Tonse titha kutchula malingaliro ambiri omwe amalimbikitsa zolinga zachuma za post-capitalist. Kodi tiyenera kuwona malingaliro aliwonse ngati otsutsana ndi ena onse? Bwanji ngati ali ndi zolinga zogwirizana? Kodi tingayese kuphatikiza ukoma wawo woyamba kukhala malingaliro atsopano ophatikiza? Kodi malingaliro ophatikizika atha kukwaniritsa zokhumba zathu zonse zazikulu? Kodi imatha kukhala yotheka ndikuphatikizanso zofunikira zokha?
Polimbikitsidwa ndi chiyembekezo chimenecho, pano tikufotokozera mwachidule malingaliro asanu ndi anayi omwe akukangana pazachuma. Kenako timapereka lingaliro lachikhumi lophatikizana kuti lithetse magawano ndikukhazikitsa maulalo pakati pa ena asanu ndi anayi. Zindikirani, komabe, kuti timangoganizira za post capitalist economics. Wina athanso kulingalira za kusankhana mitundu, kutsata kugonana, post authoritarian, ndi posts untainable social partitions kuti mofananamo apeze mgwirizano wosayembekezeka koma wolandiridwa pakati pa "malingaliro otsutsana." Ngati malingaliro azachuma angagwirizanitse, mwina malingaliro a mbali zina za moyo ndiyeno kufupikitsa mbali zonse kungathenso kugwirizanitsa.
Apa ndiye, pali zonena zazikulu zamalingaliro asanu ndi anayi azachuma omwe nthawi zambiri amatsutsana m'malo mogwirizanitsa.
- Mainstream Marxist Economy (MME) makamaka ikufuna kuthetsa umwini wazinthu zopangira kuti nawonso athetse gulu la capitalist lomwe limapeza phindu ndikusankha zotulukapo. Othandizira a MME amasiyana pazomwe angachite ndi njira zomasulidwa zopangira. Pangani ziwerengero za umwini wazinthu? Kupereka umwini wa malo aliwonse antchito kwa antchito ake? Kukhazikitsa ma commons opindulitsa? Ngakhale pali kusiyana kumeneku, olimbikitsa MME amagwirizana pa cholinga chonse: Kuthetsa ulamuliro wa anthu wamba kuti ogwira ntchito azilamulira zochitika zawo ndikupindula ndi zoyesayesa zawo. Kupitilira apo, pakugawira ena olimbikitsa MME akuganiza zokonzekera pakati. Ena amafuna misika. Koma olimbikitsa MME amavomereza kuti kugawa kuyenera kupereka mphamvu kwa ogwira ntchito ndi ogula pazotsatira zoyenera.
- Councilist Marxist Economy (CME) imachokera ku Anton Pannekoek kupita ku Rosa Luxembourg kupita ku Cornelius Castoriadis ndi kupitirira apo. CME ikufuna makhonsolo ogwira ntchito kuti apereke malingaliro ndikusankha mfundo zapantchito. Ikufuna makhonsolo ogula kuti apereke lingaliro ndikusankha momwe angagwiritsire ntchito pawokha komanso gulu lonse. Othandizira ena a CME akuti zisankho zotere ziyenera kupangidwa nthawi zonse ndi mavoti ambiri. Othandizira ena a CME amati ochita sewero ayenera kusankha zotulukapo molingana ndi momwe zotsatira zake zimawakhudzira. Izi zitha kukhala ndi mavoti ambiri, mogwirizana, kapena china chilichonse chomwe chingagwire ntchito. CME ikufuna kugawidwa kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna popanda kuwononga katundu wamtengo wapatali komanso kudziyendetsa okha. Pazifukwa izi, CME nthawi zambiri imakana mapulani apakati ndi misika ndikufunafuna njira ina yogawa.
- Anarchist Economy (AE) imachokera ku Bakunin kudzera ku Kropotkin kupita ku Goldman, kupita ku Anarcho-Syndicalism, ndipo posachedwa mpaka ku Chomsky. AE imakana umwini wazinthu zopangira ndi ulamuliro wonse. Nthawi zambiri imalimbikitsa mgwirizano wabwino komanso kudziwongolera kwa khonsolo. Imazindikira kufunikira kwa njira zosiyanasiyana zovota ndi masitaelo okambilana muzochitika zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka, kupitirira zonsezi, zimawonjezera kusakaniza kwathu kwa zolinga zomwe zikufunikira kuzindikira kuti pali gulu lachitatu lomwe Bakunin poyamba analitcha "anzeru," lomwe Barbara ndi John Ehrenreich adalitcha "katswiri waukatswiri," ndi lomwe Albert. ndipo Hahnel patapita nthawi adatcha "gulu la ogwirizanitsa," koma omwe onse amavomereza kuti ali ndi mphamvu zokhala gulu lolamulira lomwe limagwira ntchito kuposa antchito. AE ikufuna kupanga koyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito moyendetsedwa ndi omwe akukhudzidwa. Choncho, AE imakana ulamuliro wa kalasi. Zimawonjezera mndandanda wa zolinga zomwe zikubwera kuti tithetse kugawikana kwa ogwira ntchito kukhala gulu lamphamvu lomwe limakwera kulamulira gulu lopanda mphamvu.
- Solidarity Economy (SE) imadziwona ngati mawu ambulera kuposa masomphenya enieni. Ikufunsa kuti: Kodi anthu amapindulana wina ndi mnzake poyerekezera ndi kupita patsogolo ndi kuonongeka? Cholinga cha SE ndi chakuti ogwira ntchito ndi ogula azikhala ndi nkhawa komanso zokondana. Ponena za momwe angakwaniritsire zolinga zotere, SE ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi zambiri pansi pa ambulera yake, koma makonzedwe ake onse amafuna kuti ochita sewero achoke ku zotsutsana ndi kugwirizanitsa. SE imakana kuti ena amapindula mowonongera ena. Imafuna kuti onse azipindula. Imakondera mosapita m'mbali njira zomwe zimalimbikitsa mgwirizano popanda kuwononga kosayenera. Imakana m'pang'ono pomwe njira zomwe zimalepheretsa mgwirizano, kuphatikiza magawano am'magulu ndi kugawikana kwapamwamba kapena kupikisana kwa ziro-sum. Imawonjezera kukwanilitsa mgwirizano ku mndandanda wathu womwe ukubwera wa zolinga.
- Green Economy (GE) ilinso ndi matembenuzidwe ambiri, koma onse amavomereza kuti moyo wachuma uyenera kukhala wokhazikika komanso wogwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Tiyerekeze kuti gawo lina lazopanga limagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuposa chilengedwe kapena anthu omwe amatha kusintha kapena kusintha chaka chilichonse. Mwachionekere, chithandizo chimenecho m’kupita kwa nthaŵi chidzatha. Mofananamo, tiyerekeze kuti gawo limatulutsa zina zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe m'njira yowononga zomwe sitingathe kuzichepetsa kapena kuzichepetsa chaka chilichonse. N'zoonekeratu kuti kukhumudwa kungakhale kosapiririka. GE ikufuna mabungwe omwe amawerengera kuchepetsa zomwe zikufunika komanso kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zoyipa. Imakondera mabungwe omwe amathandizira kuyanjana kwachilengedwe. Imakana mabungwe omwe amalepheretsa kuyanjana kwa chilengedwe. Othandizira GE amasiyana pa momwe angakwaniritsire zolinga zawo, koma ambiri amavomereza kuti mitundu yakale yachuma ya umwini wa katundu, kupanga zisankho, ndi kugawirana sikunali kosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
- Degrowth Economy (DGE) ndi GE yomwe imatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizingalowe m'malo ndi zomwe zidawonongeka panopa, mwachidule, ndizokulirapo kale kuti zipitirire. DGE imalangiza kutsogolo kuti kuchuluka kwa zochitika zachuma zomwe zilipo panopa ndizosakhazikika komanso zokayikitsa kuti zikhale zokhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono kapena chikhalidwe. DGE ikulimbikitsa kuti mafakitale osakhazikika akuyenera "kuchepa." Othandizira kukula amasiyana kwambiri pazomwe tikufunika kuchepetsa ndi kuchuluka kwake, koma amavomereza kuti kupanga zisankho zademokalase kuyenera kuwonetsa zisankho zotere. DGE imalimbikitsanso kuti zisankho zichotse utsamunda ndikutsata chilungamo. Izi zikutsatira kuti DGE, monga GE, imawonjezera pazokambirana zathu kufunikira kwa zisankho zopanga kuti ziweruze moyenera kukhazikika komanso kuti ndi ndalama ziti zomwe zikuyenera kukonzedwa kapena kunyozeka.
- Feminist Economy (FE) imayang'ana zochitika zachuma kuchokera kumbali ya ubale. Zimapanga zowonjezera ziwiri ku ndondomeko yathu zokhudzana ndi zolinga zachuma. 1) Moyo wachuma suyenera kubweretsa kusiyana kwamitengo kapena phindu chifukwa cha kugonana, jenda, kapena ubale wina uliwonse. 2) Moyo wachuma uyenera kulemekeza, kulolera, komanso osasokoneza zina zomwe zimakhudza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha akazi, kuphatikizapo kuzindikira ndi kusintha kwa moyo wapakhomo, zokonda kugonana ndi machitidwe, maubwenzi a makolo ndi ana, komanso zotsatira za ntchito yosamalira anthu achite, kuphatikiza malingaliro osinthidwa oti ayenera kukhala ndani.
- Intercommunalist Economy (IE) imayang'ana zochitika zachuma kuchokera kumadera azikhalidwe. Ikupanganso zoonjezera ziwiri zofunika makamaka pazachuma. 1) Moyo wachuma suyenera kubweretsa kusiyana kwamitengo kapena phindu chifukwa cha mtundu, fuko, chipembedzo kapena chikhalidwe china chilichonse chokhudzana ndi dera. 2) Moyo wachuma uyenera kulemekeza, kuvomereza, komanso osasokoneza zotsatira zowonjezera za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikizapo, kuzindikira ndi kusintha kwa mgwirizano pakati pa zikhalidwe ndi malire awo makamaka zatsopano zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu onse ku ulamuliro kapena kukanidwa. ena.
- Anti-Authoritarian Economy (AAE) imayang'ana zochitika zachuma kuchokera kumbali ya unzika ndi ndale. Zimapanganso zowonjezera ziwiri zokhuza zolinga zachuma. 1) Moyo wachuma suyenera kubweretsa kusiyana kwamitengo kapena zopindulitsa chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chilichonse kapena chikhalidwe chamunthu chomwe chingabweretse kukwera kosayenera pa ndale kapena kugonjera. 2) Moyo wachuma uyenera kulemekeza, kulolera, komanso osasokoneza zina zomwe zingachitike pakusintha kwa ndale kuphatikizapo, makamaka, ufulu, maudindo, ndi ndondomeko za ndale.
Kupanga Chuma Chophatikiza
Ngakhale kuperekedwa mopusa monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, chidule chathu chachidule cha zisanu ndi zinayi chilidi chapakamwa. Sitingathe ngakhale kutchula zonse, MMECMEAESEGEDGEFEIEAAE. Koma kulongosola kwathu mwachidule zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro aliwonse sikunangochitika mwachisawawa. Tinagogomezera zokhumba zabwino zoyambirira. Tinagogomezera kusiyana pa njira zopezera zilakolako zoyambirira zabwino. Ntchito yathu yotsatila: Kupereka malingaliro ogwirizanitsa omwe angapeze malingaliro abwino asanu ndi anayi apakati ndikupewa mawonekedwe aliwonse mwa asanu ndi anayi omwe angakane.
Kuti tiyambe, kuti tikwaniritse zikhumbo zazikulu za Marxists momveka bwino, masomphenya ophatikizana adzafunika kuthetsa umwini waumwini wa katundu wopindulitsa. Kuti izi zitheke, malingaliro ophatikizika atha kuwonetsa ma common commons. Ngati anthu akuwona kuti zomwe akufuna kukhala opanga ndizoyenera kukhala nazo komanso zothandiza zachilengedwe, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti apange zinthu zopindulitsa kwa anthu.
Kenako, pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za makhansala, malingaliro ophatikizana atha kuganiza kuti kudziyang'anira okha ogwira ntchito zopanga ndi zogulitsa ndi ogula atha kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe amaganiziridwa moyenera, otchedwa makhonsolo. Osati malingaliro a khonsolo okha omwe amafuna kuti ogwira ntchito ndi ogula aziyang'anira moyo wachuma, komanso ena onse, poganiza kuti ogwira ntchito ndi ogula atha kuwonetsedwa kuti ndi otheka komanso ogwirizana ndi zolinga zina zamalingaliro. Komabe, olimbikitsa malingaliro asanu ndi anayiwa atha kufunsa momwe malingaliro ophatikizana angathandizire kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ndi makhonsolo ogula apanga zisankho zanzeru.
Kusamukira ku Anarchists, malingaliro atsopano angaphatikize bwanji cholinga cha AE chochotsa gulu lamphamvu lomwe limalamulira antchito? Kodi zingatheke bwanji kuti ogwira ntchito azikhala okonzekera bwino kuti azidzilamulira okha mwanzeru? Popeza chinthu chofunika kwambiri pazifunozi ndi kupatsa mphamvu zomwe zikuchitika tsiku ndi tsiku pazachuma, malingaliro ophatikizana angafunike zinthu zomwe zimakonzekeretsa wogwira ntchito aliyense kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana ndi zisankho za khonsolo. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro a anarchist okha amafunikira izi, ngati gawo latsopano la ntchito lomwe limapereka mphamvu zofanana likhoza kuwonetsedwa moyenera komanso lotheka, n'zovuta kuona chifukwa chake malingaliro ena asanu ndi atatu angatsutse.
Kuwerengera komweko kumagwiranso ntchito pakupeza mgwirizano womwe udatsindikiridwa ndi SE. N'chifukwa chiyani chuma chatsopano chingakane kuti anthu apindule nawo m'malo moti ochita sewero azingopindulira anzawo? Chifukwa chake malingaliro ophatikizana angalimbikitse kuti kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kugawa ziyenera kugwirizanitsa zokonda za osewera momwe zingathere ndipo osakakamiza zofuna zawo kuti zisokoneze chitsutso. M'malo mwa mpikisano wa makoswe kumene owerengeka okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi moyo pamene ena onse ali odzichepetsa, ogonjera, ndi osauka, mabungwe azachuma ayenera kuchititsa kuti onse ogwira nawo ntchito zachuma agawane kwambiri kusiyana ndi zofuna zotsutsana. Chinthu choyamba chingakhale kupanga ndalama kuti zikhale zofanana kuti ndikapindula musataye ndipo mosemphanitsa. Chinthu chinanso chachikulu chingakhale kukonza zisankho zomwe sizingafanane ndi zokonda zotsutsana. Chinthu chachitatu chingakhale kugawa ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsa otenga nawo mbali.
Kenako tili ndi chuma cha Green ndi Degrowth. Kuwonjezera pa mndandanda wathu womwe ukukula wa zolinga ndikuti pamene ogwira ntchito ndi ogula adziwa zomwe angapange ndi kudya, ayenera kuganizira za chilengedwe komanso ndalama zaumwini ndi zamagulu ndi ubwino wake. Kuti izi zitheke, malingaliro ophatikizana atha kuganiza za njira yatsopano yogawira misika m'malo mwa misika komanso kukonza mapulani apakati chifukwa pakuwunika zolimbikitsa ndi malingaliro awo, tikudziwa kuti misika ndi mapulani apakati zimakhazikitsa chilimbikitso chodziunjikira mosasamala kanthu za zomwe zingakhudze china chilichonse kupatula kukulitsa phindu pomwe kusunga maulamuliro omwe alipo a chuma ndi mphamvu. Nthawi yochepetsera kapena kubwezanso kukula kwa gawo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika kwambiri kapena chifukwa chopanga zinthu zowononga kuyenera kuganiziridwa mwa demokalase. Choncho chuma chikuyenera kuwonetsa njira zochepetsera m'malo mwa chuma chomwe chikucheperachepera kapena kupanga njira zogwiritsira ntchito mosasamala, ndipo akhazikitse njira zochepetsera kapena kuchotsa zoyipa pogwiritsa ntchito luso labungwe kapena luso - kapena, zikafunika, zichepetse moyenera.
Pomaliza, komanso kukhudza kwakukulu, molingana ndi zolinga za chuma chapakati pa ma communalist, feminist, ndi anti-authoritarian, malingaliro ophatikizana angafune kuletsa kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimabweretsa chuma kapena mphamvu zambiri za chuma, zochitika, kapena chikoka. Ikhozanso kulemekeza zomwe zapindula kuchokera kumitundu yosiyana, jenda, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi ndale pamene chilichonse chikuchokera ndikuyendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa magawo a zachuma. Ndipo, ndithudi, ikhoza kuchitira chuma china kunja molingana ndi zomwe imalemekeza ndikukwaniritsa mkati mwake.
Chuma chogawana nawo?!
Kukambitsirana kwapitako kukuwonetsa kuti ndi mitundu yanji yamalingaliro yomwe ingathe kulimbikitsa oyimira pamalingaliro athu asanu ndi anayi omwe adawonetsedwa kuti agwirizane pamalingaliro okulirapo azachuma. Ndipo, ndithudi, malingaliro omwe alipo akhumi omwe amatchedwa kuti chuma chogawana nawo akufuna kukhwima m'njira imeneyo. Mabungwe ake akuluakulu azachuma ndi makhonsolo ochita bwino, ogwira ntchito ndi ogula omwe amadziyendetsa okha, gawo latsopano la ogwira ntchito lotchedwa balanced job complexes, malipiro ofanana kwa nthawi yayitali, kulimba, ndi kupsinjika kwa ntchito zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pagulu (kuphatikiza ndalama zonse kwa omwe sangathe ntchito), ndipo, potsiriza, pakugawa, kukonzekera nawo limodzi m'malo mwa misika ndi mapulani apakati.
Nazi zolinga zazikulu za malingaliro asanu ndi anayi pomwe pa chilichonse timawona mwachidule momwe chuma chotenga nawo mbali chingakwaniritsire.
- Chotsani ulamuliro wa capitalist. Kuti tikwaniritse izi, Participatory Economics ilowa m'malo mwa umwini wazinthu zopindulitsa ndi mgwirizano wabwino womwe opanga akufuna kubwereka katundu kuti apange zopindulitsa pagulu.
- Kukhazikitsa makhonsolo ogwira ntchito ndi ogula okha. Kuti izi zitheke, Participatory Economics imakhazikitsa mwachindunji ogwira ntchito odziyendetsa okha ndi makonsolo ogula ndi mabungwe am'makonsolo kuti aziyang'anira okha kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito m'deralo komanso zisankho zazikulu zogawira.
- Onetsetsani kuti ogwira ntchito ali ndi kuthekera kopanga zisankho zodziwika bwino ndikuchotsa gulu laogwirizanitsa omwe ali ndi mphamvu zomwe zimalamulira antchito kuchokera pamwamba. Kuti akwaniritse izi, Participatory Economics imachotsa chikapitalist (ndi “socialist” wazaka za zana la makumi awiri) “gawo lazantchito” lomwe limapatsa mphamvu pafupifupi makumi awiri pa zana aliwonse a opanga onse kuposa pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi atatu pa zana la opanga onse. M'malo mwake, gawo lazachuma limakhazikitsa "mabungwe ogwira ntchito moyenera." Izi zimapanga ntchito monga kuphatikiza kwa ntchito zina zopatsa mphamvu ndi zina zofooketsa, kotero kuti ntchito iliyonse imakhala yopatsa mphamvu ku ntchito zina zonse. Palibe gulu lopatsidwa mphamvu kuposa antchito omwe alibe mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, onse ogwira nawo ntchito pazachuma amasangalala ndi zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso, maluso, chidaliro, malingaliro, komanso mwayi wodzipangira zisankho mwanzeru.
- Onetsetsani kuti ogwira ntchito ndi ogula akusangalala ndi mgwirizano. Chuma chotenga nawo mbali chimakwaniritsa mgwirizano ndi zinthu zitatu zazikulu. Choyamba, ndalama ndizofanana kwa onse ndipo sizimagwira ntchito pakuchita ziro. Ndalama zomwe mumapeza zimakwera kokha pazifukwa zautali, mphamvu, kapena kupsinjika kwa ntchito yanu yoyenera kucheza. Izi sizikuwononga aliyense komanso ndalama sizikwera kwambiri kwa wina aliyense mpaka kupangitsa kufananiza kopanda pake. Mukapeza zochuluka muyenera. Komanso, ndalama za munthu zimakwera pamene ndalama za aliyense zikukwera. Chachiwiri, zonena zanu pazosankha zili ngati zomwe wina aliyense anganene posankha zochita. Onse amatsatira chikhalidwe chofanana chodzilamulira. Momwemonso, muzachuma chotenga mbali, ochita nawo chidwi amasankha ndikuwonetsa zomwe amakonda mogwirizana ndi zomwe ena amakonda. Ochita zisudzo amafuna zotsatira zake zonse potengera zomwe zingakhudze iwo eni komanso kwa ena, m'malo mongofuna zotsatira zaumwini mosasamala kanthu za zomwe ena angakumane nazo.
- Limbikitsani bwino zotsatira za chilengedwe cha zisankho zachuma, kuphatikiza, ngati kuli kofunikira, kuyika ndalama m'njira zokhazikika kuti mukwaniritse kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe mukufuna, kapena, ngati kuli kofunikira, kuwononga mafakitale osakhazikika. Kuti izi zitheke, Participatory Economics imagwiritsa ntchito mapulani ogwirizana kuti afotokozere zomwe zimachitika pa chilengedwe. Komanso, Chuma chotenga nawo mbali chitha kulolera mopanda zosokoneza zazachilengedwe ndi ndondomeko zomwe zapangidwa ndikuganiziridwa mopitilira zachuma.
- Osalora zinthu zadongosolo kapena kutengera zabwino mwa abale, jenda, zaka, kugonana, mtundu, fuko, dziko, kapena masiyanidwe ena azikhalidwe. Lemekezani zolinga zowonjezera zachuma monga momwe akulimbikitsira azachuma a Feminist, Intercommunalist, ndi Anti-Authoritarian economics. Participatory Economics imakwaniritsa zonsezi ndi mfundo yosavuta yakuti palibe dera lomwe lingakhale ndi zinthu zoyendetsera ntchito kapena kukopa phindu chifukwa ndalama zonse zimakhala zofanana ndipo kupanga zisankho kumayendetsa nokha. Kuti titsatire zowoneka bwino, zovuta, kapena zatsopano zokhuza ubale, chikhalidwe, ndi zatsopano zandale, chuma chotenga nawo mbali pakati pa anthu chikuyenera kuyenderana ndi madera ena mosalekeza komanso mbali zokhazo za chuma chotenga nawo mbali zomwe zitha kusokoneza ndizo zabwino zake pazachuma. ndalama, mikhalidwe, ndi kuchuluka kwa zisankho zikuti.
Sitikunena kuti nkhani yaifupi iyi ikutsimikizira kuti chuma chotenga nawo mbali chingakhale chogwirizanitsa chakhumi kwa ena asanu ndi anayi. Timangonena kuti zimapanga njira yokwanira kotero kuti ngati mukuganiza kuti kukhala ndi masomphenya ogwirizana pazachuma kungapindulitse zotsutsana ndi capitalist, ndiye kuti mutha kuvomerezanso kuti ndikofunikira kuyesetsa kuti mufike pamalingaliro ozungulira. Chinthu chimodzi chingakhale kuwonetsera momveka bwino, kutsutsana, ndi kufufuza njira khumi za masomphenya a zachuma zomwe zaperekedwa pano ndi chiyembekezo chotsogolera kulimbikitsa mgwirizano waukulu m'malo mwa mikangano yochuluka.
Kodi Participatory Economics ikukhudza? Kodi Economics Economics ingapangitse MMECMEAESEGEDGEFEIEAAE kukhala PE? Izi ndi zanu ndi nthawi yoti musankhe.
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