Mutu 5 wa Occupy Vision: InterCommunalism
Uwu ndi mutu XNUMX wa Occupy Vision, womwe ndi voliyumu yachiwiri ya mavoliyumu atatu otchedwa Fanfare for the Future. M’masiku akudzawa tidzaika mitu isanu ndi itatu ya bukhuli. Mutha kudziwa zambiri za Occupy Theory, Occupy Vision, and Occupy Strategy, komanso momwe mungagulire mabuku osindikizidwa kapena owerengera ebook, patsamba la buku la Z la iwo - lomwe lili pa: https://znetwork.org/the-fanfare-series/
"Amerika amatanthauza oyera, ndipo anthu aku Africa amavutika
kuti mawuwa azigwira ntchito kwa iwo okha ndi mafuko
ndi hyphen pambuyo pa hyphen pambuyo pa hyphen.
- Toni Morrison
Monga tidakambirana popanga bokosi lathu la zida zonse, anthu amakonda kupanga madera osiyanasiyana ogwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimasiyana m'zaluso, zilankhulo, komanso zauzimu zomwe amakonda. Vuto la anthu azikhalidwe silisiyana motere, koma kuti anthu azikhalidwe amatha kudyerana masuku pamutu, kuukirana, kapena kuwonongana. Monga Noam Chomsky akufotokozera mwachidule nkhani imodzi:
"Ku US ... kunali kofunikira kupeza zifukwa zochotsera anthu amtundu wawo ndikuyendetsa chuma paukapolo (kuphatikiza chuma chakumpoto m'masiku oyambilira; thonje anali mafuta azaka za m'zaka za zana la 19). Ndipo njira yokhayo yodzilungamitsira kukhala ndi nsapato pa khosi la munthu ndikuti ndinu okongola mwapadera ndipo ndi owopsa kwambiri. "
Pagulu labwino, mwina mtundu uwu wa njira imodzi kapena nthawi zina kumenyana ndi kuwonongana pakati pa anthu kungathetsedwe.
Ndi maubale amtundu wanji omwe tingafune kukhala nawo pagulu labwino?
Masomphenya a Community
“Ndidzanena, pamenepo, kuti sindine, kapena sindinakhalepo wokomera kubweretsa m’njira iriyonse, kufanana kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale za mitundu ya azungu ndi akuda. Ine mofanana ndi munthu wina aliyense ndimakonda kukhala ndi udindo wapamwamba woperekedwa kwa azungu.”
Abraham Lincoln
Sitidzabadwanso mwamatsenga m'gulu lofunika, lopanda zakale komanso osadziwa za mbiri yathu. M'malo mwake, kukumbukira kwathu mbiri yakale, chidwi ndi zochitika zakale ndi zamakono, komanso kumvetsetsa kwathu komanso mbiri ya anthu athu zonse zidzakulitsidwa panthawi yofikira anthu abwino. M’malo moti zikhalidwe zathu zosiyanasiyana zimizidwe kumizidwa, panjira yopita ku dziko labwinopo, iwo adzakulirakulira.
Chotero pamene kuli kwakuti monga momwe Einstein ananenera momvetsa chisoni kwambiri, m’kubadwa kwake kwamakono, “utundu ndiwo matenda aukhanda. Ndi chikuku cha mtundu wa anthu.” Komabe, cholinga cha masomphenya a chikhalidwe sikungochotsa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kapena kuzichepetsa kukhala zongofanana.
Monga Arundhati Roy anatsutsa, ponena za zikhalidwe zachikhazikitso za homogenize India:
“Asilamu akadzawonetsedwa ‘malo awo’, kodi mkaka ndi Coca-Cola zidzayenda m’dzikomo? Ram Mandir ikamangidwa, kodi padzakhala malaya pamsana uliwonse ndi roti m'mimba iliyonse? Kodi misozi yonse idzapukutidwa m'diso lililonse? Kodi tingayembekezere chikondwerero chokumbukira chaka chamawa? Kapena padzakhalanso wina woti azidana naye panthawiyo? Zilembo: Adivasis, Buddha, Akhristu, Dalits, Parsis, Sikhs? Amene amavala jeans, kapena kulankhula Chingelezi, kapena amene ali ndi milomo yokhuthala, kapena tsitsi lopiringizika? Sitiyenera kudikirira nthawi yayitali… Ndi masomphenya amtundu wanji omwe angaganizire India popanda kusiyanasiyana ndi kukongola ndi chisokonezo chodabwitsa cha zikhalidwe zonsezi? India akanakhala manda ndi kununkhiza ngati malo otentheramo mitembo.”
M'mawu ena, m'malo homogenizing zikhalidwe, mu kusintha kwa dziko bwino zopereka mbiri madera osiyanasiyana ayenera kuyamikiridwa kwambiri kuposa kale lonse ndi njira zazikulu za chitukuko chawo, popanda kuwononga udani.
Kuyesera kuletsa zoopsa za kuphana kwamtundu, imperialism, kusankhana mitundu, jingoism, ethnocentrism, ndi chizunzo chachipembedzo poyesa kuphatikiza madera osiyanasiyana achikhalidwe chamtundu umodzi zakhala zowononga kwambiri monga momwe maloto owopsa amafunira kuthetseratu.
"Cultural homogenization" - kaya kusankhana mitundu, fundamentalist, kapena ngakhale kumanzere - amanyalanyaza mbali zabwino za kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe zomwe zimapatsa anthu chidziwitso cha omwe iwo ali ndi kumene amachokera. Kugwirizana kwa chikhalidwe kumapereka mwayi wochepa wodzilamulira komanso kudziletsa pachikhalidwe chilichonse, ndipo ndikudzigonjetsera muzochitika zilizonse chifukwa kumakulitsa ndendende nkhawa ndi mikangano yomwe ikufuna kuthana nayo.
M’malo opikisana ndi odana, magulu achipembedzo, mafuko, mafuko, ndi mafuko kaŵirikaŵiri amakula kukhala misasa yampatuko, iriyonse imafuna kudzitetezera ku ziwopsezo zenizeni ndi zongolingalira, ngakhale kumenya nkhondo ndi ena kuti atero.
Ndipo inde, m'malo ena, mawu owoneka bwino komanso osawonekera bwino atsankho amapezeka monga momwe Al Sharpton amanenera pofotokoza za kusintha kwa tsankho ku US pambuyo pa zomwe gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe: "Tafika nthawi yomwe anthu ali ochulukirapo. wochenjera komanso wokongoletsa kwambiri. Jim Crow tsopano ndi James Crow, Jr., Esquire. "
Koma kupezeka kwapafupi kwa mitundu ndi miyambo ina m’madera onse a anthu ndi mbiri yakale sikukutanthauzanso kuti tiyenera kuthetsa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kusiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa jenda, kugonana, chuma, kapena ndale kumatanthauza kuti tiyenera kuthetsa kusiyanasiyana m’madera amenewo. Ntchito ndi kuchotsa kuponderezana ndi kukwaniritsa mikhalidwe yomasula, osati kuthetsa kusiyana.
Tsankho nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi chigawo chovuta kwambiri komanso chakuthupi. Lingalirani za Desmond Tutu pothirira ndemanga pazochitika za ku South Africa:
“Atafika, tinali ndi malo ndipo anali ndi Baibulo ndipo anatiuza kuti titseke maso kuti tipemphere. Pamene tinatsegula maso athu, iwo anali ndi malo ndipo ife tinali ndi Baibulo.”
Koma kuba nthawi zonse si nkhani yaikulu ya kuphwanya chikhalidwe ndipo - ngakhale pamene ikugwira ntchito kwambiri - nthawi zambiri imakhala gawo limodzi la chikhalidwe chonse. Kusankhana mitundu yambiri, kusankhana mitundu, utundu, ndi tsankho lachipembedzo zimachokera ku matanthauzo a chikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zimakankhira ndikupitilira kusiyana kwa zinthu.
Magulu akuluakulu a anthu amadzinenera kuti ali ndi mwayi wapadera ndi nthano zonena kuti iwo ndi apamwamba komanso otsika kwa omwe amawapondereza. Koma nthano zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zosonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, zimakhala ndi moyo wa iwo eni, kaŵirikaŵiri zimaposa maunansi akuthupi. Zotsatira zake ndi zankhanza. Kwa oponderezedwa, m’mawu a wolemba mabuku wa ku America Ralph Ellison, “Ndine munthu wosawoneka. Ayi, sindine wonyansa ngati iwo omwe adazunza Edgar Allan Poe; komanso sindine mmodzi wa ma ectoplasms anu aku Hollywood. Ndine munthu wazinthu, wamnofu ndi fupa, ulusi ndi zakumwa - ndipo ndinganene kuti ndili ndi malingaliro. Sindikuoneka, ndikumvetsetsa, chifukwa anthu amakana kundiwona. Mofanana ndi mitu yopanda thupi imene mumaiona nthaŵi zina m’maseŵera a masewero, zimakhala ngati ndazunguliridwa ndi magalasi agalasi olimba, okhotakhota. Akandiyandikira amangoona malo anga okha, iwo eni, kapena zongopeka za m’malingaliro awo—ndithudi, chirichonse ndi china chirichonse kupatula ine.”
Magulu ena m'madera omwe akuponderezedwa amatsatira nthano zongopeka za kutsika kwawo ndikuyesera kutsanzira kapena kulolera zikhalidwe zazikulu. Einstein analemba kuti: “Zikuoneka kuti zikuonekeratu kuti anthu ang’onoang’ono—makamaka pamene anthu amene amawalembawo amasiyanitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe yakuthupi—amaonedwa ndi anthu ambiri amene amakhala pakati pawo monga anthu otsika. Tsoka la tsoka loterolo silimangokhalira kuchitiridwa zinthu mopanda chilungamo kumene anthu ang’onoang’onowa amangokhalira kuzunzidwa m’nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma, komanso kuti chifukwa cha chisonkhezero chaunyinji, ambiri mwa ozunzidwawo amagonjera tsankho limodzimodzilo. aziona abale awo ngati anthu otsika.” Kapena monga momwe Ward Churchill womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Chimereka Ward Churchill anafotokozera mwaukali, “Ulamuliro wa azungu uli wokwanira kotero kuti ngakhale ana a ku America amwenye amafuna kukhala anyamata oweta ng’ombe. Zili ngati ana achiyuda akufuna kusewera chipani cha Nazi. ”
Ena m'madera oponderezedwa amayankha mwa kuteteza umphumphu wa miyambo yawo yachikhalidwe pamene akulimbana ndi momwe angathere malingaliro atsankho omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa kuponderezedwa kwawo. Koma monga W.E.B. Dubois akunena kuti, “Ndiko kutengeka kwachilendo, kudzizindikira paŵiri kumeneku, lingaliro limeneli la kudziyang’ana nthaŵi zonse kupyolera mwa maso a ena, kuyesa moyo wa munthu ndi tepi ya dziko limene limayang’ana monyozeka ndi chifundo.”
Ndipo monga Frederick Douglass adalemba munkhani ina:
“Kuti mzungu ateteze bwenzi lake mpaka magazi ndi choyamikirika koma kuti munthu wakuda achite chimodzimodzi ndi mlandu. Zinali zaulemerero kwa Achimerika kumizidwa m'nthaka ndi kufiira nyanja ndi magazi kuthawa msonkho wa tiyi atatu; koma ndi mlandu kuwombera chilombo poteteza ufulu wa munthu wakuda ndikumupulumutsa ku ukapolo mphindi imodzi yomwe (m'chinenero cha Jefferson) ndi yoipa kuposa zaka zomwe makolo athu adadzuka potsutsa. .”
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, chipulumutso cha chikhalidwe sichikhala poyesa kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa madera koma kuchotsa mabungwe osankhana mitundu, kuchotsa malingaliro osankhana mitundu, ndi kusintha malo omwe madera a mbiri yakale amalumikizana kuti athe kusunga ndi kukondwerera kusiyana popanda kuphwanya mgwirizano. Njira ina ndiyo, yomwe tingatchule "intercommunalism" yomwe imatsindika kulemekeza ndi kusunga unyinji wa mitundu ya anthu popereka chitsimikizo chilichonse chokwanira cha chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti chidzichulukitse molimba mtima.
Sikuti chikhalidwe chilichonse chimakhala ndi nzeru zapadera zomwe zidachitika kale, komanso kuyanjana kwa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kudzera m'mayanjano amtundu uliwonse kumakulitsa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chilichonse ndikupereka chuma chomwe palibe njira imodzi yomwe ingayembekezere kufikira. Mfundo ndi yakuti: maubwenzi oipa a m’mayanjano ayenera kuloŵedwa m’malo ndi abwino. Chofunikira ndikuchotsa chiwopsezo cha kutha kwa chikhalidwe chomwe madera ambiri akumva potsimikizira kuti dera lililonse lili ndi njira zoyenera kuchitira miyambo yawo ndi matanthauzidwe awo. Mogwirizana ndi kudzilamulira, anthu ayenera kusankha madera azikhalidwe zomwe amakonda, m'malo mwa akulu kapena ena ofotokozera zomwe amasankha, makamaka chifukwa cha tsankho. Ndipo pamene iwo omwe ali kunja kwa mudzi ayenera kukhala omasuka kudzudzula zikhalidwe zomwe, m'malingaliro awo, zimaphwanya miyambo yaumunthu, kulowererapo kwakunja komwe kumapitilira kudzudzula sikuyenera kuloledwa pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira kutsimikizira kuti mamembala onse ammudzi uliwonse ali ndi ufulu wotsutsana. , kuphatikizirapo kuchoka m'derali popanda kutaya chuma kapena kutayika kwakukulu.
Mpaka mbiri yayitali ya kudziyimira pawokha ndi mgwirizano yagonjetsa kukayikirana ndi mantha pakati pa anthu, kusankha kwa dera lomwe liyenera kupereka maziko pamikangano kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi kuti ndi ndani mwa awiriwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri ndipo motero, zenizeni, zomwe zingawopsyezedwe kwambiri. Intercommunalism ingapangitse kuti pakhale udindo kwa anthu amphamvu kwambiri omwe alibe chifukwa choopera kulamulira kuti ayambe njira yochepetsera mikangano. Lamulo losavuta limeneli ndi lodziwikiratu komanso lomveka, ngakhale kuti silimachitidwa kawirikawiri mpaka pano. Pakafunika, kuyang'anira ndi kukakamiza kutha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamalamulo zomwe zimakhazikika pakuthetsa kusamvana - kuphatikizanso ntchito zofananira ndi malipiro oyenera. Cholinga chake ndikukhazikitsa malo omwe palibe anthu ammudzi omwe angamve kukhala pachiwopsezo ndipo dera lililonse likhale lomasuka kuphunzira ndi kugawana ndi ena.
Poganizira za mbiri yakale ya ubale wolakwika pakati pa anthu, ndizopusitsa kukhulupirira kuti izi zitha kutheka mwadzidzidzi. Mwinanso kwambiri kuposa m'madera ena, maubwenzi apakati pa anthu ayenera kumangidwa pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono, mpaka mbiri yosiyana ndi zoyembekeza zamakhalidwe zitakhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, sizikhala zophweka nthawi zonse kusankha “njira zofunika” zomwe madera ayenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti azitha kuberekana ndi chikhalidwe chawo, komanso kuti chitukuko chopanda “kusokonezedwa popanda chifukwa” chimatanthauza chiyani nthawi zina. Mulingo wa intercommunalist pakuweruza maganizo osiyanasiyana pa zinthuzi ukuwoneka kuti uyenera kukhala kuti dera lililonse liyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti lili ndi chuma chokwanira komanso njira zoyankhulirana kuti athe kudzifotokozera okha ndi kukhazikitsa miyambo yawoyawo komanso kuyimira chikhalidwe chawo kumadera ena onse potengera njira zowerengeka ndi ufulu wofanana panjirazo kwa onse - monganso mamembala ake onse, chifukwa cha ubale wogawana nawo pazachuma, ndale, ndi achibale, amalipidwa mofanana, kudziwongolera, ndi zina zotero.
Race ndi Capitalism
“Kupatulana ndi chigololo cha munthu wosaloledwa
kugonana pakati pa chisalungamo ndi chisembwere.”
- Martin Luther King Jr.
Mosiyana ndi zilengezo zina za kumanzere, palibe chilichonse m'mabungwe a capitalism omwe amati anthu a chikhalidwe chimodzi ayenera kuchitidwa ndi chuma mosiyana ndi anthu amtundu wina uliwonse, monga momwe zilili m'mabungwe ofotokozera a capitalism omwe amati anthu a msinkhu wosiyana. , kapena ndi mawu osiyana siyana ayenera kuchitidwa mosiyana.
M'malo mwake, capitalism, mwa iyo yokha, ndi yomwe tingatchule kuti wopezera mwayi wofanana. Ngati muli ndi mwayi wofunikira, nkhanza kapena, nthawi zina, talente kuphatikiza kusamvera kofunikira kuti mukweze mphamvu ndi ndalama, ndiye mosasamala za chikhalidwe chilichonse kapena zachilengedwe, mutha kukhala ndi phindu. Kapena, pang'ono pang'ono, mutha kulamulira momwe zinthu zilili zopatsa mphamvu ndikusangalala ndi zotsatira za kukhala wogwirizanitsa osati gulu la ogwira ntchito.
Kumbali inayi, ngati mulibe zofunikira kuti mupambane mu capitalism, mosasamala mtundu wanu, dziko lanu, chipembedzo, ndi zina zotero, mutha kudzigulitsa ngati kapolo wamalipiro akugwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso komanso momvera, kutenga malamulo ndikuyika m'thumba. kusintha kochepa chabe.
Kuwonetserako pang'ono kwachidziwitso kumeneku kumapangidwa ndi katswiri wa zachuma yemwe adalandira mphoto ya Noble Milton Friedman pamene akuti,
“Ubwino waukulu wa msika waufulu ndi wakuti sasamala mtundu wa anthu; sichisamala chomwe chipembedzo chawo chili; zimangoganizira ngati angapange chinthu chomwe mukufuna kugula. Ndilo dongosolo lothandiza kwambiri lomwe tapeza lothandiza anthu odana wina ndi mnzake kuti azitha kulimbana ndi kuthandizana.”
Gawo loyamba lachidziwitso cha Friedman ndilowona za capitalism, pa se, koma osati za capitalism pakati pa anthu omwe, pazifukwa zina, amadana wina ndi mzake - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gawo lachiwiri la mawu ake likhale bodza losokoneza.
Zomwe Friedman adafufuza ndikuti capitalism si khungu lamtundu, kapena chipembedzo chakhungu, kapena osawona fuko, kapena osawona chikhalidwe china chilichonse pamene magulu amtundu wa anthu kunja kwa chuma amatumiza yemwe ali ndi gawolo ku chikhalidwe chaching'ono kapena kufotokozera. kwa iwo udindo waukulu wa chikhalidwe. Zikatero, lingaliro lazachuma la capitalism lidzawona kusiyana kwazachuma ndipo izigwira ntchito mogwirizana nazo m'malo mozinyalanyaza. Chidani chakunja kwa chuma sichigonjetsedwe ndi ukapitalist, monga momwe Friedman akunenera, koma chimapangidwanso ndi kukulitsidwa ndi capitalism.
Ngati kusankhana mitundu pagulu - kapena tsankho lachipembedzo, kapena china chilichonse - kupangitsa kuti dera lina lisakhale ndi udindo komanso chikoka chocheperako, kuposa momwe chuma cha capitalist anthu amderalo sangakwezedwe pamwamba pa "akuluakulu" awo koma m'malo mwake atero. , akhale pansi pa iwo. Chuma chidzagwiritsa ntchito ziyembekezo zomwe zilipo kale za anthu ammudzi - monga kuyembekezera kuti azungu ndi apamwamba kuposa akuda - kuti akhazikitse ndi kukulitsa machitidwe ake azachuma omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Sichidzaphwanya maulamuliro akunja omwe angawononge ntchito zake.
Chifukwa chake, wolemba ntchito wa capitalist, ngakhale amene alibe zikhulupiriro za tsankho kapena wodana ndi tsankho, nthawi zambiri, kusankhana mitundu kukakhala kokulirapo pakati pa anthu ambiri, osalemba ganyu anthu akuda kuti azilamulira azungu ngati mameneja - kapena m'malo ena. ulemu ndi chikoka - ngakhale zitakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri. Izi sizingaganizidwe ngati kusankhana mitundu kukugwira ntchito mokwanira, chifukwa kungayambitse kusamvera ndi kusagwirizana. Capitalism, mwa kuyankhula kwina, imagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe omwe anazolowera kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kuti apititse patsogolo machitidwe omwe akufuna mkati mwachuma.
Mofananamo, ngati, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake, anthu ammudzi akhoza kulipidwa pang'ono, adzalipidwa pang'ono poyang'ana mpikisano wa msika kuti achepetse ndalama - kachiwiri ngakhale izi zikutsutsana ndi zomwe abwana angakonde.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndizowonanso kuti kukula kwa kutsutsa kusankhana mitundu kumayamba kupangitsa kuti magulu a mafuko asagwirizane ndi ziyembekezo ndi zilakolako zomwe zimapangitsa kusagwirizana ndi kukana, olemba ntchito a capitalist amasintha zochita zawo ndikupewa kudyerana masuku pamutu, ngakhale. pamene akupitirizabe kuyesa kuchotsa kilogalamu iliyonse ya mnofu imene angaipeze pogulitsa zinthu kapena pogula luso la anthu logwira ntchito. Choncho, pankhani ya kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kwa tsankho pakati pa anthu, tidzawona kusintha kuchokera ku Jim Crow kusankhana mitundu kupita ku James Crow Esquire Jr. kusankhana mitundu, monga taonera kale Sharpton.
Ziwerengero ndi zowerengera zina za tsankho ndi kuponderezana kwa chikhalidwe ndi moyo wachuma zimadziwika bwino komanso zimawululidwa m'maphunziro ndi magwero osawerengeka. Kodi anthu abwino amathetsa bwanji zochitika zoterezi?
Mpikisano mu Gulu Lotengapo Mbali
“Chikomyunizimu, m’malo mowapangitsa kudumpha ndi moto m’mitima yawo kuti akhale akatswiri a malingaliro ndi moyo, chinawazizira pamlingo wotsikirapo waumbuli kuposa umene unali wawo asanakumane ndi Chikomyunizimu.”
- Richard Wright
Ngati parecon alipo m'chitaganya chomwe chili ndi miyambo yamitundu, chipembedzo, ndi madera ena, chimathandizira chiyani? Ngati zili m'gulu lomwe lili ndi madera ofunikira opanda maudindo, nanga bwanji? Nthawi zambiri, kodi zosowa za parecon zokhudzana ndi moyo wachuma zimayika zopinga zilizonse pazikhalidwe? Kodi ndale kapena gawo lachibale?
Ngati tisintha chuma cha US, mwachitsanzo, ku parecon popanda kusintha mtundu, chipembedzo, ndi mitundu, padzakhala kutsutsana kwakukulu. Mitundu ndi zochitika zina zomwe zilipo m'gulu la anthu ongopekazi zidzasokoneza magulu kuti azitsutsana ndi kupatsa anthu ziyembekezo zapamwamba ndi kutsika. Chuma chotenga nawo mbali, komabe, chidzapereka ndalama ndi zochitika zosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chotsalira. Idzafuna kugwetsa zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu ndi njira zakuthupi zomwe zingapereke kwa iwo omwe ali pansi pa magulu onse.
Anthu omwe ali muchuma chotenga nawo mbali sangatero - ndipo sangathe - kugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo kusankhana mitundu ndi zikhalidwe zina zopanda chilungamo. Anthu omwe ali parecon amatha kuyesa kuchita izi, ndithudi, ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi maganizo oipa, ndithudi, koma palibe njira zomwe osankhana mitundu angatengere mphamvu zachuma kapena chuma - ngakhale ngati anthu osiyana, makamaka ngati anthu ammudzi. .
Ngati ndinu wakuda kapena woyera, Latino kapena Italy American, Jewish kapena Muslim, Presbyterian kapena Catholic, kum'mwera kapena kumpoto - mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chomwe chingakhalepo pakati pa anthu ambiri - mu parecon muli ndi ntchito yoyenerera komanso ndalama zopezera ndalama. kudzilamulira nokha pazikhalidwe zanu. Palibe malo otsikirapo omwe angakankhidwemo.
Kukhalitsa - kapena kubwereza tsankho mosalekeza kapena zosalungama zachikhalidwe - zitha kulowa m'malo mwa ochita sewero, koma sakanatha kutero m'njira yomwe ingapereke mphamvu zachuma, chuma chakuthupi, kapena zabwino zachuma mopanda chilungamo. Choncho anthu akuda, Latinos, Asiya, ndi zina zotero mu US osinthidwa akhoza kukhala ndi ziwerengero zosiyana muzochita zawo zogwirira ntchito, koma kusiyana sikungathe kuphwanya malire a zovutazo. Ntchito zogawidwa mosagwirizana ngati izi zitha kukhala ndi zonyozeka, ndizowona, ngakhale wina angaganize kuti ngati atatero, kuwongolera pawokha pazachuma kungathenso kuthetsa kusalungama kumeneko.
Zowonadi, munthu atha kuganiza kuti m'magulu a anthu ochepa m'malo antchito amakhala ndi njira zokumana pamodzi mumisonkhano (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa) kuti awunike zochitika ndi zochitika moyenera kuti adzitetezere limodzi kumitundu kapena zikhalidwe zina zonyoza. Kapena kulimbana ndi omwe alipo ngati zotsalira zakale kapena zotuluka m'mbali zina za moyo wa anthu. Izi zitha kuwoneka ngati zabwino kwambiri zomwe munthu angafunse za chuma chomwe chikulepheretsa kusalungama kwachikhalidwe.
Koma bwanji za chuma chotenga nawo mbali ndi zikhalidwe zabwino m'dera lofunika? Palibe chifukwa chomwe zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa m'madera ena a anthu sizingakhudze moyo wachuma mu parecon, ndipo tikhoza kudziwiratu kuti zidzatero. Zochita zatsiku ndi tsiku za anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimatha kusiyana osati patchuthi chomwe mamembala awo amachoka kuntchito, kunena, komanso m'zochita zawo zatsiku ndi tsiku panthawi yantchito kapena kudya, monga kukonza nthawi yopemphera kapena kuchita zinthu zina zomwe zingachitike. amaletsedwa pachikhalidwe kapena amakonda pachikhalidwe. Pakhoza kukhala mafakitale kapena magawo azachuma omwe anthu ammudzi angapewe mwachikhalidwe, monga momwe zilili ndi Amish ku US, mwachitsanzo.
Mu chuma chotenga nawo mbali malire a chikhalidwe chotere pazachuma angakhale kuti zosowa zapadera zachuma za anthu azikhalidwe ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zilakolako zodzilamulira za iwo omwe ali mkati ndi kunja kwa maderawo.
Kuthekera kumodzi, mwachitsanzo, n’chakuti m’mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri kungakhale kwanzeru kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kukhala pafupifupi onse ochokera m’dera limodzi kotero kuti azitha kugawana mosavuta maholide, ndandanda ya tsiku la ntchito, ndi zikhulupiriro za zochitika zosiyanasiyana za tsiku ndi tsiku zimene ena angapeze. zosatheka kukhala. Kudziwongolera sikumalepheretsa makonzedwe oterowo ndipo nthawi zina kumawapangitsa kukhala abwino.
Kapenanso, malo ogwirira ntchito atha kukhala ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga momwe angagwiritsire ntchito magulu akuluakulu (komanso ang'onoang'ono). Zikatero pakhoza kukhala timagulu tating'ono tating'ono - mamembala ena amakondwerera Khrisimasi ndipo ena amakondwerera Hanukkah kapena tchuthi china, ndipo ndandanda imaperekedwa. Kapena mwina pali malo ogona ambiri okhudzana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwanthawi zonse kapena machitidwe ena omwe amakhudza mtundu wa ntchito yomwe anthu ena angagwire.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti, malo ogwirira ntchito a parecon, magawo ogula, ndi njira zokonzekera ndizosintha kwambiri zomwe mawonekedwe ake amapangidwira kuti azikhala opanda gulu, koma omwe tsatanetsatane wake amatha kusiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana - kuphatikiza kutengera miyambo yosiyanasiyana yachikhalidwe chifukwa cha machitidwe ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu.
Pomaliza, kodi zosowa ndi zofunikira za maudindo a ogwira ntchito, ogula, ndi otenga nawo mbali pakukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali mu parecon amaika malire pazomwe chikhalidwe chingakweze pazochitika zake zamkati?
Yankho m’lingaliro lina, inde, amatero. Magulu azikhalidwe m'magulu omwe ali ndi parecon sangathe, popanda kukangana kwakukulu, kuphatikizira miyambo yamkati ndi makonzedwe omwe amayitanitsa phindu lakuthupi kapena mphamvu zazikulu kwa ochepa powononga ena ambiri.
Chikhalidwe chikhoza kukhala, kunena, chomwe chingakweze gulu lina laling'ono la ansembe kapena amisiri kapena olosera, kapena akulu, kapena wina aliyense, ndipo zimafuna kuti mamembala ena onse aziwamvera mwapadera, kapena kuwasambitsa ndi mphatso, ndi zina zotero. mwayi woti chikhalidwe choterocho chikhalepo kwa nthawi yayitali ungakhale wotsika kwambiri pambali pa parecon.
Chifukwa chake ndichifukwa choti anthu omwe akukhudzidwa adzawononga nthawi yawo yazachuma m'malo omwe amatulutsa zokonda zachilungamo, mgwirizano, kudzilamulira okha, komanso kusiyanasiyana, komanso "kuwaphunzitsa" kulemekeza koma osamvera chabe, ena. Kodi nchifukwa ninji iwo akanagonjera ku mikhalidwe yosayenera ndi kusokonekera popanga zosankha m’mbali ina ya moyo wawo?
Poganiza kuti m'gulu labwino anthu adzakhala omasuka kusiya zikhalidwe - popeza anthu atha kukhala ndi chuma, maphunziro, komanso malingaliro odziyendetsa - tikuganiza kuti ambiri atha kugwiritsa ntchito ufuluwu kusiya chikhalidwe chilichonse chomwe chimawakaniza zipatso za ntchito zawo kapena kuwakaniza zochita zawo.
Izi zitha kuyembekezeranso kulumikizana pakati pa ndale kapena chibale, ndi chikhalidwe. Kusanthula kumafanana kwathunthu. Magawo ena awa a anthu ofunikira, monganso chuma chake, adzakhazikitsanso chilungamo ndi kudzilamulira okha ndi mgwirizano pa chikhalidwe, ndipo adzachotsa ku zikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwezo. Palibe njira kuti maubwenzi opondereza aziwonetsedwe movomerezeka ndi mwachibadwa mwa achibale kapena ndale chifukwa maudindo omwe alipo samaphatikizapo omwe ali pansi kwambiri kapena apamwamba kuposa ena. Chimodzimodzinso, ngakhale tsatanetsatane wa maubale otengerapo mbali kapena maubale angasonyeze kudzipereka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali - ndi kusakanikirana kosiyana kwa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana - kukonzanso kumeneku sikungasinthe kapena kuletsa kutanthauzira kwakukulu kwa magawowa. cha moyo. M'malo mobwerezanso kukambirana zazachuma ndi mtundu, kungosintha malo ogwirira ntchito, kadyedwe, ndi kagawidwe kazakudya ndi zonena za makhonsolo azamalamulo kapena malo okhala, zitha kukhala zowunikira kwambiri kuthana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zingakhale zosokoneza kwambiri.
Zowonjezera: Chipembedzo ndi Kumanzere
“Lero ndi kholo la mawa. Zamakono zimayika mthunzi wake m'tsogolo. Ndilo lamulo la moyo, munthu payekha komanso chikhalidwe. Kusintha komwe kumadzipatula ku makhalidwe abwino kumayala maziko a kupanda chilungamo, chinyengo, ndi kuponderezana kwa anthu amtsogolo. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zam'tsogolo zimakhala mwala wake wapangodya. "
- Emma Goldman
Monga momwe zikuyembekezeredwa kuchokera ku zokambirana zomwe zili pamwambazi, mgwirizano pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chuma chotenga nawo mbali sichingawonjezepo zovuta pa zomwe zanenedwa za ubale pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi parecon. Zipembedzo zirizonse zomwe zilipo m'chitaganya chomwe chili ndi parecon, mamembala awo, ndithudi, adzachitiridwa ndi parecon monga momwe zipembedzo zina zonse ndi chikhalidwe chawo zidzachitidwira. Adzakhala ndi ntchito yokhazikika, amasangalala ndi malipiro okha, adzakhala ndi mphamvu yodzilamulira okha, ndi zina zotero.
Zoonadi, ngati panali chipembedzo chimene chinanena kuti ntchito siziyenera kukhala zofanana, kapena kuti malipiro a magulu a magulu a anthu, likanakhala vuto. Koma chipembedzo choterocho sichingakhalebe chogwira ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali m’chitaganya chogaŵira anthu chifukwa chakuti awo otsitsidwa paudindo otsika angakhale okhoza kukana kapena kuchoka.
Mkhalidwe wa chipembedzo ndi ubale kapena ndale ndi zofanana, ngakhale titha kuganiza za mikangano. Mabungwe andale kapena achibale sazunza anthu chifukwa chokhala m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, komanso madera sangakhazikike motsogozedwa ndi kuyembekezera kuti aulemu kapena achibale azitsatira. Ndiye kachiwiri, ngati chikhalidwe chinati amayi ayenera kukhala ogonjera, kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kaya ndi malamulo, kuweruza, kapena maubwenzi a moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, lingakhale vuto, ndipo silingatheke kwa nthawi yaitali m'magulu ogwirizana chifukwa, kachiwiri, anthu amachoka momasuka ndi zina zotero. zikhalidwe zidzataya chithandizo.
A parecon, banja lotengapo mbali kapena sukulu, oyandikana nawo ochita nawo mbali kapena makhonsolo amchigawo kapena makhothi, sadzakhala ndi chifukwa chachuma, achibale, kapena ndale kapena njira zokwezera kapena kunyozetsa anthu pamaziko a zikhalidwe zilizonse zomwe angakhale nazo, komanso sizingakhale zophweka, kapenanso zotheka, kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe zaudani aziwonetsetsa mu parecon, parpolity, kapena parkinship. Momwemonso, palibe chilichonse muzachuma chotengapo mbali, ubale, kapena ndale zomwe zingasemphane ndi maderawa okhudzana ndi maholide ndi machitidwe a madera ena mkati mwa njira yofikira mgwirizano, chilungamo, chilungamo, ndi kudzilamulira, ngakhale chenjezo lomaliza siliri. wamng'ono. Koma funso la zipembedzo ndi chitaganya chabwino pa munthu aliyense, poyerekezera ndi funso la zipembedzo m’chitaganya chabwino, ndi lovuta kwambiri ndi lokangana.
Ambiri kumanzere amaganiza kuti kuphatikiza uku sikutheka. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti chipembedzo chimasemphana kwenikweni ndi chilungamo, chilungamo, makamaka kudzilamulira. Kwa otsutsa achipembedzo awa, mabungwe otenga nawo mbali sangagwirizane bwino ndi zipembedzo zabwino pagulu labwino, chifukwa m'gulu labwino sipadzakhala zipembedzo zilizonse, zabwino kapena zina.
Mtsutso wotsutsa chipembedzo choyamba umayang'ana mbiri yakale ndikupeza mbiri yosatha ya kuphwanya kwachipembedzo kwa khalidwe laumunthu - ndipo palibe amene angatsutse nkhaniyi yomvetsa chisoni. Kenako otsutsa - kutengera ndi zipembedzo zomwe timaganizira - atha kupita kapena sangapitenso gawo lina ndikuyang'ana malemba osiyanasiyana omwe akuwonetsa mitundu yonse yamankhwala oyipa momveka bwino. Kenako otsutsawo angasonyeze zitsanzo za zipembedzo zimene zimalepheretsa kulingalira kapena zojambulajambula, zimene zimaphwanya osati kokha maubwenzi omasuka komanso kukhulupirika ndi ulemu. Ndipo potsirizira pake, pakulimba mtima kwawo, otsutsawo adzanena kuti akutsutsa mlandu wawo mwa kutsutsa kuti munthu akamaika mphamvu zonyanyira mwa mulungu ndipo amafuna kuti iyemwini ndi ena amvere mphamvuzo, ndi sitepe lalifupi ndi losasunthika potsutsana ndi mulungu mmodzi. motsutsana ndi ena, ndi kutsutsa okhulupirira anzako motsutsana ndi okhulupirira a chikhulupiriro china, potsirizira pake kuchoka ku kumvera kwa mulungu kupita ku kumvera atumiki a mulungu, ndipo, kuwonjezera, kumvera maulamuliro a mitundu yonse.
Mtsutsowu, wina avomereze, siwofooka m'malingaliro ake olosera kapena mphamvu yake yofotokozera mbiri kapena kutsimikizira umboni. Koma nawonso, pamapeto pake, amaonedwa mopambanitsa chifukwa amachokera ku zipembedzo zina kupita ku zipembedzo zonse, komanso kuchokera ku zipembedzo zaulamuliro wokhazikika kupita ku zauzimu zamitundumitundu.
Cholinga chathu ndicho kuganiza kuti chitaganya chabwino chidzakhala ndi chipembedzo chabwino m’malo mopanda chipembedzo, monga momwe chitaganya chabwino chidzakhala ndi chuma chabwino m’malo mopanda chuma, mitundu yabwino ya ndale m’malo mopanda mitundu ya ndale, ndi zina zotero.
Ponena za mmene zipembedzo zabwino zoterozo zidzakhalire, mwachidziŵikire zidzasiyana mokulira ndi mokulira, zochokera m’zipembedzo zimene tikuzidziŵa tsopano—komanso zochokera m’mipangidwe yoyambirira ndi yatsopano—koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi chikhumbo chofanana chokhazikitsa makhalidwe ndi lingaliro la malo. m’chilengedwe chonse popanda kuphwanya makhalidwe ndi ntchito za anthu ena onse olungama.
M'malingaliro athu, gulu ku US - ndipo mosakayika m'maiko ena ambiri padziko lonse lapansi - momwe mamembala amatsutsa komanso amadana ndi chipembedzo, makamaka gulu lomwe limanyoza iwo omwe ali achipembedzo chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo, mayendedwe otayika.
Ngakhale ngati wina sakutsimikiza kuti chipembedzo chabwino m’chitaganya chabwino chidzakhala chinthu chabwino m’miyoyo ya anthu ambiri ndipo m’malo mwake amaganiza kuti kaimidwe kabwino kameneko kadzakhala kokayikitsa kuti kuli Mulungu kapenanso kusuliza kwambiri chipembedzo mwanjira iliyonse, ndipo ngakhale ngati wina alibe. wodzichepetsa kuti asunge malingaliro amenewo koma panthawi imodzimodziyo kulemekeza kuti ena adzasiyana ndipo akuyenera kulemekezedwa pochita izi, ndithudi munthu wotsalira kwambiri ayenera kuona kuti kunyoza zinthu zonse zachipembedzo ndi kudzipha mwanzeru m'gulu lachipembedzo monga US Chilichonse chikuwona chimodzi. ngati wina akufuna kuthandizira kumanga gulu lalikulu, lotengapo mbali, komanso lodzilamulira, ayenera kupeza njira yochitira zinthu mwachilungamo komanso mwaulemu ndi omwe amakondwerera ndi kupembedza mwachipembedzo, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri - kapena nthawi zambiri. anthu ambiri.
Kuyesera kukhala wokonzekera ku US, pomwe kunyoza chipembedzo sikuli kwanzeru kuposa kuyesa kukhala wokonzekera ku France ngati simukonda anthu olankhula Chifalansa. The acerbic ndi H. L. Mencken akuti: “Tiyenera kulemekeza chipembedzo cha munthu winayo, koma kokha m’lingaliro ndi pamlingo umene timalemekeza chiphunzitso chake chakuti mkazi wake ndi wokongola ndi ana ake anzeru.” Palibe kunyozedwa. Munthu amasunga malingaliro ake, koma amalemekeza, komanso a ena, ngakhale atakhala osiyana. Nthawi yotsutsa imangobwera ngati pali kuponderezedwa ndi kugonjera - ndipo ngakhale pamenepo zimatengera mawonekedwe okhawo otsutsa zolepherazo.
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, ngakhale kusakhala ndi masomphenya athunthu ndi okhutiritsa a chikhalidwe chamtsogolo cha moyo, zikuwoneka kuti tikhoza kuganiza kuti chuma chotenga nawo mbali, ndale, ndi ubale zidzalimbikitsa ndi kupindula ndi zatsopano zoterezi, m'malo mowalepheretsa.
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