Dziko lapansi lili ndi zaka zoposa theka lazaka zambiri ndi mapulogalamu omwe amati amathandiza chilengedwe kapena kudyetsa dziko lapansi pamene akuchita zosiyana. Mavuto omwe adachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21 ndi kugwa kwachuma komanso zachilengedwe. Kodi tiwonjezere kupanga kuti tipeze ntchito zambiri ndikuvomereza kuwonongeka koyipa kwa chilengedwe? Kapena, kodi tiyenera kuteteza dziko lokhalamo pamtengo woyambitsa ulova wambiri?
Yankho lodziwika kwambiri ndi "Green New Deal" (GND): pangani "ntchito zobiriwira" kuti muyambitse chuma. Koma GND ikhoza kusapereka ntchito kwanthawi yayitali ndipo zitha kuwononga chilengedwe. Kukumba pansi pa mawonekedwe a GND kumafuna kufufuza banja lake: "Green Revolution", green capitalism ndi "Green Economy".
Green Revolution
Pamene ukapitalizimu unafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, njala ndi njala zinafalikira nawo. Kusunga chakudya ndi kugulitsa kwa omwe ali ndi zambiri kwakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa kugawana chakudya ndi omwe akufunikira.
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20, agribusiness adaganiza kuti mitundu yatsopano ya zomera ingakhale malo oyambira "Green Revolution" yomwe "idzadyetsa dziko lapansi". Malinga ndi a Stan Cox, majini ang'onoang'ono "amalola kuti mbewuyo iwononge mphamvu zochepa kuti ipange tsinde ndi masamba ndikulola mlimi kuthira feteleza wa nayitrogeni wambiri popanda kupangitsa kuti mbewuyo ikhale yayitali kwambiri ndikugwa". Koma mitundu yatsopanoyi inkafunika mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo inali yosatetezeka ku matenda.[1]
Kwa zaka zosachepera 10,000, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njere za “pollination” zomwe zitha kusonkhanitsidwa ndikubzalidwa chaka chamawa. Green Revolution idalimbikitsanso mbewu zosakanizidwa, makamaka za chimanga. Koma mbewu zosakanizidwa sizinabereke makhalidwe omwe alimi ankafuna. Amene amawagwiritsa ntchito ayenera kubwerera ku kampani yopanga mbewu chaka chilichonse. Ma hybrids adalimbikitsa kudalira kwaulimi.
Chimodzi mwachidule chazotsatira za chimanga chosakanizidwa chili munkhani ya Carmelo Ruiz ya Henry Wallace, wopita patsogolo pazaulimi yemwe anali Mlembi waulimi wa Franklin Roosevelt. Malinga ndi a Ruiz, "Zina mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za chimanga chosakanizidwa ndi kusavuta kukolola ndi makina." Minda ikuluikulu yokhala ndi "kufanana kwa majini idapangitsa kuti tizirombo tizikhala ndi maloto". Kukula kofulumira komanso kuwononga mankhwala ophera tizilombo pachonde chachilengedwe cha nthaka kunapangitsa kuti pafunika feteleza.
Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zokolola kunachititsa kuti: "pakati pa 1950 ndi 1980, malonda a chimanga ku US anachulukitsidwa kuwirikiza ka 20" [2, p 10] Zotsatira zinawonekeranso pakuwonjezeka kwa mtengo waulimi, umphawi wa alimi a mabanja, ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma mu ulimi.
Kodi umenewu unalidi mtengo umene unayenera kulipiridwa kuti “adyetse dziko”? Kodi ndizotheka kuti zokolola zomwezo ziwonjezeke zikadachitika ngati kafukufuku adapita mbali ina? Ruiz anagwira mawu Richard Lewontin yemwe ndi katswiri wa za majini pomalizira pake kuti: “Pafupifupi palibe amene anayesapo kuwongolera mitundu ya mitundu yotuluka mungu, ngakhale kuti umboni wa sayansi umasonyeza kuti ngati kukanati kuyesayesa mofananamo m’mitundu yoteroyo, ikanakhala yabwino kapena yabwinopo kuposa yamitundumitundu.”[ 2, tsamba 10]
Kafukufuku adayang'ana pakupanga ma hybrids chifukwa anali gawo limodzi lazofuna kuyika ndalama zambiri. Ochirikiza Green Revolution adazindikira vuto lenileni (njala), koma adayimba njira yothetsera bizinesi yayikulu yomwe idayambitsa mavuto ambiri momwe idathetsedwera. Panthawiyi, njira yochepetsetsa yotsika kwambiri inanyalanyazidwa.
Green capitalism
Mu 2010, a Forbes Nkhaniyi idayamika Coca-Cola chifukwa cha "kukhala wobiriwira". Pofuna kupanga chithunzi chake chobiriwira, Coke adapanga mgwirizano ndi Conservation International ndi World Wildlife Fund pamene amamaliza kulanda kampani ya tiyi ya organic, Honest Tea. Tom Philpott ananena kuti, pafupifupi panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Coke “ogawana nawo anavotera ndi malire a 3 mpaka 1 kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito BPA, mankhwala akupha a m’mafakitale, m’mizere ya zitini zake za zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi”.[3]
Coke ndi dontho limodzi chabe m'nyanja yazinthu zobiriwira. Mawebusayiti amakhala ndi chilichonse kuyambira zovala zobiriwira ndi magalimoto osakanizidwa kupita kutchuthi chokomera zachilengedwe. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, "Green Capitalism" yotereyi nthawi zambiri inkathandiza kudziwa zambiri za kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo ndi poizoni monga zitsulo zolemera ndi mankhwala. Koma sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito mobwerezabwereza m’njira zowononga chilengedwe.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino zamabizinesi ndi "mulch wa rabara". “Nyenje za mphira zimadziwika kuti ndi zovulaza thanzi la munthu; kuyambukira kumayambira pa kupsa mtima kwa khungu ndi m’maso mpaka kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chiwalo ngakhale imfa.”[4] Ngakhale kuti panali ngozi zoopsa zimene zinali m’matayala otayidwa, mabungwe anayamba kuwang’amba kuti apange milu ya mphira yokonza malo ndi kuika mabwalo a maseŵero a ana. Amachigulitsa ngati “chokonda chilengedwe” chifukwa chimagwiritsanso ntchito matayala m’malo mowatumiza kumalo otayirako zinyalala.
Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1980, anthu ochulukirachulukira anali kuchita nawo za acidization ya m’nyanja, kuwonongeka kwa ozoni wosanjikiza, kuwonongeka kwa gwero ngakhalenso mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (GHGs). Green Capitalism idachita bwino kwambiri ndi Earth Day ya 1990 pomwe, kudera lonse la US, omwe amadzinenera kuti ndi okonda zachilengedwe adatulutsa chisangalalo chawo pazogulitsa zachilengedwe. Monga Brian Tokar adalemba za chitetezo chawo chamakampani akuluakulu,
Pochepetsa zinyalala, kukonzanso pang'ono zachilengedwe zomwe zidawonongeka, kuyika ndalama pamagetsi ongowonjezedwanso, komanso kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe, mafuta, mankhwala ndi mafakitale ena oyipitsa kwambiri amakhala "oyang'anira" chilengedwe.[5, tsamba 74]
Osangalala kwambiri ndi akatswiri a zachilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti apita patsogolo kwambiri—mabungwe a mabungwe akuluakulu anayamba kutsanzira mawu awo. Ena ankasiyanitsa zinthu zobiriŵira zabodza ndi zimene amakhulupirira kuti ndi “zobiriŵira kwenikweni,” monga zimbudzi za kompositi, zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, magetsi adzuwa, makina oyendera mphepo, ndi mafuta opangira mafuta.
Mpaka lero, mikangano idakalipo ponena za chida chomwe chili kapena chomwe sichili chobiriwira. Ena angachite zodabwitsa—koma ngati anali mbali ya kuchotsa zinthu zowononga chilengedwe. Zogulitsa zina zobiriwira zimayima momveka bwino panjira zothetsera mavuto. Galimoto yamtundu uliwonse "yobiriwira" imakhalabe cholepheretsa kupanga malo oyendako / okwera njinga omwe sakonda magalimoto.
Cholakwika chachikulu cholimbikitsira zinthu "zobiriwira kwenikweni" ndikukhulupilira kuti kuzigula kungatanthauze kuti zinthu zomwe sizili zobiriwira sizigulidwa. Izi sizichitika kawirikawiri. Tengani mayendedwe. Kuyenda motsatira chilengedwe kumafuna kudalira kwambiri magalimoto. Motero, kudzipereka kowonjezereka kwa njinga. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti akupangidwa magalimoto ochepa. Pamene anthu akuyenda kwambiri, njinga sizikulowa m'malo mwa magalimoto, koma zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera pa magalimoto.
Izi zimachitika mu Green Capitalism yonse. Zabwino kwambiri, zinthu "zobiriwira" zimalowa m'malo mwa zinthu zosabiriwira pomwe zimalimbikitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti chisangalalo chimabwera chifukwa chogula zinthu. Koma nthawi zambiri, amangopanga misika yatsopano yobiriwira kuti ithandizire kukula kwa capitalism.
Odzipereka a dzuwa/mphepo nthawi zambiri amaseka okonda zachilengedwe akugulitsa magalimoto "obiriwira" kuti ayimitse ku McMansions "wobiriwira". Koma chikhulupiriro chawo mu mphamvu ya dzuwa/mphepo chimasonyeza chikhulupiriro chomwecho chakuti kugula chinthu choyenera kungalowe m'malo mwa kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. "Green consumerism" ndiye mbali yakutsogolo ya "green capitalism". Wogula amavomerezabe kuti kusankha kwa ogula payekha kumatha kuthetsa mavuto a chilengedwe.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo pamene malingaliro a Green Capitalism anali kukula, mikangano yaikulu inali kukulirakulira. Anthu ankafuna kuti zotenthera ndi zinthu zina zapoizoni zitsekedwe, maboma azitsatira malamulo oletsa kupha poizoni, ndiponso kuti alembe malamulo atsopano okhwimitsa malamulo.
Koma mabungwe adalimbana mwamphamvu ndi Precautionary Principle, yomwe ingafune kuti zinthu zitsimikizidwe kuti ndi zotetezeka zisanachitike. Pakhala kuchepa kwa kupanga kovulaza, nthawi zambiri zakhala chifukwa cha zionetsero za anthu komanso/kapena milandu. [6] Apanso, tikuwona kuti malingaliro apamwamba apamwamba (zatsopano) sanathetse vuto lomwe lilipo (kupanga poizoni) koma ukadaulo wochepa (zotsutsa ndi zochita zamalamulo) zakhala zoyambira pazopambana zambiri.
Green Capitalism imayankha nkhani yeniyeni: kupanga komwe kumakhala kovulaza antchito, madera, ogula ndi zachilengedwe. Limapereka mayankho abodza aŵiri: (a) kumenyetsa chizindikiro chobiriwira pa zinthu zakale zomwezo ndi (b) kulonjeza kuti njira zina zabwino zidzalowa m’malo mwa zoipa pamene, kwenikweni, amawonjezera mizere yatsopano ya mankhwala.
Ngati muchotsa poizoni m'modzi pakupanga ndi fani yayikulu ndikulowetsa mwachidziwitso poizoni awiri, vuto lakula kwambiri pomwe dipatimenti ya Public Relations imapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziwoneka bwino. Ngakhale kuti zasintha apa ndi apo, kupanga kwa poizoni kwakula kwambiri pansi pa "njira" ya Green Capitalism.
Economy Yachilengedwe
Ngakhale "Green Economy" nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi "Green Capitalism", pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Green Capitalism imatanthawuza mabizinesi pawokha omwe akugulitsa zinthu zawo, ndi uthenga wosakambidwa kuti anthu atha kugula njira yawo yopulumukira ku chilengedwe. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwaposachedwa kwa mawu oti "Green Economy" ndikuyikanso chizindikiro cha zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi zikuwonetsedwa m'mapangano omwe adachokera kumisonkhano yayikulu kuphatikiza Kyoto, Japan (1997), ndi Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2012).
Green Revolution ndi Green Capitalism zidakhazikitsidwa pakusintha kwaukadaulo ndipo chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kuzimvetsetsa kuposa Green Economy, yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakuwongolera zamalamulo pamachitidwe azamalonda. Green Economy ndiyonso kuyankha kwamakampani pakusokonekera kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ngakhale imati imathetsa mavuto ambiri azachilengedwe. Kutchuka kwa njira zake zogulitsira mpweya kunakula m'zaka khumi zoyambirira zazaka za zana la 21 pomwe kuwonongeka kwa kusintha kwanyengo kudayamba kukula kwambiri.
Cholinga chachikulu cha malonda a carbon chinali chakuti makampani onse aziyamba ndi kuchuluka kwa ziphaso (kapena zilolezo kapena mbiri) zopatsa ufulu wotulutsa poizoni wina. Ngati kampaniyo ipeza kuti ikhoza kupanga ndalama zambiri mwa kupitiriza (kapena kuonjezera) mlingo wake wa kuipitsa, ikhoza kugula zilolezo kuchokera ku kampani ina yomwe inatha kukwaniritsa cholinga chake. Popeza kuti bungwe logulitsa zilolezo lipeza ndalama zowonjezera pakuwononga pang'ono, lingakhale ndi mpikisano wopikisana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuwononga pang'ono kudzaloledwa, motero kumapangitsa kuti msika ukhale wovuta kwambiri pa udindo wa chilengedwe.
Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo afunikira kulimbitsidwa chiyambire pamene oyambirirawo analembedwa, malonda a kuipitsa dziko anayambira m’malingaliro olinganizidwa kuwafooketsa. Al Gore atapita ku msonkhano wa nyengo ku Kyoto mu 1997, adanena kuti US idzasaina mgwirizano pokhapokha ngati zinthu ziwiri zitakwaniritsidwa: "kuti kuchepetsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kumakhala kocheperapo kusiyana ndi momwe anafunira poyamba, komanso kuti kuchepetsa kulikonse kuchitidwe malonda ozikidwa pamsika a 'ufulu woipitsa.'” [5, pp 82-3]
Modabwitsa kwambiri, Gore adakhala okondedwa a anthu okonda zachilengedwe chifukwa omenyera ufulu adamuwukira mwankhanza chifukwa cholimbikitsa. aliyense miyezo ya carbon. M'malo mwake, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti panthawiyo ndiye adathandizira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti mapanganowo akuchokera pazachuma chaulere. Ngakhale olamulira a Bush omwe akubwera adalephera kusaina mapangano a Kyoto, adavomerezedwa ndi EU, yomwe Emissions Trading System (ETS) idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2005.
Choyipa chachikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro amsika waulere kuti muchepetse kuwononga chilengedwe ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti misika "yaulere" ilipo. Chiyambireni bungwe loyamba kukhazikitsidwa, lachita zonse zomwe lingathe kuti lipeze zabwino zapadera ndi kusamasulidwa kwa maboma. Malingaliro azachuma a msika waulere amatero osati perekani zolinga zabwino zomwe zingathe kukonzedwa bwino ndi kuwongolera-ndizokopa zautsi kuti zikoke zivundikiro za maubwenzi ogonana pakati pa mabungwe ndi maboma omwe amadzinamiza kuti akuwalamulira.
Zina mwazopereka zambiri zopezeka ndi malonda a kaboni ndi njira zoyikiramo ndi:
- mabungwe a “agogo aamuna” powapatsa ziwongola dzanja zaulere m'malo mowalipiritsa;
- "godfathering" mafakitale oipitsa kwambiri monga zitsulo ndi simenti powapatsa zilolezo zowonjezera;
- kulola mabizinesi kuti apititse patsogolo mitengo kuchokera pakugula zilolezo zoipitsa kwa ogula kudzera pamitengo yokwera;
- kulola mabungwe kuti apitilize (kapena kuonjezera) kuwononga chilengedwe pogula ngongole kuchokera kumayiko osauka polonjeza kuti sadzayamba ntchito yomwe siinayambe; ndi,
- kulolera machenjerero owerengera ndalama, monga kampani yogula ngongole, kuzigwiritsa ntchito potsatira zofunikira, kenako ndikugulitsa zilolezo zofanana.
Posakhalitsa, “zowononga” za carbon zinagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mapapo a Dziko Lapansi m’lingaliro lakuti, “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation” (REDD). REDD idapangidwa kuti ilole mayiko olemera kugula ngongole kumayiko osauka omwe adalonjeza kuti sadzadula nkhalango.
Limodzi mwa mavuto oyipitsitsa a mtundu wa REDD wa zochotserako ndikuti nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti anthu okhala m'nkhalango athamangitsidwe m'nyumba zawo kuti malo omwe akhalapo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri asakhale opanda kanthu. Ochirikiza REDD amanena kuti malo okhala ndi nkhalango ayenera kukhala opanda anthu kuti “atetezedwe.”[7] Amwenye amtundu akachoka, palibe amene angawone, kupereka lipoti ndi kuletsa kudula mitengo mosaloledwa.
Green Revolution ndi Green Capitalism zidakankhira mayankho aukadaulo apamwamba pomwe njira zina zaukadaulo zotsika zikadathana ndi mavuto omwe adadziwika. Ndi Green Economy, omwe amalimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wanyengo amapewa mayankho enieni:
1. Njira yochepetsera kuyaka kwamafuta ndi kufuna kuti mafakitale aziwotcha mafuta ochepa; ndi,
2. Njira yochepetsera kugwetsa nkhalango m’mayiko osauka ndiyo kupeza thandizo kwa amene akhala m’nkhalango osati kuwathamangitsa.
Monga momwe zinalili ndi Green Revolution ndi Green Capitalism, Green Economy imapanga mavuto atsopano popanda kuthetsa mavuto omwe akuwaganizira. Popeza zakhala zikugwira ntchito, GHGs yawonjezeka-ndipo pokhapokha panthawi ya kuchepa kwachuma. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pang'ono poyerekeza ndi tsiku lantchito”.[5]
Green New Deal
Pamene mavuto azachuma kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 21 akukulirakulira, mphamvu zamapiko akumanja zimafuna kuti pakhale zochepetsera komanso "zovuta." Omenyera chilungamo pazachuma amapempha kuti awonjezere mapulogalamu otsimikizira ntchito. Akatswiri azachilengedwe akulimbikira kwambiri kuti achepetse kuwotcha kwamafuta. Mbali ziwirizi nthawi zambiri zimalankhulana mopitirira malire, mwina kunyalanyaza chilengedwe kapena ntchito za mayankho awo.
Green New Deal (GND) imalimbikitsa ntchito za anthu potengera ntchito zosunga chilengedwe. Kodi izo zikhoza kukhalandi njira yosavuta? Koma yankho lokhalo limabweretsa mavuto. GND sitha kubweretsa ntchito zonse kapena china chilichonse pafupi nayo. Kupanga kobiriwira sikungalowe m'malo mwa kupanga kosabiriwira, koma kumangopanga njira yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo chuma. Kupanga kobiriwira komweko kungayambitse nkhondo za Conquest of Green Territories. Kwenikweni, “kulanda nthaka” kumene kukuchitika ku Latin America ndi ku Africa kukuwoneka kukhala gawo loyamba la nkhondo zoterozo.[10]
Ndipo pali njira zina zomwe zimakhala zosavuta komanso zosavutikira. Ngati anthu sagwira ntchito, bwanji osangogawana ntchito zomwe zilipo pakati pa aliyense pochepetsa sabata yantchito? Ngati anthu akuthamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo, bwanji osakhala ndi lamulo loletsa kutsekedwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa? Ngati anthu ena alibe zokwanira zimene amafunikira kuti apulumuke, bwanji osasintha n’kuyamba kupanga zinthu zopirira kuti aliyense akhale ndi zimene akufunikira? Zonsezi zikhoza kuchitika pamene mukuwotcha mafuta ochepa kwambiri. Zimenezi nzowona makamaka ngati tichepetsa kupanga zinthu zimene sitikuzifuna, kuphatikizapo (koma osati kokha) magalimoto oti munthu akhale mmodzi, simenti ya nyumba za inshuwaransi yamankhwala, ndi zida zokwanira kupha aliyense padziko lapansi nthaŵi zambirimbiri.[11]
The New Deal idawululidwa. The New Deal (ND) idamanga mapulojekiti omwe US imafuna. Koma nthano zimalola chipani cha Democratic Party kuti chidzitamande chifukwa chothetsa ulova muchuma chamtendere, chomwe chidalephera kuchita. Lipoti lapadera la Gabriel Kolko pa ND limathetsa malingaliro olakwika angapo. Zimaphatikizapo zikhulupiriro zabodza zomwe Purezidenti Herbert Hoover sanachitepo kanthu kuti ayankhe kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe kunayamba mu 1929 ndi kuti Franklin Roosevelt adachita kampeni ya New Deal.[12]
Mwina chinyengo chachikulu ndikuti ND idathetsa ulova. Kuyang'ana pa ziwerengerozi kukuwonetsa kuti kusowa kwa ntchito kunali 4.2% kutangotsala pang'ono kukhumudwa mu 1928, kukwera mpaka 23.6% mu 1932, kutsika mpaka 16.0% mu 1936 ndikukwera mpaka 19.0% mu 1938.
Chochitika chachikulu cha mbiriyakale chomwe chimachepetsa ulova nthawi zonse chinali kukula kwakukulu kwa kupanga komwe kunatsagana ndi kulowa kwa US mu WWII. Ulova ukanachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi lamulo la Black Bill kwa sabata lantchito ya maola 30. Koma mabizinesi akuluakulu adatsutsa mwamphamvu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti FDR isawathandize.
Global Green New Deal. Mu 2008, Geoffrey Lean analemba kuti ndondomeko ya UN ya Green New Deal "idzakhazikitsidwa ku London sabata yamawa". Ananenanso kuti GND "ikutengera kudzoza kwake kuchokera ku New Deal ya Franklin Roosevelt, yomwe inathetsa kukhumudwa kwa 1930s". Atsogoleri a bungwe la United Nations analonjeza kuti “‘kukula kobiriwira’ kudzapulumutsa chuma cha padziko lonse.[13]
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, bungwe la UN lidatulutsa kufotokoza kwake kwakukulu kwa pulani yapadziko lonse lapansi yochira yotchedwa Global Green New Deal (GGND). Mndandanda wa ogwirizana nawo unaphatikizapo International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Bank, ndi World Trade Organization (WTO).[14, p ii].
Ndi kuukira koopsa pamikhalidwe ya anthu ogwira ntchito kukhala njira yayikulu yothanirana ndi mavuto azachuma kuyambira mu 2008, chikalata cha UN chinatsimikizira kuti padakali mapiko "omasuka" omwe amawona kuti kukula kolimbikitsidwa ndi boma kukakhala njira yabwino yopulumutsira. : “chuma cha padziko lonse chikufunika chilimbikitso choperekedwa ndi GGND chifukwa msika wosalamuliridwa sungathe kudzidzutsa wokha…” [14, p 4]
GGND idapangidwa kuti ikulitse Green Capitalism ndi Green Economy. Limanena mosapita m’mbali kuti nkhani zachuma ziyenera kuganiziridwa monga ndandanda ya njira zaumisiri: “Mayankho aumisiri adzakhala osonkhezera kwambiri kusintha kwa chuma chobiriwira.”[14, p. . M'malo mwake, ikufuna kumangiriza "kusintha" kwachuma kumisika yapadziko lonse ya carbon ndi REDD.[16, pp 14, 2].
Bungwe loganiza za UN lidatulutsa buku la fashoni zobiriwira zomwe zimapatutsa chidwi ku mayankho enieni. Mwachitsanzo, ikuganiza kuti GGND ipangitsa nyumba kuti ikhale yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri koma osanena za umboni wochuluka womwe ulipo tsopano wosonyeza kuti kuyendetsa bwino kumapangitsa mphamvu kukhala yotsika mtengo, zomwe zimabweretsa kukula kwachuma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri [14, pp 6, 19]. Sizikuwonetsa kumvetsetsa kuti kukhala ndi malo ocheperako pamunthu kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri kuposa kuphatikiza kwa zida zamagetsi zingapo.[15].
Popanda ngakhale lingaliro la kukonzanso m'matauni kuti achepetse mtunda woyenda, likulingalira zosiyana, "kuthandiza" mayiko osauka powakokera m'mapangano a malonda a mayiko omwe angapitirize mtunda woti katundu wopangidwa amanyamulidwa.
Gawo laulimi la GGND limatchulapo mwachidule za “zinthu za ulimi wa organic”, koma silinatchulepo pa ulimi wa nyama. [14, p 8] Nyama imakhala ndi ma GHG ambiri kuposa zokolola zina zonse ndipo imaposa GHG ya gawo lonse la zoyendera. [16]
Dongosolo la mphamvu za bungwe la UN limakhulupirira kuti pakufunika “kupanga magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwwdwanso monga mphepo, dzuwa, mafunde ndi geothermal”.[14, p 7] Koma chiyembekezo chake chokha chochepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta otsalira zakale ndi “misika yapadziko lonse lapansi ya mpweya wa kaboni” ndipo kumafuna kufooka kwapadziko lonse. kuchepetsa modzifunira kwa ndalama zothandizira mafakitale opangira mafuta. [14, pp 2, 10] Popanda ndondomeko yoletsa kuchotsa, kuyenga ndi kugulitsa mafuta opangira mafuta, bungwe la UN likuyembekeza kuwonjezera msika wina wamafuta pamwamba pa msika wamafuta omwe alipo. monga njira yowonjezera msika wonse wamagetsi.
Lowani ku European Greens. Gulu la "Green New Deal Group" la ku Britain linali likuganiza kale za GND. Zokambirana za 2009 pakati pa Chipwirikiti mkonzi Tadzio Mueller ndi Frieder Otto Wolf, membala woyamba wa German Green Party, anajambula mizere yakuthwa. Mueller adanena kuti cholakwika chofunikira mu GND chinali kukhala "choyendetsa kukula". Wolf adanenanso kuti GND idzatsegula mwayi wakumanzere poyankha "kuvuta katatu" kwamphamvu, nyengo komanso mavuto azachuma. Wolf sanayankhepo zotsutsana za Mueller zonena kuti GND inali nsanja yowonjezeretsa kupanga, komwe kuli gwero la zovuta zachilengedwe.[17]
European Green Parties (GPs) posakhalitsa idapanga GND kukhala maziko amalingaliro awo azachuma. Pofika mchaka cha 2010, zolembedwa monga "Chifukwa chiyani tikufunika Mgwirizano Watsopano Wobiriwira" zidadziwika kwambiri patsamba la The Greens ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Europe.[18]
Mosiyana ndi pepala lovomerezeka la UN, malo a European GP ali ndi mawu omveka bwino (monga zotsutsa za poizoni wakupha njuchi ndi zakudya zowonongeka ndi GMO). Ulusi womwe ukudutsa mumalingaliro a European Green ndikukhazikitsa ntchito. Koma sapanga lingaliro la sabata lalifupi lantchito ndipo akuwoneka kuti sadziwa kuti gulu lazachilengedwe lidzafuna ntchito yocheperako. Mwachitsanzo, amavomereza cholinga chabwino kwambiri cha "malo oyendamo", koma popanda ndemanga pa mfundo yodziwikiratu kuti ngati anthu akuyenda m'malo moyendetsa magalimoto, padzakhala kuchepa kwakukulu kwa magalimoto (komanso mafakitale onse okhudzana nawo). Kuyitanira kwawo kwa malo oyendako kumatsutsidwa ndi malingaliro a magalimoto owonjezera amagetsi. [19]
Dongosolo lawo la magalimoto ambiri amagetsi amatsutsana ndi kuyitana kwa magetsi ochepa kuchokera ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya [20, p 3]. Mapepalawa ali ndi malingaliro ambiri omwe amatsutsana wina ndi mzake kotero kuti owerenga amangodabwa ngati a GPs a ku Ulaya ali ndi njira yogwirizana.
A GP aku Europe amafuna zinthu zolimba kwambiri, zomwe ndi gawo lofunikira pomanga anthu obiriwira. Koma iwo saganizira motsatira tanthauzo lake. Ngati malonda adapangidwa kuti azikhala nthawi yayitali, zinthu zambiri zocheperako zidzafunika ndipo nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito ndiyofunikira.
Kutsutsana kwakukulu m'mabuku a European GP ndi momwe amachitira ndi kukula kwachuma. Iwo akupereka lingaliro la kumvetsetsa vutolo: “kukula kwacheperachepera ndi kupangidwa kwa ntchito kapena kuchepetsa kusagwirizana”.[18, p.
M'malo mwake, a European Greens samavomereza mkangano waukulu pakati pa akatswiri azachilengedwe okhudzana ndi gawo la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa popanga chuma chokhazikika. Amakhulupirira kuti Europe iyenera kukhala ndi "100% yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera pofika 2050 posachedwa".[19] Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe Jacobson ndi Delucchi amatsutsa kwambiri kuti dziko likhoza kupeza "kutembenuka kwa 100% ku mphepo, mafunde ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa" pofika chaka cha 2030.[21]
Kuyang'anitsitsa kochitidwa ndi Ted Trainer kukuwonetsa zolakwika zambiri pakuwerengera kwawo.[22] Chotsutsa choyipa kwambiri ndikuwunika kwa Corner House komwe Jacobson ndi Delucchi akunena molakwika "kuti anthu ndi ukadaulo ndizosiyana". [23, p 52] Olemba a Corner House amaumirira kuti, mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti "makina amakhala ndi moyo wawo." mwini”. kwenikweni "amatengedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe, zachuma ndi ndale".[23, p 52]
Ubale wofunikira kwambiri ku GND ndi ngati capitalism yoyambirira yazaka za zana la 21 ikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina m'malo mwa mafuta oyaka kapena kuzigwiritsa ntchito pochepetsa okonda zachilengedwe pomwe ikuwonjezera kutulutsa mafuta. Pofufuza mozama za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, Richard York adapeza kugwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi la mphamvu zina "zosachepera gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a mphamvu yamafuta amafuta ndipo kusamukako kunali 10% yokha yamagetsi".[24, p 1] Olemba a The Corner House akuti chikhulupiriro cha mbiri yakale cha Jacobson ndi Delucchi mu mphamvu zina monga njira yothetsera mafuta otsalira pansi pa nthaka "chimawonetsa mtundu woopsa wa matsenga a makina".[23, p 62]
M'malo motsegula zokambirana za ntchito ya mphamvu zina m'magulu a capitalist, a European GPs amatseka chitseko, kutanthauza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa gawo limodzi la mphamvu ya dzuwa kumatanthauza kuchepetsedwa kwa gawo limodzi la mphamvu yamafuta. Amanyalanyaza kuchuluka kwa olemba omwe kwa zaka zambiri awona kuti dzuwa ndi mphepo zitha kutenga gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga tsogolo labwino la anthu. butif ndipo ngati timachepetsa kupanga.
Choyipa kwambiri ndi mfundo za GP zomwe zimatsogolera kukukula. Amavomereza mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu (EE) mwamphamvu monga UN, osakhudzidwa mofanana kuti EE imabweretsa zambiri, osati zochepa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Kuyitanitsa kwawo njira zomwe "zingathandize kupanga ntchito", popanda kuyitana kuti achepetse maola ogwira ntchito, de A facto lingaliro la kukula kwachuma.[19]
Njira yosiyana ingakhale kupempha kuchepetsa kwakukulu komwe kungapangitse gestalt yogwirizana ndikugwirizanitsa malingaliro monga 100% ya mphamvu kuchokera ku mphamvu ya dzuwa / mphepo, ntchito kwa onse, madera ozungulira komanso zinthu zokhazikika. Izi zitha kukhala kuchepetsedwa mu:
- maola ogwira ntchito;
- kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse (osati mafuta otsalira); ndi,
- okwana mafakitale kupanga.
Ntchito yayikulu ya pulogalamu yayikulu ya GP ingakhale kufotokoza momwe zochepetsera zofunikazi zingakwaniritsidwe ndikuwongolera moyo wabwino. Koma pulogalamu ya European GP pa "Industry" imalimbikitsa momveka bwino kukula. Amatsimikizira atsogoleri amakampani za dongosolo lomwe "limalimbikitsa chuma."[20, pp 3, 5]
Greens ku US. M'nkhani ya 2011 mu Capitalism Nature Socialism, David Schwartzman akutsindika kuti GND ikhoza kupereka kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha post-capitalist ndi akatswiri a zachilengedwe ndi ogwira ntchito akugwirizanitsa pamodzi ndi pulogalamu ya ntchito zobiriwira. Amatsutsana ndi omwe amakana GND chifukwa sichikufuna kukhazikitsidwa mwamsanga kwa socialism. Kukanidwa koteroko kulibe njira iliyonse yolimbana ndi magulu.[25]
Kusapezekanso pakuwunika kwa Schwartzman kukunena za kulimbikitsana kwakukulu kwa mafakitale ochotsa, kuphatikiza migodi padziko lonse lapansi komanso zotsutsana ndi mafuta ndi malasha ku US. Kuyambira pomwe nkhani yake idasindikizidwa, mikangano yolimbana ndi fracking yakula. Kulimbikitsa kwake kwa mgwirizano wobiriwira wa buluu kuli pa cholinga, koma, bwanji osabweretsa otsutsa mafuta a mafuta ndi ntchito pamodzi ndi pulogalamu ya sabata lalifupi kwambiri la ntchito, nthawi yochuluka yopuma komanso kulamulira kwa demokarasi?
Pamene Jill Stein adathamangira Purezidenti mu 2012 akuyimira Green Party ya US (GPUS), mawu ake akuluakulu a kampeni adayankhula "A Green New Deal for America". Kulankhula kumeneko kumabwereza magawo ambiri abwino a pulogalamu ya GPUS yolimbana ndi chilungamo cha anthu koma sikunena za malire a kukula.
Zolankhula za zisankho za GPUS zili ndi zolakwika zofanana ndi ma manifesto a European GP. Ikubwereza zonena kuti Roosevelt a "Mapulogalamu Atsopano a Deal adatithandiza kuchoka ku Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu" ndipo ndi chitsanzo chothetsa ulova. Cholinga chake ndi "kusintha ku chuma chomwe 100% ya magetsi athu amapangidwanso" popanda kuzindikira kuti 100% mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zimatha kuwonetsa chuma chomwe chili chochepa kwambiri kuposa cha US.[26]
Limanena mwanzeru kuti “kukulitsa chuma chathu kumachepetsanso zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osatha omwe angathe kupewedwa, omwe amawononga ndalama zokwana 75% za chithandizo chamankhwala”.[26] Wolembayo sakuwona kutsutsana pakati pa kuchepetsa malonda a matenda olemera kwambiri (omwe angachepetse GDP yonse) ndikuti malonda obiriwira adzakulitsa chuma.
Ziyembekezo zabodza motsutsana ndi mantha enieni. Sizingakhale zodabwitsa kupeza GND ikugulitsidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri kumadera omwe angavutike kwambiri. Anthu akuda aku US akhala akuvutika maganizo kosatha ndipo akusowa thandizo mwamsanga. Pamene ulova wa azungu unali 6.9% mu August 2012, ulova wa anthu wakuda unaima pa 14.8%. Ulova ndi wowononga kwambiri makamaka kwa omwe ali ndi chuma chochepa cha iwo eni kapena achibale omwe angabwerere. Bill Quigley ananena kuti azungu "ali ndi chuma chochuluka kuwirikiza ka 27 kuposa anthu akuda ndi chuma chochuluka kuwirikiza ka 22 kuposa Latinos".[15]
Pamwamba, GND ingawoneke ngati yankho labwino. Koma zimasiya kuti midzi yamitundu imangovutika ndi cholowa chogawa chuma chosagwirizana, komanso cholowa cha zinyalala zapoizoni, zotenthetsera zakupha ndi zonyansa zina zamakampani. Monga tafotokozera, Green Economy sichimalola kupanga poizoni ndi kupanga "zobiriwira" - zimawonjezera "zobiriwira" pamwamba pa ziphe zomwe zilipo kuti ziwonjezere kukula kwa capitalist. Chifukwa chakhazikika pamwala wapangodya wa kukula kwachuma, GND ingakhale ndi zotsatira zofanana.
Ziribe kanthu kuti mankhwalawo anali "wobiriwira" chotani, zingatanthauze kuchuluka kwa ziphe kuchokera ku migodi, kukonza, kupanga, kuyendetsa ndi kutaya mkati mwa moyo wonse wa GND. Madera omwe angavutike kwambiri ndi izi ndi omwe akuti amathandiza: madera opeza ndalama zochepa.
David Bacon akulemba zomwe kukula kwachuma kumatanthauza kukana kwa Zapotec ku migodi ya golidi ndi siliva kum'mwera kwa Mexico, zomwe zapangitsa kupha kangapo kwa otsutsa mgodi. Migodiyo ingawononge madzi amene anthu a m’midzi amadalira kuti apeze madzi n’kusiya madzi oipa a cyanide m’maenje aakulu opanda mpweya.[29] Ku US ndi Canada, zovuta zomwe zimadziwika bwino kwambiri ndizomwe zimatsutsana ndi mchenga wa fracking ndi phula. Kwa anthu wamba padziko lonse lapansi, nkhondoyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimbana ndi mabungwe omwe amakumba mchere. Pofika zaka khumi zachiwiri za m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, mazana kapena mwina zikwi zambiri zolimbana ndi kukula kwachuma kwa mafakitale ochotsamo zida zinayambika.
Chikhulupiriro chakhungu kuti kukula = ntchito ndizowononga. Chuma chinakula mowirikiza 300 pakati pa 1913 ndi 2005. [30] Izi zinali zochulukirachulukira kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti aliyense atha kukhala ndi ntchito zingapo ngati atachoka pakukula. Kukula sikungapereke china chilichonse kuposa kukonza kwakanthawi kwa ulova. Ogwira ntchito amafunika ntchito, osati kukula kwachuma.
Mizinda yamkati yaku US iyenera kumangidwanso m'njira yosagwirizana ndi kukula kwachuma. Tidayenera kuphunzira kuchokera ku New Deal kuti pulogalamu yogwira ntchito zapagulu silingapereke ntchito zanthawi yayitali muzachuma zomwe zimadalira ulova kuti agwetse malipiro. Kumanganso mizinda yamkati kungathe kuchitidwa nthawi imodzi ndi sabata lalifupi la ntchito ngati tichepetsa kupanga zowononga. Kuwunika kwanzeru kwachuma kungafotokozere njira yomanganso yophatikizidwa mu chithunzi chokulirapo chochepetsera zomwe zili zopanda ntchito pagulu.
Omwe akupita patsogolo nthawi zambiri amaganiza kuti mayiko osauka akuyenera kuchulukitsa ma GHG kwambiri kuti agwirizane ndi momwe amadyera padziko lotukuka kwambiri. Pazinthu zofunika kwambiri monga nyumba, kupanga kungafunikire kuwonjezeka. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti kukwera kwachuma kumeneku kudzakhala pafupi ndi kuchepa kwa kupanga, makamaka poganizira kuti kudzakhala kwakukulu m'mafakitale opangira zokolola omwe amalipiridwa ndi malipiro ochokera kumayiko olemera. M’mawu ena, “moyo wabwino” padziko lonse sikutanthauza kuti aliyense amakhala wonyada. Anthu ambiri amasangalala kale ndi moyo wopanda unyinji wa zinthu zomwe amakhulupirira zabodza kuti zimabweretsa chisangalalo.
Pamsonkhano wina wokhudza mphamvu za magetsi ku Ecuador, mlimi wina anati, “Dera langa lilibe magetsi, koma sitikufuna kuti boma liziyikira magetsi, mwina… zomera, ndi kusunga miyambo yathu.” Monga Evo Morales adafotokozera, "Ife anthu amtunduwu timangofuna kukhala ndi moyo bwino, osati bwino. Kukhala bwino ndiko kudyera masuku pamutu, kufunkha ndi kuba, koma kukhala bwino ndiko kukhala mwaubale.”[23, p 6]
Zotsutsana za GND ndi zokha. GND yapeza thandizo lamanzere kuposa omwe adatsogolera, Green Revolution, Green Capitalism ndi Green Economy. Mwa zina, izi ndichifukwa choti GND ndiyosavuta kumvetsetsa monga momwe Green Economy ilili yopumira. Kuphweka kwake kwakopa anthu ambiri omenyera ufulu wa UN ndi ogwirizana nawo, World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund. Kunena mosapita m'mbali: GND ndi yosangalatsa chifukwa makampani ofalitsa nkhani amapambana kwambiri kukhutiritsa anthu kuti kukula ndikofunikira kuti athetse vuto lililonse lazachuma.
Tisanyalanyaze kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa GND: Ngakhale pulogalamu yomanganso ingachepetse ulova kwa ena, zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zakanthawi. Kodi anthu angachite chiyani mizinda yamkati ikamangidwanso? Yankho lomveka lingakhale kusiya kumanganso. Koma popeza ilibe dongosolo "logawana ntchito" kudzera mu sabata lachidule la ntchito, kukwaniritsa cholinga chake chomanganso kungabweretse GND ku vuto la ulova. Cholinga chake chomanganso chikakwaniritsidwa, GND sikanakhala ndi njira ina kupatula kupitiriza kumanga kuti ntchito ikhale yochuluka.
Pokwaniritsa chosowa chake chomanga kupitirira zosowa zomveka, GND idzatsutsana ndi mfundo yake ina: kuteteza chilengedwe. GND imanyalanyaza kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zikufanana ndi kupanga moyo wabwinoko popanga zochepa zomwe zimawononga:
- Kuyitana kothetsa nkhondo zankhondo zaku US ndi nkhondo zopanda malire komanso mazana a magulu ankhondo padziko lonse lapansi atha kuchotsa ndalama zokwana $1 thililiyoni ku chuma cha US.
- Kulimbana kulikonse kolimbana ndi mafakitale opangira migodi, kaya kusungitsa nkhalango, mapiri, mitsinje ndi/kapena kutsutsa migodi ya zitsulo zambiri ndi mafuta oyambira pansi, mwachibadwa ndi kuyesetsa kuchepetsa kupanga.
- Kukaniza mgwirizano wamalonda wapadziko lonse lapansi kukuwonetsa kuzindikira kuti mayiko safunikira kuitanitsa katundu kuchokera kunja chifukwa chakuti madera ena ali ndi miyezo yoipitsitsa ya ntchito ndi chilengedwe.
- Kutsutsa zamoyo zosinthidwa ma genetic ndi njira zina zambiri zomwe chakudya chimayipitsira zikuwonetsa kumvetsetsa kuti dziko lingathe kudzidyetsa lokha ndi njira zotsika mtengo.
- Otsutsa kupanga kwakukulu kwa poizoni amamvetsetsa kuti tingakhale ndi moyo wathanzi popanda kupanga mankhwala ambiri.
Othandizira a GND samanenapo za momwe kuchepa kwakukulu kwachuma kungachitikire pamene chuma chikukula.
Kuteteza makampani? Mitundu itatu ya GND imagawana zofunikira:
- ngakhale atha (kapena ayi) kuyitanitsa kuti athetse kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya ndi ma GMO, amanyalanyaza zinyalala zazikulu pakuyika ndi kukonza ndikunyalanyaza chopereka chachikulu ku GHGs mumakampani azakudya-kupanga nyama;
- ngakhale atha (kapena ayi) kulimbikitsa madera ozungulira, alibe ndondomeko yochepetsera ndi kuthetsa magalimoto achinsinsi;
- amavomereza mphamvu zina, komabe sanena kalikonse ponena za kufunika kochepetsa chiwonkhetso cha mphamvu yopangidwa;
- ngakhale kuti (kapena ayi) kufotokoza kufunika kochepetsera gawo linalake lazachuma (zankhondo kapena ntchito zamatenda), satchulapo za kufunika kochepetsera kuchuluka kwa mafakitale;
- amanyalanyaza kufunika kochepetsera sabata la ntchito kuti awonjezere ntchito pamene akulimbana ndi masoka achilengedwe.
Malingaliro omwe amalowa mu GND ndi omwe adatsogolera ndikudalira kukula kwachuma kusiyana ndi njira zina zomwe zingathe kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe analonjeza koma popanda zotsatira zoopsa za chilengedwe. Ndi kukula kwake sine qua ayi za capitalism, zikuwonekeratu kuti njira zonse zinayi zabodza zobiriwira zidapangidwa ngati njira zopulumutsira capitalism pogwiritsa ntchito verbiage ya chilengedwe.
Roosevelt's New Deal idapangidwa potengera osati kugwa kwachuma kokha, koma Soviet Union yachichepere yakunja ndi Zipani za Socialist ndi Communist ku US zikukula mwachangu limodzi ndi chikhumbo chosiyidwa cha mabungwe aku US kuti awachotse. Kuyambira pomwe ND idakhazikitsidwa ngati njira yoletsa socialism, 1% yakhala ikulira pang'ono kuti iwononge zomwe idakwaniritsa. Zoyeserera zosintha zomwe a ND adapeza zidayambika munthawi ya utsogoleri wa Jimmy Carter ndipo zidayamba kuyenda bwino ndi oyang'anira onse kuyambira pamenepo. Masiku ano, zoyesayesa zapawiri zowononga Social Security, Medicare ndi Medicaid zimalowa m'dera lomwe ngakhale Ronald Reagan amawopa kupondaponda. GND imatchulidwa bwino, popeza, monga ndi Roosevelt's ND, ingapulumutse capitalism, osati umunthu kapena dziko lapansi.
Momwe GND ingachepetse ulova wanthawi yayitali. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, GND ikhoza kutsitsa ulova wanthawi yayitali. Koma zidzachitika m’njira yosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene zinalonjezedwa panopa. Monga momwe Roosevelt's New Deal idangothetsa kusowa kwa ntchito ndi WWII, malingaliro amkati a GND angalowetse munkhondo pazigawo ziwiri. Ntchito yomanga mafakitole apamwamba kwambiri ingafunike kusintha mphero zonse zazitsulo ndi zowukira simenti kuti zigwiritse ntchito mphamvu zina.
Chotsatira chake chikanakhala Nkhondo pa Chilengedwe. Tsoka la mtsinje uliwonse, mtsinje kapena nyanja yoyandikana ndi migodi itsekedwa kuti iteteze zitsulo zomangirira mopanda malire "zobiriwira". Anthu (ndi zamoyo zina) zomwe zimakula bwino ndi kumveka kwachilengedwe kwa madera amphepo yamkuntho akakakamizika kuzipereka nsembe ku phokoso lamphamvu la magulu ankhondo amphepo. Aneneri a kukula kobiriwira akufotokoza kale masomphenya okhudzidwa a kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala:
boma la U.S. … liyenera kuyika…mwamphamvu kwambiri muukadaulo wosinthika wazaka za zana la 21 monga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, uinjiniya wa majini, sayansi yazachilengedwe ndi nanotechnology, pamlingo waukulu. Boma la US likhoza kuyika madola thililiyoni ku mafakitale onsewa pazaka khumi zikubwerazi ... Ndikulankhula za kuyika chipululu cha Nevada ndi mapanelo adzuwa, ndikumanga gombe la gridi kupita kugombe kuti ndiwafalitse ...[31]
Palibe kusowa kwa zolemba za kusokonezeka kwa bata la chilengedwe ndi mphepo; koma kuwonongeka kwa mapanelo a dzuwa sikungadziwike mofala. Mu 2011, Sierra Club inasumira ku California Energy Commission pa Calico Solar Project yomwe chomera chake chachikulu chitha kukhudza mitundu yosowa ya zomera ndi nyama. [32]
Nkhondo ina yobiriwira idzalunjikitsidwa kwa iwo okhala m'dzikolo. Anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa amadziwa bwino za kuwonongedwa kwa miyoyo kuchokera m'zigawo, mayendedwe, kupanga ndi kutaya katundu wa mafakitale. Kukula kobiriwira kungabweretse zambiri zofanana.
Sizowopsa kuti nkhondo yayitali kwambiri ku United States ili m'dziko lomwe lingakhale njira yopangira mafuta ndipo "imatha kukwaniritsa chikhumbo chapadziko lonse cha mchere wosowa komanso wofunikira". Afghanistan ili ndi golide, lead, zinki, mercury, laimu, gypsum, tin, mkuwa, lithiamu, ndi uranium, pamodzi ndi carbonatite, tourmaline, barite, celestite, fluorite, magnestite ndi talc. Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezekapezeka m'dzikoli, zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina, "zikhoza kuwirikiza katatu zomwe zikuyerekeza masiku ano."[33]
Kodi Green World Order ingatanthauze kuti dziko la Venezuela lingakhale ndi chifukwa chocheperako choopera kuwukira komwe kukufuna kupeza mafuta ake olemera? Kapena, zingatanthauze kuwukira kwina kwa Bolivia kuti atenge lithiamu yake pamabatire obiriwira? Kodi kumpoto kwa Africa sikuyeneranso kuopa kuwukira kuti ateteze mafuta aku Libya? Kapena, kodi magulu ankhondo obiriwira atsopano oti ateteze osonkhanitsa mphamvu za dzuwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu za ku Ulaya adzawonjezedwa ku magulu ankhondo omwe alipo? Padziko lonse lapansi, amene akuguba ndi mbendera yofiira, yoyera ndi yabuluu ya War for Oil adzapitirizabe kuwukira. Koma iwo akanatha kuphatikizidwa ndi awo oguba ndi mbendera yobiriwira. Izi zingawonetsetse kukula kwamakampani powonjezera mphamvu zina ku mphamvu zomwe zaperekedwa kale ndi mafuta oyaka.
Okwera pamahatchi anayi Obiriwira a apocalypse akampani
Kupyolera mu njira zinayi zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti "zobiriwira" zimayendetsa lingaliro lakuti kuwonjezera GDP ndikofunikira kuthetsa mavuto. Kunena zowona, izi sizinali zowona chiyambire chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20.[34] Pakhala pali zopanga zambiri kuposa zofunikira kuti aliyense akhale ndi moyo wabwino. M'malo mokulitsa GDP, ndikofunikira kusintha kupanga zinthu zomwe anthu amafunikira. Panthawiyi m'mbiri, zotsatira zazikulu za kuwonjezeka kwa GDP ndikufulumizitsa kusintha kwa nyengo ndikuwononga zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi.
Capitalism mochedwa yakula poonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zothandiza ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono pomwe ikukulitsa zopanga zopanda ntchito kapena zovulaza. Kupeza njira zochepetsera kupanga ndikukulitsa moyo wabwino ndi ntchito yazaka za zana la 21.
Green Revolution, Green Capitalism, ndi Green Economy aliyense ankanena kuti kukula kwachuma kunali kofunikira pamene kunalibe. Kutengera kukulitsa chuma cha msika, aliyense adalephera kuthetsa vuto lomwe adafotokoza, ndipo, kwenikweni, adakulitsa vutoli. Kwa aliyense panali njira ina yothetsera vuto lomwe silinakhazikike pakukula kwachuma komwe kukanatha kuthana ndi vutoli popanda kukulitsa zovuta zachilengedwe.
Pofuna kudyetsa anthu ndikuwonjezera zokolola zaulimi, Green Revolution mwina idachita kafukufuku wokhudza kutulutsa mungu poyera. M'malo mwake, kutsindika kwake pa ma hybrids kunathandizira bizinesi yaulimi pakufuna kuwongolera ndikuwononga alimi ang'onoang'ono pomwe amati "idyetsa dziko".
Green Capitalism inali njira ina yolimbana ndi kuipitsidwa kwapoizoni popanga ndi kutaya zinthu. Idagwedeza zinthu zatsopano zobiriwira kuti zisinthe malingaliro awo pazovuta zazikulu ndikusintha njira zothanirana ndi anthu ndikusintha moyo wanu. Mizere yatsopano yobiriwira idawonjezedwa kwa omwe sanali obiriwira.
Pamene kuzindikira za kusintha kwa nyengo kukukulirakulira, Green Economy idapatutsa chidwi pakufunika kosiya kuyatsa mafuta. Masewera a cap 'n trade shell adayambika pomwe mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi adasewera gawo lalikulu poyesa kutsimikizira dziko kuti CO2 ikhoza kuchepa pomwe kupanga mafakitale kumawonjezeka.
Mofananamo, Green New Deal imathetsa mavuto enieni: kusowa ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga ndi kufunikira kwa kupanga zomwe sizingapangitse dziko kukhala losatheka. Ngakhale GND ikhoza kuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwakukulu ndi kowona mtima kwa ambiri omwe amatsatira, idzatsogolera ku mbali ina ya kumene anthu akuyenera kupita.
Monga New Deal of the 1930s, GND ikhoza kuchedwetsa ulova kwakanthawi, womwe ungachuluke. Zingatsogolere mwachindunji ku Wars for Conquest of Green Territories, osati chifukwa cha zisankho zoyipa za atsogoleri pawokha koma chifukwa nkhondo ingakhale yokhudzana ndi kukula kwa chilengedwe chamakampani.
European Greens ikufuna kutsitsimuka kwauzimu pomwe Green Party US ikufuna "demokalase yamasankho". [25] Choncho, European Greens imatipempha kuti tidzukenso monga ogula, udindo umene tilibe mphamvu, ndipo GPUS ikufuna kukwaniritsa demokalase kudzera muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zovota, zomwe zambiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena ndipo sizinaphule kanthu.
Njira zonsezi zimasiya mphamvu zomwe anthu ali nazo: moyo wathu wogwira ntchito. Tangoganizani gulu lirilonse la anthu ogwira ntchito akudzifunsa okha: Kodi tikufuna kupanga zinthu zogwa? Kodi tiyenera kupanga zinthu zomwe zingawononge mabanja athu ndi madera athu? Kodi tikufuna masukulu omwe aphunzitsi amakakamizika kuloboti ana ndi ntchito zachipatala zomwe zimalowetsa odwala mu phindu la inshuwaransi?
Tangoganizani kuti anthu ogwira ntchito analidi ndi mphamvu zovotera zomwe azipanga komanso momwe angapangire. Tangoganizani kuti anthu adatha kusankha mwa demokalase momwe angapangire katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zingapangitse dziko kukhala malo abwino kwa zidzukulu zawo.
Chomwe chili chabwino pa GND ndi mgwirizano wake wantchito/zachilengedwe. Ogwira ntchito ali ndi mphamvu zokakamiza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kupanga gulu latsopano. Anthu ogwira ntchito akudodometsedwa chifukwa chosowa masomphenya a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe akuluakulu a mabungwe a mabungwe adaphwanya zaka zambiri zapitazo. Ntchito yobadwanso mwatsopano, yolimbikitsidwa ndi kuzindikira kuti ili ndi mphamvu yovomereza ndi kutsimikizira masomphenya a chilengedwe, ingakhale yosiyana kwambiri. Mgwirizano wofiira / wobiriwira woterewu ukhoza kupereka ntchito kwa onse mwa kufupikitsa sabata la ntchito, zomwe zikanakhala maziko ochepetsera kutentha kwa mafuta oyaka mafuta ndi kupanga zinthu zomwe anthu amafunikira kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino.
Panjira yomvetsetsa zowona za chilengedwe zomwe tiyenera kutulutsa "zochepa zomwe sitikuzifuna" pakhala njira zazifupi zinayi zomwe zimatsogolera ku chikhulupiriro pakufunika kwa kukula kosatha. Ngakhale kusanthula uku kwawonetsa kuti njira iliyonse "yobiriwira" imatsogolera kunjira yotalikirana ndi cholinga chake, sizingakhale choncho. Zingakhale kuti zolinga zachiphamaso zokha, zokonzedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu, ndizo zinalephera. Iliyonse ikanakhala ndi ndondomeko yozama, yosatchulidwa: kupanga zowonjezera, mosasamala za zosowa za anthu kapena zotsatira za chilengedwe. Ngati chimenecho chakhaladi cholinga chenicheni, ndiye kuti aliyense wa okwera pamahatchi obiriwirawo akuthamanga mosalabadira kubwera ku apocalypse.
[Don Fitz akupanga Green Time TV ku St. Louis ndipo ndi mkonzi wa Malingaliro a Green Social: Magazini Yophatikiza ndi Kubadwanso Kwatsopano. Iye ali mu National Committee of the Greens/Green Party USA ndipo ndi Co-coordinator wa Green Party ya St. Louis. Akufuna kuthokoza a Brian Tokar ndi a Stan Cox chifukwa cha ndemanga pa mtundu wakale wa nkhaniyi.]
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