadzitamandiranso momwe amadzipereka pakusiyanasiyana kwa ogwira ntchito "chifukwa timakhulupirira kuti kusiyanasiyana kumathandizira malingaliro osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makasitomala azikhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Kwa ife, kusiyana kumatanthauza njira zonse zimene anthu amasiyaniranaโmtundu, jenda, fuko, maluso, maphunziro, dziko lochokera, zaka, malingaliro ogonana, luso, ndalama, udindo wa banja, udindo wa makolo, chipembedzo, chidziwitso cha ntchito, ndi usilikaliโ. Ndiye pali Aegis Defense Services[lii] omwe antchito awo anali adagwidwa pavidiyo akuwombera mwachisawawa zida zamagalimoto wamba mumsewu wa eyapoti ku Baghdad[liii], amene amati "Ndondomeko yathu ya mwayi wofanana ikugogomezera cholinga chathu chopanga malo ogwira ntchito omwe ali ophatikizana komanso opanda tsankho, pomwe ogwira ntchito onse amapatsidwa mphamvu ndi umunthu wawo ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kuti apindule ". Mabungwe owononga zachilengedwe ndi onyansa kwambiri. Pa tapa pali china chake chonyansa kwambiri panjira zomwe mabungwewa amabisala kumbuyo kwa ntchito yotereyi ndikuyamikira mawu ndi kudzipereka kwa "zosiyanasiyana", zomwe zikukwaniritsa zomwe asitikali aku Afghanistan amamasula azimayi aku Afghani.
Kutsiliza
Mabungwe ambiri omwe siaboma amalimbikira zida monga Global Arms Trade Treaty. Koma tikawona kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ndi ochita ndale omwe amapindula ndi capitalism yankhondo, ndi momwe US, Israel, ndi opanga ena otsogola komanso ogwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo adakana kupezekapo mwezi watha Msonkhano wa Dublin Diplomatic on Cluster Munitions womwe unapanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woletsa zida zamagulu zomwe zimavulaza anthu wamba mosavomerezeka.[liv], ziyenera kuonekeratu kuti tiyenera kupyola njirazi kuti tiyang'ane ndi dongosolo lomwe limathandizira phindu lonyansa kwa ochepa, mopanda ndalama zambiri, kupyolera mu mgwirizano wankhondo ndi kupindula kwa nkhondo. Dongosolo limenelo ndi capitalism. Ife amene timafufuza tiyenera kupitiriza kuulula ndi kutsutsa zankhondo ndi nkhanza za capitalism m'njira zake zonse, m'madera athu, dziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko ena. Pochita izi tifunika kuthandizira, kumanga ndi kulimbikitsa mayendedwe ambiri omwe amamvetsetsa kugwirizana kwa nkhondo, kudalirana kwadziko lonse lapansi, phindu lamakampani, kupondereza kusagwirizana, "kusunga mtendere", "kumanganso", kuphwanya malamulo ndi kulimbikitsa anthu othawa kwawo, nkhanza kwa amayi, ndi utsamunda.
[I]Gil Scott-Heron. Gwirani Ntchito Mtendere. Zatengedwa mu chimbale mizimu, TVT Records, 1994.
[Ii]Thomas Friedman, 28 March 1999, New York Times Magazine, Manifesto ya dziko lofulumira
[III] http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/12/documents/eisenhower.speech/
[Iv]Onani http://stopthewall.org
[V]Nkhani za BBC. US-Mexico 'virtual mpanda' wakonzeka. February 23, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7260179.stm
[vi] www.cae.com
[vii]Jackie Northam. UK Firm idapereka mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri wachitetezo ku Iraq. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14586525
[viii]Mwachitsanzo,Ogwira ntchito ku DynCorp ku Colombia akuchita mgwirizano ndi dipatimenti ya boma la US mu zomwe zimatchedwa War on Drugs, achita nawo ntchito zolimbana ndi zigawenga (onani http://www.colombiajournal.org/colombia19.htm). Ogwira ntchito ndi oyang'anira angapo a DynCorp omwe adachita nawo ntchito zosungitsa mtendere za UN ku Balkan adachita uhule mphete zokakamiza, kuphatikiza ana. (onani Kelly Patricia O'Meara. US: DynCorp Disgrace. Insight Magazine. 14 January 2002, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11119)
[ix]Pratap Chatterjee. Outsourcing Intelligence ku Iraq: Lipoti la L-3/Titan. Chithunzi cha CorpWatch. 29 Epulo 2008. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15017; Titan, m'modzi mwa makontrakitala wamba omwe amagwira ntchito ku Pentagon komanso omwe antchito awo adazunza akaidi aku Iraq ku Abu Ghraib. Onani, mwachitsanzo, Peter Beaumont, makampani ozunza Abu Ghraib amalipidwa. The Observer, 16 January 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/16/usa.iraq
[x] Center for Public Integrity. http://www.publicintegrity.org/militaryaid/
[xi]Roland Simbulan. Asilikali Ankhondo aku US: Kugonjera Kogwirizana ndi Boma Losaloledwa. Bulatlat. Vol. VIII, No. 5, March 2-8, 2008. http://www.bulatlat.com/2008/03/u-s-military-forces-negotiated-subservience-illegitimate-government
[xii] http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?list=type&type=15
[xiii] http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2008/04/strategic-assets.html
[xiv] http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/board.asp?symbol=GD
[xv] Richard Sanders. Sitinanenedi "Ayi" ku Chitetezo cha Misisi.
http://www.policyalternatives.ca/MonitorIssues/2006/10/MonitorIssue1457/
[xvi]Tim Spicer,Woyambitsa ndi CEO wa Aegis, (yomwe ili ndi mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri wachitetezo ku Iraq), amene amakonda mawu oti 'gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi' kuposa 'msilikali', movomera amatchula izi ngati chitsanzo chambiri monga chitsanzo kwa asitikali apamwayi lero. Onani Tim Spicer. (1999). Msilikali Wachilendo: Mtendere ndi Nkhondo ndi Sandline Affair. Edinburgh: Kusindikiza Kwakukulu.
[xvii]Awa akuphatikizapo asilikali ndi apolisi akale aku Chile, South Africa, Bosnia, Filipino, Salvador ndi Colombia. Bill Berkowitz. Ma Mercenaries 'R' Us. AlterNet. 24 March 2004.http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/18193/; Danna Harman. Makampani amapita ku Latin America ku Iraq. Christian Science Monitor, 3 Marichi 2005.http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0303/p06s02-woam.html
[xviii] James Risen. Iraq Kontrakitala Mlandu Wowombera abwereranso. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/world/middleeast/10blackwater.html?ref=middleeast
[xix]CNN. Umboni wa zochitika za Blackwater: "Inali gehena". http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/10/02/blackwater.witness/index.html
[xx] Blackwater Padziko Lonse. Makhalidwe a Kampani. http://www.blackwaterusa.com/company_profile/core_values.html
[xxi]Steve Fainaru. Kumene Malamulo Ankhondo Sagwira Ntchito. Washington Post. 20 September 2007. http://www.puitzer.org/year/2008/international-reporting/works/fainaru05.html
[xxii] Christopher Hellman ndi Travis Sharp.Center za Kuwongolera Zida ndi Kusachulukitsa. Chaka Chachuma 2009 Pentagon Spending Request Briefing Book
http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/policy/securityspending/articles/fy09_dod_request/
[xxiii] http://yearbook2007.sipri.org/chap8
[xxiv]John Feffer. Mpikisano Wobisika wa Zida Zankhondo waku Asia. 16 February 2008. http://www.alternet.org/story/77225/
[xxv]Chaka chinanso cholembedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo mu 2008. Haaretz, 28 December 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/939217.html
[xxvi] http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/POL34/006/2006/en/dom-POL340062006en.html
[xxvii] SNC Imatsitsa zida zake. Montreal Gazette. 24 February 2006. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/business/story.html?id=b1770c43-b9f8-4c6e-bef4-386f75347dd0
[xxviii]Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). Nkhani Mozama: Kukhazikitsa Zida Padziko Lonse. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/arming-the-world/
[xxix] Helen Hughes. Bizinesi Yakufa Yaku Europe. Le Monde Diplomatique, 11 June 2006. http://mondediplo.com/2006/06/11armscontrol
[xxx] Mark Thomas (2006). Monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pa Nelson Mandela wotchuka. Kuwerenga: Ebury Press.
[xxxi] Anna Stavriankis (2008).Mawonekedwe a zida zankhondo http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/government/facade-2008-02.php
[xxxii] Amnesty International. China: Kupititsa patsogolo mikangano ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. June 2006.
[xxxiii] Constance Ikokwu. Chevron Kuti Ayang'anire Mayeso ku US Pa Kupha ku Nigeria. Lero (Lagos). 16 Ogasiti 2007. http://allafrica.com/stories/200708160007.html
[xxxiv] Wodzichepetsa. (May 2003). Ndalama zachitetezo chankhondo zawululidwa. http://dte.gn.apc.org/57Frp.htm
[xxxv]http://www.aegisworld.com/index.php/tim-spicer
[xxxvi]Roger Moody. The Mercenary Miner. Multinational Monitor. June 1997 http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/mm0697.09.html
[xxxvii] The Militarization of the World's Urban Peripheries, Americas Policy Programme Special Report (Washington, DC: Center for International Policy, http://americas.irc-online.org/am/4954
[xxxviii] Kollsman, Inc. Kollsman kutenga nawo gawo mu Membala wa Gulu la Boeing la Homeland Security la SBInet Programme kuti awonetse Technologies pa Border Management Summit, Oct. 23-25. Kutulutsidwa kwa atolankhani, 31 October 2006
http://www.kollsman.com/company/news/pr_10312006.asp
[xxxix] http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/sbinet/index.html
[xl] http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/11/78913.shtml
[xli] Aziz Choudry. (2003). Nkhondo, Globalization ndi WTO: Forever New Frontiers. Third World Network. http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/twr151n.htm
[xlii] Pangano Lalikulu pa Misonkho ndi Malonda, Art. XXI, Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-ll, 55 UTS 194
[xliii] Cynthia Enloe. (1983). Kodi Khaki Amakhala Inu? London: Pluto, p.87.
[xliv] Sunera Thobani. (2007). Maphunziro Okwezeka: Maphunziro pakupanga mtundu ndi dziko ku Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p.218.
[xlv]Onani, mwachitsanzo, Jean Bricmont. (2006). Humanitarian Imperialism: Kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu kugulitsa nkhondo. New York: Monthly Review Press, ndi Sherene Razack (2004). Ziwopsezo Zamdima ndi White Knights: The Somalia Affair, kusunga mtendere ndi imperialism yatsopano. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
[xlvi] http://www.northropgrumman.com/diversity/workforce.html
[xlvii] www.wids.ca/
[xlviii]www.defenceandsecurity.ca/
[xlix] http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?list=type&type=13
[l] http://www.raytheon.com/diversity/
[li] http://www.boozallen.com/careers/a_great_place_to_work/diversity
[lii] http://www.aegisworld.com
[liii]Nkhondo Yofuna. Ma mercenaries amakampani. http://www.waronwant.org/Corporate+Mercenaries+13275.twl
[liv] Christian Science Monitor, 30 May 2008. Kuletsa mabomba padziko lonse lapansi kumakokera makhalidwe abwino mumchenga. http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0530/p04s06-woeu.html