ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
Lingaliro la United States ndi mayiko ogwirizana nawo akumadzulo kuti alowererepo pankhondo polimbana ndi boma la Libyan a Muammar Gaddafi mwina lidaletsa kupha anthu, koma lili ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu zowononga miyoyo yambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kusokoneza mayendedwe olimbikitsa demokalase omwe akhala akusesa dziko la Aarabu m'miyezi yaposachedwa. Monga tafotokozera m'munsimu, zipolowe zotchuka za ku Libya zikadakhalabe ndi chikhalidwe chosachita zachiwawa m'masiku ake oyambirira, mwina sipakanakhala vuto lamagazi ndi zoopsa zina zomwe zikubwera pankhondoyi.
Chomwe chadziwika pakuchita bwino kwa zipolowe zotsutsana ndi olamulira ankhanza aku Tunisia ndi Aigupto, zovuta zodziwika bwino zaulamuliro wankhanza ku Yemeni ndi Bahrain komanso ziwonetsero zazing'ono zomwe zafalikira m'derali, ndikuti zidali zachibadwidwe ndipo sizinasokonezedwe ndi kulowererapo kwa mayiko akunja. Komanso, mwayi wa kusintha kwabwino ku demokalase pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa ulamuliro waulamuliro ndi wapamwamba kwambiri ngati kugonjetsedwa kumachokera ku gulu lalikulu lopanda chiwawa, lomwe limafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano waukulu wa mabungwe a anthu ndi mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano kuti izi zitheke. . Izi zikusiyana ndi kugonjetsedwa komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha nkhondo yachiwawa - motsogozedwa ndi gulu la anthu osankhika, lolamulidwa ndi zida zankhondo ndi kufunafuna mphamvu kupyolera mu mphamvu ya zida m'malo mwa kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ambiri - zomwe, nthawi zambiri, zangoyambitsa utsogoleri watsopano.
Kupereka thandizo lankhondo ku gulu losagwirizana, lolimbana ndi zida kumatanthauza kuti anthu ambiri akuphedwa; sizimachititsa kuti pakhale gulu lankhondo lodziletsa lotha kugonjetsa ulamuliro wokhala ndi zida zokwanira, komanso kukhazikitsa dongosolo lademokalase lokhazikika. Pamene kutsutsa kwakukulu kopanda chiwawa kunamasula mizinda ingapo ya Libyan mu February, makomiti otchuka a demokalase adakhazikitsidwa kuti azigwira ntchito ngati maboma apakati. Mwachitsanzo, Benghazi - mzinda wa anthu oposa miliyoni imodzi - adakhazikitsa boma latauni lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi komiti yokonzekera bwino ya oweruza, maloya, ophunzira, ndi akatswiri ena. Popeza kukana kwa Gaddafi kudayamba kukhala chiwawa, komabe, utsogoleri wa gululi ukuwoneka kuti ukuimiridwa ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu a nduna ndi akuluakulu ankhondo, omwe kwa zaka zambiri adagwirizana ndi wankhanzayo, omwe adachoka m'masabata apitawa komanso omwe amathandizira demokalase. ndi zokayikitsa.
Izi zikugogomezera kuti chifukwa chakuti boma lomwe lili pampando lingakhale loipa ndipo kukana ulamuliro kuli koyenera, m'malo mwake ukhoza kukhala woipitsitsa, zomwe zingatheke kwambiri ngati mphamvuzo zigwidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida. Mwachitsanzo, wina atha kunena kuti mujahidin yemwe akumenyana ndi Soviets ku Afghanistan mu 1980s analinso ndi chifukwa chabwino komanso kuti anthu wamba m'dzikolo amafunikanso kutetezedwa ku chiwopsezo cha milandu yayikulu yankhondo. Komabe, 80 peresenti ya mabiliyoni a madola a ndalama zothandizira ku United States zomwe zinatumizidwa kuti zithandize "omenyera ufulu" aku Afghanistan zinathera m'manja mwa Hezb-i-Islami, gulu laling'ono lochita monyanyira, lomwe linapha anthu masauzande ambiri a Afghanistani ndipo panopa likugwirizana. ndi a Taliban ndikuukira asitikali aku US.
Momwe Mungachepetsere Qaddafi
Ngakhale kuti Gaddafi ndi wankhanza komanso wopondereza, akadali ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Si alonda achilendo okha amene akumusunga pampando. Mโzaka zake 41 monga wolamulira, adalanda dzikolo kuchoka ku ulamuliro wautsamunda wautsamunda, ndikupangitsa kuti dziko likhale lonyada ndipo - ngakhale kuti anali wolamulira molakwika komanso mfundo zake zopanda pake - adatsogolera dziko lake kuti lifike pachiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri cha Human Development Index mu Africa, kupitilira anthu ambiri. maiko olemera omwe si a ku Africa monga Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Malaysia ndi Russia. Pali anthu ambiri aku Libya omwe, ngakhale sakusangalala ndi ulamuliro wa Qaddafi, sali okonzeka kuthandiza otsutsa.
Kuti zisinthe zolimbana ndi wolamulira wankhanza yemwe ali ndi zida zamphamvu komanso wozikika mozama kuti zitheke, gulu lotsutsa liyenera kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri kumbali yawo, monga zidachitikira ku Tunisia ndi Egypt. Anthu a ku Libya akuyenera kuchita nawo njira zomwe zidzapangitse kuti boma liziwoneka ngati lopanda malamulo komanso lachiwembu, kwinaku akudziwonetsa kuti ndi abwino komanso okonda dziko lawo.
Poganizira momwe mbiri yawo yakuzunzika muulamuliro wa atsamunda ndi kulowererapo kwa mayiko akunja kwapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Libya adziwike kuti ndi odana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, pali chiwopsezo chakuchita kwa mayiko kuchokera ku mabomba aku Western omwe angalimbikitse Gaddafi kuposa kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika pamakina opangira nkhondo a Gaddafi kungamufooketse.
Kuphatikiza apo, zigawenga za asitikali achitetezo - zofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa boma lothandizidwa ndi asitikali - zimakhala zochulukirapo akalamulidwa kuwombera ochita ziwonetsero opanda zida kuposa pomwe akuwukiridwa ndi asitikali akunja.
Pa nthawi ya ufulu wodzilamulira ku Kosovo m'zaka za m'ma 1990, United States ndi mayiko ena a Kumadzulo adayimilira - ndipo, pang'onopang'ono, adathandizira Milosevic - pamene Aalbania anali ogwirizana kwambiri pothandizira gulu lopanda chiwawa lotsogoleredwa ndi Ibrahim Rugova. ndi Democratic League of Kosovo. Zinali pamene gulu lachiwawa komanso lauvinism la Kosovo Liberation Army lidatsogolera pankhondo yodziyimira pawokha kumapeto kwa zaka khumi pomwe mayiko akumadzulo adalowererapo m'malo mwawo.
Ntchito yophulitsa mabomba ya NATO ya masabata a 11 idatenga miyoyo ya anthu wamba 500, idayambitsa chiwonongeko choyipa kwambiri ndikuwononga kwambiri zida za Serbia, ndikubwezeretsa kwakanthawi nkhondo ya demokalase ya Serbia (yomwe pamapeto pake idapambana pakuchotsa Milosevic mu chiwembu chopanda chiwawa mu Okutobala. 2000.) Ndondomeko ya US ndi NATO ku Kosovo inatumiza uthenga wolakwika: ngati muli odziletsa komanso osachita zachiwawa, tidzakunyalanyazani. Mukatenga zida, tidzakuthandizani.
Kupitiliza kuthandizira kwa US ku maboma a Yemeni ndi Bahrain pamene akupondereza mwankhanza magulu a demokalase omwe sali achiwawa pamene akubwera kudzathandiza otsutsa achiwawa aku Libyan amatumiza uthenga wolakwika.
Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti ife omwe tikufuna kuwona demokalase ikupambana ku Libya tikutsutsa nthano yoti njira yankhondo ndiyo njira yokhayo yothetsera kuponderezana ndi nkhanza za Gaddafi.
Kodi Nonviolence "Sizinagwire Ntchito"?
Zosintha zopanda chiwawa, zolimbikitsa demokalase ku Tunisia ndi Egypt mu Januware ndi February zidatsata zigawenga zambiri zopanda zida mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zomwe zagwetsa maulamuliro ankhanza m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikiza Serbia, Chile, Poland, Bolivia, Czechoslovakia, Nepal ndi Maldives. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale kuti boma likuponderezedwa, zionetsero zopanda chiwawa m'masabata aposachedwa zatsutsa kwambiri maboma a Yemen ndi Bahrain, pomwe ziwonetsero zazing'ono zachitika ku Syria, Oman, Sudan, Iraq, Algeria ndi Morocco.
Komabe, ku Libya kokha komwe nkhondo yolimbikitsa demokalase idasokonekera kukhala nkhondo yapachiweniweni yamagazi, yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowiringula chothandizira asitikali akunja.
Akatswiri ena ayesa kunena kuti izi ndi za Gaddafi, ponena kuti kusachita zachiwawa "sikungathandize" pamene akukumana ndi wankhanza wotere. Mbiri, komabe, yawonetsa mobwerezabwereza kuti olamulira ankhanza omwe anali ofunitsitsa ngati Qaddafi kuyambitsa ziwawa zazikulu kwa nzika zopanda zida adagonjetsedwa ndi zigawenga zazikulu zopanda ziwawa.
Kuchokera ku Philippines mpaka ku East Germany, olamulira opondereza omwe akukumana ndi zigawenga zopanda chiwawa alamula asilikali awo kuwombera makamu opanda zida, koma anawakaniza, kukakamiza olamulira ankhanza kugwa. Pa Januware 14, wolamulira wankhanza wa ku Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, adalengeza za ngozi ndipo adaletsa kusonkhana kwa anthu opitilira atatu, ndikuwopseza kuti "zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zachitetezo sizitsatiridwa." Poyankha, anthu masauzande ambiri a ku Tunisia adanyoza boma, molimba mtima akuguba Unduna wa Zam'kati wowopsa komanso kunyanyala kwakukulu kudatsekereza dzikolo. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo atauza pulezidenti kuti akana kulamula kuti achite ziwonetsero zopanda chiwawa, Ben Ali ndi banja lake anathawa m'dzikolo.
Mu 1991, a General Moussa Traorรฉ, wolamulira wankhanza ku Mali, adalamula asitikali ake kuti awombere ziwonetsero zopanda zida za demokalase, kupha mazana, koma gulu lotsutsa silinachite zachiwawa ndipo, m'masiku ochepa, asitikali okwanira adathawa kuti amukakamize. Mofananamo, General Suharto, amene analamulira Indonesia kwa zaka 33 ndipo anali ndi magazi ochuluka mโmanja mwake kuposa pafupifupi mtsogoleri aliyense wa theka lachiลตiri la zaka za zana la 20, amene anali ndi mlandu wachindunji wa imfa za anthu wamba zikwi mazanamazana a ku Indonesia ndi East Timorese. , anachotsedwa pampando wosagwirizana ndi zachiwawa mu 1998.
Ku Libya, ziwonetserozo sizinali zachiwawa kwenikweni sabata yoyamba ya zipolowe. Inali nthawi imeneyi pamene gulu lolimbikitsa demokalase linapindula kwambiri, ndipo linalanda mizinda yambiri ya kumโmaลตa kwa dzikoli. Zinalinso panthawiyi pomwe ambiri mwa mamembala a nduna ndi othandizira ena ofunikira a Gaddafi, akazembe aku Libya kumizinda yakunja ndi akuluakulu ankhondo adachitika. Oyendetsa ndege anagwetsa dala ndege zawo, anathawira ku ukapolo ndipo mwinamwake anakana kulamula kuti aphulitse mabomba ndi kusokoneza otsutsa. Asilikali masauzande ambiri anachoka kapena kukana kuwombera khamu la anthu, ngakhale kuti ankaopsezedwa kuti aphedwa.
Zinali pamene kupandukaku kunasintha kwambiri, komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa kusinthaku kunayimitsidwa ndipo posakhalitsa kunasinthidwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti United States ndi ogwirizana nawo awononge Libya.
Ndizowona kuti kupambana, kutchuka, kusagwirizana ndi boma la Libyan kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kwa magulu a demokalase kuposa ku Tunisia kapena Egypt, chifukwa Libya ndi zomwe asayansi andale amatcha "boma la rentier," dziko lomwe limachokera. gawo lalikulu la ndalama zake osati kuchokera ku ntchito kapena anthu ake, koma kuchokera ku "lendi" yazinthu zachilengedwe kupita kwa makasitomala akunja. Zotsatira zake, mabungwe a anthu amakhala ofooka kwambiri. Boma likapanda kudalira mgwirizano wa anthu ake kugwira ntchito, kulipira misonkho, kugwira ntchito mโmagulu achitetezo ndi kuchita ntchito zina zochirikiza ulamuliro wake, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuchotsa ulamulirowu chifukwa cha kusagwirizana. Ulamulirowu ukhoza kubweretsa antchito akunja, kudalira ndalama zamafuta ndikulemba ganyu ma mercenaries.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali njira zambiri zomwe otsutsa akanadalira, komanso kupewa zolakwa zina zomwe zimawonekera m'gawo loyamba la kuwukira.
Njira yanzeru ndiyofunikira pakuukira kulikonse, kaya ndi zida kapena zopanda zida. Kuwukira kwachiwembu kwa Libyan, mu gawo lake lopanda ziwawa, kudangoyang'ana kwambiri ziwonetsero za anthu ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti athane ndi kuponderezedwa kwa Gaddafi, m'malo modalira njira zosiyanasiyana - kuphatikiza kumenyedwa (komwe kukadakhala kothandiza kwambiri pamakampani amafuta), kunyanyala. , kuchepa, ndi mitundu ina yosagwirizanitsa. Mwachidule, kulephera kwa nkhondo yopanda chiwawa sikunali chifukwa chakuti kunali kopanda chiwawa, koma chifukwa sikunakonzedwe bwino mwadongosolo.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kulimbana ndi zida kuli ndi mwayi wopambana, komabe. Asilikali akutsutsa Gaddafi pamalo ake amphamvu pomwe ali ndi zabwino zonse ndipo, ndi njira zonse zopita ku likulu la Tripoli kudzera m'chipululu chopanda kanthu, sinthawi yabwino yomenyera nkhondo yachiwembu. Ndipo kuphako kwangowonjezereka kuchokera pamene gululi linakhala lachiwawa.
Ngakhale pano, ngati kutha kukhazikitsidwa, madera olamulidwa ndi zigawenga atha kulimbitsa dongosolo la demokalase lomwe anthu ena aku Libya angafune kutsanzira, pomwe osagwirizana m'malo olamulidwa ndi Qaddafi atha kuyambitsa ziwonetsero zingapo ndi zina zomwe - kuphatikiza. ndi zilango zapadziko lonse zomwe zikuyang'anizana ndi boma - zitha kufooketsa mphamvu ya wolamulira wankhanzayo kukana. Komabe, lonjezo lopitilizabe thandizo lankhondo la US ndi NATO lipangitsa kuti zisakhale zokayikitsa kuti mbali zonse zigwirizane ndi kuyimitsa moto komanso kusamvana kwamagazi kupitilira mpaka kalekale. Zotsatira zake, kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku Western - ngakhale kumawoneka kuti kunali kofunikira - kukanapangitsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire.