“Boma liyenera kuyamba kuchita zomwe lingathe, monga momwe mabanja amachitira. Tiyenera kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe sitingakwanitse kuti tithe kuika chuma chathu pamalo abwino, ndikupatsanso mabizinesi athu chidaliro chomwe akufunikira kuti akule ndikupanga ntchito. ”
-Pulezidenti Barack Obama, adilesi ya sabata iliyonse pawayilesi, Julayi 2, 2011
"US ikadakhala bizinesi, ikadakhala bizinesi yolephera. Ndilo vuto. Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa kuposa zomwe mumapanga. Bizinesi 101."
—Wogulitsa magalimoto m’dera la Boston Ernie Boch, Jr., anagwira mawu mu “Kuchokera kwa anthu olemera kwambiri, okondwa ndi misonkho yambiri,” Boston Globe, August 21, 2011
Yatsani ziwonetsero zilizonse za kanema wawayilesi kapena wailesi ndipo posakhalitsa mudzamva wina akulengeza kuti boma liyenera kuchita zomwe lingakwanitse monga momwe mabanja amachitira komanso mabizinesi.
Barack Obama adapereka chifaniziro ichi chisindikizo chapulezidenti chovomerezeka pawailesi koyambirira kwa Julayi. Mu Ogasiti, Ernie Boch, Jr., wamkulu wogulitsa magalimoto ku Boston, adawonjeza masenti ake awiri kuyitanidwa kwa Warren Buffett kuti akwere misonkho kwa olemera: amalipira misonkho yochulukirapo pokhapokha ngati boma likuwongolera bajeti yake monga yake ndi ena onse. bizinesi iyenera kuchita.
Koma zoona zake n’zakuti mabanja kapena mabizinesi salinganiza mabuku awo m’lingaliro lokana kubwereka. Ndipo ngakhale atatero, kuumirira kuti boma lichite zomwezo kuzizimitsa zotsalira zilizonse zakukula kwachuma ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito, osati kuziyambitsa.
Banja ndi Bizinesi Red Ink
Ndi mabanja ochepa okha omwe amalinganiza bajeti zawo monga momwe oyang'anira zachuma akufunira boma. Pafupifupi mabanja onse amawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa zomwe amapeza ndikubwereka kuti achite zimenezo. Banja likatenga ngongole yagalimoto, ngongole ya ophunzira, kapena ngongole yanyumba, likuwononga ndalama zomwe lilibe.
Kodi kubwereka njira ndi chiwonongeko? Osati ngati ngongoleyo ndi yotheka. Zimenezo zimadalira osati kokha pa kukula kwa ngongoleyo mogwirizana ndi ndalama zopezera ngongoleyo, komanso mmene banja limagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zobwereka. Mwachitsanzo, poganiza kuti kukula kwa ngongoleyo n’koyenera, kubwereka kuti kulipirire maphunziro n’koyenera ngati maphunzirowo athandiza kuti banjalo lithe kupeza ndalama zolipirira ngongoleyo.
N'chimodzimodzinso ndi malonda. Amabwereka kuti azigulitsa ndikugwira ntchito, makamaka ku United States komwe mabungwe amapereka ndalama zambiri zomwe amagulitsa pobwereka m'malo mopereka masheya. Ngakhale ziwerengero zenizeni sizikupezeka pamakampani ogulitsa magalimoto a Boch omwe ali mwachinsinsi, dziwani kuti kampani ya Boch imabwereka kuti imuyike magalimoto omwe amagulitsa kwa anthu kapena kumanganso malo ena ogulitsa. Kubwereketsa kumeneku kumalola a Boch ndi mabizinesi ena kuwononga ndalama zambiri kuposa momwe amapezera - Business 101.
Mabanja ndi mabizinesi ku United States amachita kubwereka pang'ono komanso kubwereka kochulukirapo kuposa momwe analili m'mbuyomu. Lerolino mabanja amadalira pa ngongole kuti apeze zosoŵa zawo—pa chirichonse, kuchokera ku chakudya mpaka nkhuni, kuyambira maphunziro mpaka zosangalatsa, ndipo makamaka nyumba. Ngongole zonse zapakhomo zidayima pa 92.5% ya GDP mu 2010, kupitirira makumi atatu peresenti kuposa msinkhu wake zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, 60.2% mu 1990. ngongole. M'gawo loyamba la 2011, zolipira zapakhomo pangongole ya ogula ndi nyumba zidawononga 11.5% ya ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza.
Mabizinesi nawonso awonjezera kudalira kwawo pangongole kuti alipirire ntchito zawo. Ngongole zonse zamabizinesi omwe siazachuma zinali 53% kuposa GDP mu 1980, koma zidafika 74.3% mu 2010.
Ziwerengerozi zikutsimikizira kuti mabanja ndi mabizinesi amalinganiza bajeti yawo chaka ndi chaka popanda kudalira kubwereka kuti agwiritse ntchito kuposa ndalama zomwe amapeza.
Inki Yofiira ya Boma
Komabe ndi zoona kuti ngongole ya boma yakula pang'onopang'ono komanso mofulumira m'zaka khumi zapitazi pamene boma lakhala likuwononga bajeti. Chiŵerengero cha ngongole yaikulu ya boma ku GDP ya dziko inakwera kuchoka pa 32.5% mu 2001 kufika pa 62.1% mu 2010.
Komabe, malipiro a ngongole yomwe ikukwera imakhala yochepa kwambiri pa bajeti ya boma kusiyana ndi malipiro a ngongole omwe ali pa bajeti ya banja. Boma la US litha kubweza ngongoleyo mosalekeza m'njira zomwe sizotsegukira mabanja olemera kwambiri kapena bizinesi yayikulu. Ngongole zake zimakhala ndi chiwongola dzanja cha chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole yake, yomwe idzakhala 9.5% ya ndalama za feduro mu 2011. Izi ndi magawo awiri peresenti yocheperapo kuposa gawo la ndalama zomwe mabanja adapereka pakubweza ngongole zawo - kubweza chiwongola dzanja. ndi kulipira kwa mphunzitsi wamkulu - kumayambiriro kwa 2011.
Kuonjezera apo, ndalama zambiri zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito zapita kuzinthu zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuonjezera (ndi mabanja aku US) ndalama zamtsogolo - zofanana ndi banja lomwe limalandira ngongole ya maphunziro kapena kubwereka bizinesi kuti iwonjezere ntchito yake. Kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi Brookings Institution, Washington-based think tank, adapeza kuti mu 2008 boma la feduro linawononga $253.8 biliyoni pakuyika ndalama zopanda chitetezo pazomangamanga, makamaka mayendedwe, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, maphunziro ndi maphunziro, ndalama zonse zomwe kukulitsa zokolola za chuma ndikuthandizira kupereka ndalama zamisonkho kuti zithandizire ngongoleyo. Ndalama zogulira ndalamazo zinali zofanana ndi theka la ndalama zokwana madola 453.6 biliyoni mu 2008.
Chifuniro cha Ndale
Kudana ndi kuchepa kwa boma la federal komanso kubwereka komwe kumalimbikitsidwa ndi akatswiri azandale komanso andale omwe amati maboma akuyenera kulinganiza bajeti zawo monga momwe mabanja ndi mabizinesi amachitira, ngakhale momwe chuma chikulephereka, sikumangosemphana ndi zowona. Zatipangitsa kukhala oipitsitsa poletsa ndalama za boma panthawi yomwe zikufunika kwambiri. Mabajeti a mabanja akamachepera, komanso kuwononga ndalama chifukwa chosowa ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa ngongole zanyumba, zimagwa m'manja mwa boma kuti lipereke ndalama zofunikira kuti chuma chiyende. Kuwononga ndalama kwa boma kungapangitse anthu kugwira ntchito ndi kupereka ndalama zomwe zingachepetse bajeti ya mabanja, kuti nawonso athe kugula zomwe mabizinesi amatulutsa.
Chofunikira ndikusintha ndalama zochepetsera ndalama zomwe andale okonda ku United States ndi Europe masiku ano amakondera. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zaboma komanso kuchepetsa misonkho kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, kupitilira zomwe Purezidenti Obama adafotokoza mu bilu yake yaposachedwa yantchito, zipangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa bajeti kukukulirakulira ndikuwonjezera ngongole ya boma. Koma chiŵerengero cha ngongole ya boma ku GDP, pakali pano 62.1%, idakali pansi pa chiwerengero cha 1946 cha 109% kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, yomwe inatsatiridwa ndi zaka makumi awiri zamphamvu kwambiri za kukula kwachuma m'mbiri ya US.
Zakhala zikuchitika kale, komanso m’mikhalidwe yoipa kwambiri yazachuma kuposa kuyimilira kwamakono. Mukulankhula kwa kampeni ku Pittsburgh mu Okutobala 1932, pafupifupi zaka zitatu mu Great Depression, phungu wa pulezidenti Franklin Delano Roosevelt analonjeza kuti achepetsa ndalama za boma ndi 25% ndikuwongolera bajeti ya feduro. Koma atakhala muudindo, FDR idasiya lonjezo lake loti likhazikitse bajeti ndikuyambitsa New Deal. Pamene anabwerera ku Pittsburgh mkati mwa ndawala yake yofuna kusankhidwanso mu 1936, FDR inalengeza kuti, “kulinganiza bajeti mu 1933, kapena 1934, kapena 1935 kukakhala mlandu kwa anthu a ku America.”
Popanda kuwononga ndalama zambiri za boma komanso popanda chikhumbo cha ndale chofuna kulinganiza bajeti ya boma ngati "mlandu kwa anthu aku America," mavuto amasiku ano apitilira kwa zaka khumi pamene mavuto azachuma akuchulukirachulukira kwa ife.
JOHN MILLER, membala wa Madola & Sense pamodzi, ndi pulofesa wa zachuma ku Wheaton College.
SOURCES: Barack Obama, Weekly Radio Address, July 2, 2011; Erin Ailworth, "Kuchokera kwa olemera kwambiri, awiri amakondwera ndi misonkho yambiri," Boston Globe, Aug. 21, 2011; Ofesi ya Bajeti ya DRM, The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2011 mpaka 2021, January 2011; Emilia Istrate ndi Robert Puentes, "Investing for Success," Metropolitan Policy Programme ku Brookings, Dec. 2009; Arthur MacEwan ndi John Miller, Kugwa kwachuma, Kusintha kwachuma: Kufika pamiyambi yamavuto, INE Sharpe, 2011; Adiresi ya Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 19, 1932; Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Address ku Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pa.," Oct. 1, 1936, The American Presidency Project.
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