Mu December 2013 David Marty adayankhulana ndi Michael Albert. Timazipereka m'zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi - zomwe iyi ndi yachitatu. Magawo ena adilesi: Radicalization, Media, Debating Vision, Venezuela, Occupy ndi IOPS, Fanfare, Chomsky, ndi mapeto.
Participatory Economics
Mumadziwika kuti ndinu wolemba nawo Robin Hahnel wa Participatory Economics, masomphenya kapena chitsanzo cha post capitalist economics. Kodi awirinu munakumana liti komanso bwanji?
Robin anali mnzanga waku koleji ndi mnzanga wapamtima wakusekondale. Iwo anali ndi chaka chimodzi patsogolo panga. Chotero mโchaka changa chomaliza kusukulu yasekondale mu 1965, pochezera bwenzi langa lapamtima pa Harvard ndi kukhala mโchipinda chawo, ndinakumana ndi Robin. Zinangochitika mwangozi mabwenzi.
Mosiyana ndi Hahnel, sindiwe katswiri wazachuma. Mwafika bwanji pamenepo? Kodi chinali chilema kusaphunzira zachuma?
Robin anali kutenga zambiri zachuma monga undergrad ndipo kenako kusukulu yomaliza anapitiriza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ndisanachite grad sukulu, Ndinangotenga imodzi Economics Inde pa MIT ndipo anali debacle chifukwa ine sindikanatha kupanga mitu kapena michira zimene zinkaoneka kwa ine ngati zamkhutu. Komabe, nditamaliza maphunziro a koleji, ndidabwerera kusukulu yazachuma. Ndikuganiza kuti ndimaganiza kuti ndiphunzitse, monga Robin amakonzekera, koma sizinachitike monga momwe ndimakonzera chifukwa ndidapita ku media - South End Press - ndipo ndakhala ndikuchita nawo zofalitsa kuyambira pamenepo.
Ndinapita kukaphunzira zachuma chifukwa cholembedwa ntchito ndi Herb Gintis ndi Sam Bowles. Ndidawadziwa kwambiri pazandale kuyambira pomwe adapita ku Harvard Ed. Sukulu, kumene ankaphunzitsa, ndiponso chifukwa chogwira nawo ntchito kumeneko. Choncho atapita ku U. Mass. Amherst kukathandiza kumanga dipatimenti yoona za chuma, anandipempha kuti nanenso ndibwere monga wophunzira. Zinali zowonjezera ndipo ndinaganiza kuti umu ndi momwe ndidyera, pamodzi ndi zina zilizonse zomwe ndimachita.
Pulogalamu ya Sam ndi Herb, pakati pa akatswiri ena okhwima omwe analipo, anali opambana. Kusakhala ndi chuma chambiri choyambira kupita kumeneko kunali, mwa lingaliro langa, mwayi. Ndinali ndi zochepa zoti ndisamaphunzire.
Nโchifukwa chiyani munadzipereka kwambiri pazachuma kuposa mbali ina iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu? Kodi nonse munayima pati pankhani ya kumvetsa kwanu chuma? Kodi munayamba mwakhala ngati Marxists?
Kuti ndinapita kusukulu yomaliza maphunziro a zachuma zinali zongochitika mwangozi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Koma zinthu monga zachikhalidwe cha anthu, tinene, sizinandikope. Zachuma zinali ndi chiyembekezo chokhudza masamu, ndipo ine ndinali katswiri pa masamu.
Ndikalowamo, kumvetsetsa kwanga pazachuma kunali kwachikale. Robin adaphunzira Marxism m'makalasi apansi pa Harvard. Ndinaziphunzira, poyamba, kuchokera kwa Robin masana ambiri ndidakali ku MIT. Kenako ndinawerenga kwambiri. Palibe aliyense wa ife amene anali a Marxist momveka bwino m'lingaliro lakuti malingaliro athu a dziko lapansi anayamba ndi kutha ndi chimango chimenecho.
Kodi zina mwanzeru zolimbikitsa za parecon zinali zotani?
Ndinganene kuti Kropotkin ndi Bakunin, komanso anthu osadziwika bwino monga Rudolf Rocker ndi Anton Pannokoek, pakati pa ena mu miyambo ya anarchist ndi libertarian socialist. Komabe, ndikuganiza kuti Chomsky mwina anali wofunikira. Kumbukirani, Robin ndi ine tinali ku Cambridge, ndipo ndinali pafupi ndi Noam, ndipo polowera kuzinthu zambiri izi zinali kudzera muzolemba zake. Ndiyeno panali kukhudza kwake kwachindunji, nayenso. Iye analemba, mโnthaลตi zimenezo kuti: โKuchitapo kanthu kwa anthu kuyenera kusonkhezeredwa ndi masomphenya a chitaganya chamโtsogolo, ndi ziweruzo zomvekera bwino za ubwino wa chitaganya chamtsogolo chino.โ Imeneyi ndiyo ndondomeko ya parecon: gwirizanani pa zikhalidwe zomwe zimagawidwa ndikukhazikitsa masomphenya a bungwe kuti athe kupereka zomwezo.
Kapena, kachiwiri mu nthawi zimenezo. Chomsky analembanso kuti: โNgati funde la kuponderezana liripoli likhoza kubwezeredwa, ngati kumanzere kungagonjetse zikhoterero zake zodzipha kwambiri ndi kupitiriza pa zomwe zakwaniritsidwa mโzaka khumi zapitazi (zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi), ndiye kuti vuto la mmene angalinganizire chitaganya cha mafakitale. pamizere ya demokalase yeniyeni, ndi ulamuliro wademokalase wa malo antchito ndi m'deralo, iyenera kukhala nkhani yanzeru kwambiri kwa iwo omwe ali ndi moyo ku zovuta zamasiku ano, ndipo, pamene gulu lalikulu la ufulu wa sosholizimu likukula, malingaliro ayenera kupitiriza kuchitapo kanthu. .โ Ndilo, kachiwiri, ndondomeko yoti tikwaniritse.
Nanga bwanji za marxism per se?
Kwa ine ndekha, ndinali kukayikira komanso kutsutsa zinthu za marxism ngakhale nditangomva koyamba. Mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso cha marxism chinali ndi zomwe ndidazitenga nthawi yomweyo kukhala malingaliro opusa a anthu ngati alibe chilengedwe, motero amakhala osasinthika. Mwina munamvapo mawu akuti, โpalibe chibadwa cha munthu.โ Sikoyenera kulowa umu, mwina, koma ndidapeza kuti lingalirolo ndi lopusa komanso lopanda pake. Chifukwa chimodzi, ngati anthu anali osavuta kusinthika, ndiye kuti kumanga gulu lomwe limapatsa anthu ochepa mphamvu ndi chuma chambiri bola ngati wina apanga dziko lonse lapansi kuti apangitse anthu ena onse kulandira umphawi ndi kuchotsedwa mphamvu (zomwe, ngati zosinthika mopanda malire, ziyenera kutheka kuti zitheke), zingakhale zabwino mwamakhalidwe. Aliyense adzapeza zomwe akufuna - ngakhale m'makonzedwe opangidwira kuti afune zomwe amapeza.
Malingalirowa akutanthauzanso kapena angatengedwe kuti atsimikizire lingaliro lakuti osankhika ayenera ndipo amayenera kusokoneza zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi malangizo a vanguardist. Zoonadi, kukhala ndi zotsatira zomwe sitikonda sizimapangitsa kuti zonenazo zikhale zolakwika. Ukalamba umatipha, zonena zokhala ndi tanthauzo zomwe sindimakonda, koma zonena zomwe ziri, komabe, zoona. Komabe, kunena kuti kulibe chibadwa chaumunthu, mwamwayi, sikunali kungochita chabe, komanso kunali kolakwika. Zingatanthauze kuti munthu akhoza kubereka chipmunk - kapena, atabala mwana, ngati mukufuna, mwanayo akhoza kuleredwa kuti akhale njuchi. Izi ndi zopusa, kutsimikiza, koma ndi zomwe zikutanthauza kunena kuti anthu ndi osasinthika, omwe anali mawu otchuka kuyambira nthawi zakale. Mwina nโkwanzeru kukumbukira zimene ndinanena poyambapo ponena za anthu amene nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zopanda pake nโzogwirizana ndi gulu lawo.
Chabwino, tiyerekeze kuti timachepetsa kunena kuti palibe chibadwa chaumunthu kuti tisatanthauze kuti anthu ndi osasinthika, koma kutanthauza kuti ndife omasuka kwambiri. Chabwino, kodi izo zikutanthauza chiyani? Kodi zikutanthauza kuti, mikhalidwe yambiri ya umunthu ndi yotheka? Zoonadi zimenezo nโzoona โ koma palibe amene angakane kuti nโzoona. Kodi zikutanthauza kuti titha kubweretsa munthu kuti asasowe mpweya? Ndithudi zimenezo nโzabodza, ndipo palibe amene angakane kuti nโzabodza. Kodi zikutanthauza kuti kudziwa zomwe zili ndi mawaya, kapena zolumikizidwa kwambiri ndi mawaya - ndi zomwe sizili - kungakhale kothandiza? Ndithudi zingakhale zothandiza.
Iwo likukhalira kuti monga ambiri ambiri ndi kutali zonena kuti anthu rhetorically kukweza ngati ali mtundu wa nzeru kawirikawiri anazindikira pakati maganizo ena, m'malo, kungoganiza pang'ono limasonyeza kuti palibe zambiri mu amanena. Ngati simunatchule mwatsatanetsatane mumayamba kupusa - monga momwe anthu ena amaganizira kuti popeza uthenga wawo ndi woti palibe chibadwa cha munthu, ndiye kuti sipayenera kukhala luso la chilankhulo, tinene, kapena palibe chisonkhezero cha ufulu ndi kutengapo mbali. Ngati mupeza zenizeni, ndiye kuti aliyense amavomerezana wina ndi mnzake, ndipo zotulukapo zopusa zochokera pazowonjezera zosokoneza zimasowa, komanso lingaliro lakuti pali nzeru zazikulu zomwe zikubwera.
Robin ndi ine tinapitilira kuzinthu zoyambira zotere, mwina molimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe timakonda komanso pophunzira zomwe tidapeza kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha Chomsky, kukananso zinthu zobisika za marxism zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri pazopezeka zenizeni ndi malingaliro.
Mwachitsanzo, tidakana mwachangu chuma - chomwe chinkaganiza kuti chuma ndichofunika kwambiri ndipo chidapanga china chilichonse, ndikungotengera china chilichonse. Malingaliro awa nawonso, titangolingalira bwino, adawoneka ngati opusa. Mtsutso uliwonse woti chuma chinali chofunikira kwambiri pamlingo womwe china chilichonse chimangogwirizana nazo - zomwe ndimamva mikangano yambiri nthawi imeneyo - zitha kutembenuzidwa kuti ndinene zomwezo, ndimamverera, za chikhalidwe kapena jenda kapena ubale wa boma. chofunika kwambiri, ndi zina zonse, kuphatikizapo zachuma, kutsatira. Kotero izo zinkawoneka kwa ine kuti chikoka chachikulu cha chikoka - ndithudi osati changwiro, koma chachikulu - chinali mkhalidwe weniweniwo.
Izi zinapangitsa kuti mbali zina za moyo zikhale zofunikira kwambiri posankha zomwe tingasankhe komanso zimakhudza kwambiri omwe tingakhale, kuti ndizofunika kwambiri ndipo aliyense amakonda kuumba ndikuwumbidwa ndi ena onse. Tinkaona kuti madera amene anali ofunika kwambiri anali azachuma, achibale, chikhalidwe komanso ndale. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa intersectionality ndi anthu ena, ndikukhulupirira, koma kukhulupirika kwathu kwa izo kudakhazikitsidwa zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, ndipo zidakhazikitsidwa zaka khumi pambuyo pake, kapena apo, mwachitsanzo, m'buku la olemba ambiri. Liberating Theory. Chotero kuyangโana pa chitaganya kapena mbiri ndi kulabadira mopambanitsa ku chimodzi cha madera ndi pangโono kwambiri kwa ena, kwakukulukulu kunyalanyaza zisonkhezero zawo zonse, kunali kopanda nzeru kwambiri.
Panalinso chifukwa china chotengera njira zambiri - zomwe zinali kuti m'dziko la ndale kunali koyenera kutero ngati tikufuna kupanga mgwirizano wodalirika komanso wopindulitsa pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Robin ndi ine mwina tidapita patsogolo kuposa momwe ambiri adadutsa mumsewuwu, koma sitinali tokha pakusankha. Ndipo ulendowu pambuyo pake udalimbikitsa njira yogawana nawo anthu kuti aziwona chuma ngati gawo limodzi lachithunzi chachikulu. Njira yowunikira anthu ambiri nthawi zina imavutitsa anthu ena, koma kuzindikira kumeneku kwakhala, ndikuganiza, malingaliro oyipa kwambiri ngakhale zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, tidachita zolakwika zambiri pazonena zotere, ndipo sizinavomerezedwe. .
Koma amenewo sanali mapeto ake. Tidatenga ndikusungabe zidziwitso zambiri zoyambira za marxist monga anti capitalism ndi zomwe sizidziwika bwino komanso zanzeru zotsutsana ndi msika, imayang'ana kwambiri ubale wamabungwe, chidwi cha makalasi ndi ulamuliro wamagulu - komanso zankhondo zake ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zili mu lingaliro lakuti โmfundoyo sikuti kungomvetsetsa dziko, koma kulisintha.โ Koma sipanapite nthaลตi yaitali kuti kukayikira za zimene ndinali kuลตerenga kunandiyambitsa pa kampeni yomvetsetsa Marxism bwino lomwe, ndi kumveketsa bwino chimene chinali kundivutitsa. Chifukwa chake, m'kupita kwanthawi, ndidazindikira, ndi Robin, kuti vuto langa lalikulu lidapitilira kukokomeza zachuma komanso malingaliro opusa oti kulibe chibadwa chamunthu - malingaliro omwe a Marxists ambiri adasokoneza nawonso, ndiyenera kuwonjezera - kuzinthu zobisika komanso zowopsa kwambiri. nkhawa za marxism kumvetsetsa mitengo ndi mphamvu makamaka makalasi.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani momwe magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu amakakamizidwa kwambiri ndi maudindo awo azachuma kukhala ndi zokonda zogawana komanso malingaliro ndi malingaliro ogwirizana nawo. Kodi kusiyana kwamagulu kotereku kunangobwera chifukwa cha ubale wa katundu, kapena kodi kusiyana kwa magulu kungabwerenso chifukwa cha kugawikana kwa ogwira ntchito?
Unali lingaliro ili lomwe linatsogolera ku lingaliro la gulu la ogwirizanitsa lomwe limayang'anira ntchito yopatsa mphamvu ndi lingaliro la chuma chomwe chingakweze gululo kukhala lolamulira. Robin anali pakati pa zisonkhezero zonse zomwezo ndipo anayenda, ndikuganiza, mofanana ndi njira yomwe ndinachitira, ndi ife tikukhudza wina ndi mzake, ndithudi. Ndipo kachiwiri, monga momwe timadumphira ku malingaliro ambiri, sitinali tokha potengera njira yatsopano ya kalasi. Otsatira akutali adaphatikizapo Bakunin, mwachitsanzo. Ndipo chothandizira champhamvu kwambiri kwa ife chinali cholembedwa cha Barbara ndi John Ehrenreich pagulu la akatswiri ndi oyang'anira, chomwe South End Press idasindikiza ngati cholinga cha buku lomwe lili ndi zolemba zambiri zotsutsana zotchedwa. Pakati pa Labor ndi Capital, imodzi mwa izo, inali ndi mutu wakuti "Tikiti Yokwera: Malo Ambiri pa Mapu a M'kalasi," ndipo inalembedwa ndi Robin ndi ine. M'nkhani imeneyo, tinalimbitsa chidwi chathu ku zomwe timatcha ubale wamagulu a ogwirizanitsa ndi ulamuliro, kumene gulu la ogwirizanitsa liri. oyang'anira apamwamba, mainjiniya, owerengera ndalama, ndi madokotala, omwe makamaka amagwira ntchito yopatsa mphamvu, poyerekeza ndi ogwira ntchito omwe makamaka amachita ntchito yotopetsa komanso yotopetsa - kuphatikiza kuyamba kwathu kuganiza zomwe zingafunike kuti tipewe kugawanika. Ndipo izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chuma chogwirizana.
Mwina titha kubwereranso ku chiyambi, koma, pakadali pano, ndi zinthu ziti zazikulu za Participatory Economics?
Ndi ochepa okha.
- Makhonsolo odziyendetsa okha ndi ogula ngati malo opangira zisankho zachuma.
- Zolinga zantchito monga njira yogawa ntchito. Munthu aliyense amachita zinthu zofananira zopatsa mphamvu ndi zofooketsa ntchito muntchito zake zonse kuti pasapezeke wina wokwezedwa ndi ntchito yawo kukhala wolamulira kapena wocheperako, potero amapambana gawo la ogwirizanitsa / ogwira ntchito.
- Malipiro a nthawi yayitali, kulimba, komanso kuvutitsa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito omwe ali ofunika kwambiri pagulu monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse komanso momwe amapezera ndalama. Izi ndizofanana, zimati parecon, pomwe njira zopatsa mphamvu, katundu, komanso zotulutsa, sizili choncho.
- Chigwirizano chochita nawo mbali
Kukambilana zokhuza chuma ndi zotsatira za makhonsolo a ogwira ntchito ndi ogula, kuphatikiza malipiro ofanana, kuphatikiza ogwira nawo ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito moyenera, kuphatikiza zina zingapo kuti zonse zitheke, monga njira yogawa - zomwe tidazitcha kuti dongosolo logwirizana. Izi, zimati parecon, zimapereka kuwunika kolondola komanso kutengapo gawo pakudziwongolera.
Ma Complexes Job Complexes
Kodi tingatsirizeko pang'ono zina mwa mbali zimenezo? N'chifukwa chiyani timakonda maofesi oyenerera, mwachitsanzo?
Tiyerekeze kuti china chilichonse chokhudza chuma ndichabwino, koma mumasungabe magawo ogwirira ntchito kotero kuti 80% ya ogwira ntchito akugwirabe ntchito zongobwerezabwereza zomwe zimawatopetsa ndikuwasiya osadziwa zambiri za ubale wakuntchito, osazolowera kupanga zisankho, ndi luso lochepa la chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene 20% amagwira ntchito zonse zopatsa mphamvu monga azamalamulo, madokotala, mamenejala, mainjiniya, ndi zina zotero, ndipo chifukwa cha zochita zawo amadziwitsidwa mosalekeza, aluso kwambiri pamayanjano, komanso kudzidalira. Zikatero, m'malo opangira zisankho, kaya malowo angakhale ndi mawonekedwe otani, kuphatikizaponso makhonsolo ogwira ntchito omwe timawaganizira, ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi mphamvu ndiwo amalamulira zotulukapo zake. Adzakhazikitsa ndondomeko. Adzalankhula pafupifupi zonse. Adzakhala ndi pafupifupi zidziwitso zonse zoyenera. Adzakhala ndi zizolowezi zowunika ndikuwunika. Adzakhala ndi chidaliro. Ndipo iwo, mwa njira ya ubwino umenewu - komanso chifukwa cha zofunikira kuti azichita - adzagwiritsa ntchito zofuna zawo kuposa anthu omwe amangogwira ntchito pawokha ndipo kutsatira malamulo adzakonzekera kapena kufunitsitsa kuchita zawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusalinganika kumeneku kumakulirakulira pakadutsa sabata, mwezi, ndi chaka. Chifukwa chake 20% adzasankha zochulukirachulukira okha, ndipo, pakapita nthawi, adzasankhanso kuphwanya malamulo omwe adagwirizana kale kuti adzipezera okha ndalama zambiri. Ichi ndi chithunzi chamagulu apakati okonzekera ndi msika wa sosholizimu, ndipo ngati muwonjezera kusakanikirana kwa ogwirizanitsa / ogwira ntchito, eni ake pamwamba pa onse awiri, ndiyenso chithunzi cha kalasi ya capitalism. Chifukwa chake zikuwonekeratu kuti kugawikana kwa ogwira ntchito kumasemphana ndi kusakhazikika komanso kudziwongolera chifukwa cholimbikitsa ulamuliro wa gulu la ogwirizanitsa pamwamba pa antchito.
Chifukwa chake, ngati mukufuna kusakhala m'kalasi, kudziwongolera nokha, komanso mgwirizano, ndiye kuti mukufunika njira yowonetsetsa kuti aliyense amapangidwa kuti azitha kutenga nawo gawo pazosankha zapantchito ndi kadyedwe komanso moyo wachuma komanso anthu onse. Ndipo izi ndi zomwe ma complex work complexes amapangira.
Parecon ilibe gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a ogwira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kuyang'anira ndi kupanga ndi kupanga, ndi magawo anayi pa asanu amangogwira ntchito, kulinganiza mapangidwe, komanso kuchotsedwa pamalingaliro. M'malo mwake, parecon ali ndi aliyense amene akuchita kusakanizika koyenera kwa ntchito zopatsa mphamvu ndi zofooketsa, motero aliyense amatha kutenga nawo mbali molimba mtima pazosankha.
Kodi mumapangitsa anthu kukayikira kuti izi zitha kugwira ntchito, kapena kuti zingakhale zofunika? Akuti chiyani ndipo inu mukutinso chani?
Chodetsa nkhawa chodziwika bwino pazantchito zabwinobwino ndikuti ngakhale kukhala ndi gawo loyenera la ntchito zopatsa mphamvu ndi zofooketsa kungakhale koyenera komanso kolungama, njirayo ingayambitse mavuto pantchito. Wotsutsayo akunena kuti parecon pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, aliyense ayenera kukhala dokotala, loya, ndi zina zotero. Koma popeza kuti anthu ambiri sangakwanitse kuchita zimenezo, ndipo popeza kuti ambiri angawononge, zotsatira zake zingakhale zoopsa. Tikanakhala ndi tsoka lounikira mwamakhalidwe.
Mayankho anga anthawi zonse ndi akuti kudzudzulako kumapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza molakwika komanso momveka bwino komanso molakwika. Choyamba, gawo losamvetsetsa, ndikuti ndi ntchito zofananira sitingachite chilichonse. Sikuti tonse ndife madokotala ochita opaleshoni komanso mainjiniya onse. M'malo mwake, ena angachite chinthu chimodzi ngati gawo losangalatsa komanso lopatsa mphamvu pantchito yawo yonse, ndipo ena angachite china, koma palibe amene angachite zinthu zopatsa mphamvu. Kotero ngati tilingalira aliyense amene akuchita opaleshoni tsopano, akhoza, mwachitsanzo, aliyense achite theka la opareshoni monga tsopano, kapena gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu. Choncho nzoona tikadakhala ndi maopaleshoni ochepa kuchokera kwa maopaleshoni apano atasintha kupita ku parecon chifukwa parecon amatha kuchita zina kuwonjezera pakuchita maopaleshoni ochepa. Koma tingawabwezere maopaleshoni awo omwe adatayika chifukwa aliyense yemwe m'mbuyomu amangogwira ntchito yotopetsa komanso yotopetsa, mu parecon, adzaphunzitsidwanso kuchita ntchito zopatsa mphamvu - ndipo ena mwa anthuwo adzachita opaleshoni, motero kubweretsa ndalama zonse. za opaleshoni kubwereranso momwe zinalili kale ndipo mwina apamwamba kwambiri. Wotsutsa, yemwe tsopano ali wokhumudwa, akuti, gehena ukukamba za chiyani? Anthu omwe tsopano akugwira ntchito zotopetsa komanso zotopetsa amatha kugwira ntchito zotopetsa komanso zotopetsa. Sindikufuna kuti azinditsegula.
Panthawiyi, ndipereka malingaliro pang'ono kuyesa. Ndikunena kuti ndi 1955 ndipo timaweta maopaleshoni onse ku US mubwalo lalikulu. Kuyang'ana m'bwaloli, mukuwona chiyani? Kulimbikitsa pang'ono ndipo wotsutsa akuti, Ndikuwona amuna onse oyera. Ndikuwonjezera, ngati mutafunsa mmodzi wa madokotala ochita opaleshoniwo chifukwa chiyani kulibe akazi, akuda, latinos, ndi zina zotero, akuti chiyani? Wotsutsayo akuyankha kuti mnzakeyo akuti enawo sangathe kuchita opaleshoni. Ndikuyankha, chabwino, tiyerekeze kuti mumafunsa amayi ndi akuda ndi latinos za anthu okhala m'bwalo lamasewera, anganene chiyani nthawi zambiri? Chinthu chomwecho, limabwera yankho. Ndipo chowonadi chinali chiyani, ndikufunsa?
Ndionjeza, osadikira yankho, chowonadi chinali chakuti ngakhale zimawoneka ngati anthu onse omwe sanali m'bwalo lamasewera sakanatha kuchita opareshoni chifukwa zinali zowona kuti samatha kuyika mop yomwe anali pakali pano. kugwira kapena kutuluka kuseri kwa banki ya foni yomwe adakhalapo, kapena kusiya malo ochitira msonkhano omwe akukhalamo, ndikungolowa m'chipatala ndikuyikapo mtima kapena kukonza bondo. Koma chifukwa chomwe palibe m'modzi wa iwo akanachita opaleshoni Lachiwiri atagwira ntchito yapang'onopang'ono Lachiwiri lisanachitike sichinali chakuti palibe m'modzi mwa iwo amene akanakhala madokotala ochita opaleshoni akadakhala kuti anali ndi maphunziro okwanira. M'malo mwake, zinali zoti anthu okondana komanso kusankhana mitundu pa nthawiyo amawalepheretsa kupeza maphunzirowo motero amalepheretsa kuphunzira kwawo kuchita opaleshoni ndi uinjiniya ndi kuwerengera ndalama ndi zina zotero.
Poganizira izi, zidapezeka kuti zaka makumi angapo zapitazo aliyense anali wokhutitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake kuti palibe maopaleshoni azimayi sichinali chifukwa chopanga maopaleshoni opitilira theka la anthu omwe amatha kulenga, koma chifukwa chakuti azimayi analibe luso lopanga. kuthekera. Chikhulupiriro chimenecho sichinali chowona, koma chinawoneka chowona kwa pafupifupi aliyense. Ndipo ngakhale pano, ngakhale tisanagonjetse tsankho ndi tsankho, ndizodziwikiratu kuti sizinali zoona. Oposa theka la anthu a sukulu ya zachipatala tsopano ndi akazi. Kwenikweni, tsopano tikudziwa kuti monga si amuna onse koma ena ocheperapo adzakhala okonda kuchita opaleshoni, momwemonso akazi ndi zigawo zina zonse. Chifukwa chake lingaliro la masitediyamu onse oyera ndi amuna onse a maopaleshoni linali bodza lalikulu.
Pambuyo pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndiyenera kupangitsa wotsutsa kuzindikira kuti zomwezo zilinso ndi 80% ya anthu omwe tsopano atumizidwa kukagwira ntchito yapang'onopang'ono kunja kwa bwalo lamasewera - ogwira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala zosavuta, koma nthawi zina zimatengera khama. Ndimakonda kuwauza kuti apite kumvetsera kwa John Lennon woimba kalasi yogwira ntchito, ngati sakupeza.
Mudafunsapo kale za zoyambira. Mutha kupezanso nkhawa zomwezi ku Bakunin, pakati pa ena omwe ndidawatchula kale, kuphatikiza Rocker, atero. Zowonadi, kuzindikira kwamtunduwu kunali, ndikukayikira, gawo lankhondo yapakati pa Bakunin ndi Marx ndipo mulimonse, malingaliro ofanana nthawi zonse akhala mbali ya malingaliro odana ndi Leninist. Sindinawonepo malingaliro omwe adalengeza momveka bwino vuto la kalasi yachitatu, monga Robin ndi ine tinaziwona izo, kapena sindinawonepo lingaliro lofotokozeranso kamangidwe ka ntchito monga yankho lomveka bwino, monga momwe tinafunira, koma zowonjezera izi zinali njira zazing'ono.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti akatswiri ndi mamenejala, omwe mumawatcha gulu la ogwirizanitsa, ali mbali ya vuto la anthu ndipo amatsutsa kufunafuna chuma chogawana nawo?
Zikutanthauza kuti zomanga zomwe zimapanga gulu la ogwirizanitsa pamwamba pa ogwira ntchito ndi gawo la vuto, ndikuti chikhumbo chofuna kusunga nyumbazo ndi gawo la vuto.
Zimatanthawuza kuti gulu la ogwirizanitsa lingasankhe kumenyana ndi phindu lake pamtengo wa omwe ali pansipa, ndipo motero kukhala gawo la vuto, kapena kuti gulu la ogwirizanitsa, kapena anthu ambiri omwe ali mmenemo, akhoza kukulitsa ulemu ndi mgwirizano ndi ogwira ntchito. ndikuzindikira kuti chilungamo komanso kupita patsogolo kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumafuna kusagwirizana, ndipo pazifukwa zonsezi amasankha kumenyana pamodzi ndi kukhala amodzi ndi antchito - kufunafuna kukhala gulu limodzi, osati awiri, ogawanika mopanda chilungamo.
Zikutanthauzanso kuti zotsutsana ndi capitalist zimabwera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu, osati m'modzi. Fomu imodzi imafuna kusowa kwa maphunziro, ndipo ndinganene, ikufuna kutenga nawo mbali pazachuma kapena zina zofananira. Fomu ina ikufuna kuthetsa maziko a katundu kuti ma capitalist akhalepo, koma ikufunanso kusunga kugawanika kwa ntchito kuti gulu la ogwirizanitsa likhalepo - ndipo ngati palibe eni ake, azilamulira.
Ndipo inde, pamene njira zonsezi zidzatsutsana ndi zofunikira za likulu lero, imodzi ikugwirizana ndi kumasulidwa kwathunthu ndipo ina sichoncho. Ndipo izi sizongopeka chabe, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika za nkhondo m'mbuyomu. Ogwirizanitsa, akadali opondereza, mwatsoka, wakhala wosasunthika, wapereka zotsatira za zaka za m'ma 20 zosakhala za capitalist zomwe zatchedwa sosholizimu ndi otsatira awo, koma zomwe ndikuganiza kuti zimatchedwa coordinatorism ndi advocates a parecon.
Izi zikutanthawuzanso kuti njira zopezera chuma chabwino, monga gawo limodzi lopeza anthu abwino, ziyenera kukweza utsogoleri wamagulu ogwira ntchito ndikutsutsa malingaliro a ogwirizanitsa komanso makamaka ubwino wogwirizanitsa, ngakhale kuyesa kukopa thandizo ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa ogwirizanitsa. - ndi chidziwitso chawo ndi maphunziro awo - kujowina koma osayendetsa kayendetsedwe kake. Chofunikira kwambiri ndichakuti olimbikitsa kusakhala m'gulu ayenera kufunafuna ogwirizanitsa m'njira zomwe sizimasokoneza kapena kutsitsa antchito mwanjira iliyonse. Tiyenera kufunafuna kutengapo gawo kwa otsogolera m'njira zomwe sizimasokoneza kupanga zowongolera zenizeni, kufalitsa uthenga, ndi zina zotero. Tiyenera kufunafuna kutengapo mbali kwa otsogolera, inde, koma chachiwiri kufunafuna kutengapo gawo kwa ogwira ntchito.
Izi ndi nkhani zenizeni, zamakono komanso zofunika kwambiri kuti munthu apeze zipambano zenizeni zomwe zimatsogolera ku kusaphunzira, poyerekeza ndi kupeza zomwe zingawoneke ngati masitepe opita patsogolo, koma zomwe zimafooketsa anthu ambiri ndikukweza bwana watsopano - osati monga bwana wakale, komanso kutali. kuchokera ku kusaphunzira.
Malipiro Ofanana
Gawo lachiwiri loti mufotokoze mwachidule: chifukwa chiyani mumakhala ndi zomwe mumazitcha kuti ndi malipiro ofanana kwa nthawi yayitali, kulimbikira, komanso kutopa kwa ntchito yofunikira pagulu? Nanga bwanji kupeza ndalama pa kuchuluka kwa zomwe timapanga?
M'malo mwake, malingaliro ndi ofanana. Ngati mukufuna equity muyenera kudziwa kuti ndi chiyani. Kodi ndi anthu akupeza zomwe mphamvu zawo zimawalola kulanda? Umu ndi momwe misika mu capitalism imagwirira ntchito, koma mwachiwonekere ndizoipa. Mwachitsanzo, sitichititsa mabanja athu chifukwa chakuti mwana wamphamvu kwambiri ndiye amachitira nkhanza kwambiri. Tili ndi mantha ndi lingaliro lakuti munthu wamkulu wamphamvu ayende mumsewu akutenga mawotchi a anthu ndi nsapato ndi zina zotero. Komabe, umu ndi momwe misika imagwirira ntchito, ngakhale ndi misika imawoneka ngati yosapeweka. Ngati titi tiganizire mopyola mtundu wa kugonjetsedwa kwa zotheka, tiyenera kukana mphamvu monga chizolowezi cha malipiro, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndibwino kunena kuti aliyense kumanzere amakana malipiro malinga ndi mphamvu.
Nanga bwanji kupatsa anthu ndalama chifukwa ali ndi katundu ndipo katunduyo akupanga zinthu zambiri? Apanso, ngakhale ena angatsutse, ndikukana chifukwa sindikuganiza kuti anthu ayenera kukhala olemera ngati Midas chifukwa ali ndi chikalata cha katundu m'thumba. Apanso, awa ndi malingaliro pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa anti capitalists, kotero, titha kupitilira.
Nanga bwanji zolipira pazotulutsa? Kodi muyenera kupeza zambiri pazogulitsa - ndalama zambiri - chifukwa inu, nokha, mumatulutsa zinthu zambiri? Poyang'ana koyamba zikuwoneka ngati zachilungamo, ndipo pali anthu ambiri okonda chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amakonda izi ngati chizolowezi - koma ngati tiyang'anitsitsa, nkhawa zimabuka.
Bwanji ngati inu ndi ine timagwira ntchito nthawi yofanana, molimbika mofanana, pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana, koma mulu wanga wa mankhwala ndi waukulu chifukwa zipangizo zomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito ndi zabwino kuposa zipangizo zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito? Kodi tikuganiza kuti kupeza kwanga ndalama zambiri chifukwa cha mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zida zabwinoko ndikoyenera? Bwanji ngati mwamwayi ndili ndi anzanga ogwira ntchito bwino? Bwanji ngati ndikupanga chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndipo ndili ndi mphatso yapadera yochitira zimenezo - mwinamwake ndine Lebron James ndipo ndimapanga zithunzi za basketball kuti anthu aziwonera, ndipo anthu amakonda kuziwona. Kodi ndiyenera kupeza ndalama zambiri pa akauntiyi m'dongosolo loyenera?
Awa ndi mafunso okhudza zikhulupiriro zathu. Kodi timaganiza kuti makhalidwe ndi chiyani? Amatenga kufufuza kuti awulule zotsatira za zotheka zosiyanasiyana, ndiyeno timangoyenera kusankha zomwe timakonda. Zomwe parecon imafika pambuyo poyang'ana zotsatira za kubwezera mphamvu, katundu, ndi zotsatira ndikuti njira zonse zitatu zimapanga kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ndalama ndipo, choipitsitsa, kusiyana komwe kukukulirakulira kenaka kumasintha kukhala kusiyana kwa mphamvu ndi zochitika ndiyeno kumasiyana kwambiri ndi ndalama, mumkhalidwe woyipa.
Kumbali ina, ngati wina akugwira ntchito nthawi yayitali, movutikira, kapena pamavuto, ndiye kuti oyimira parecon amawona kuti ndizoyenera kuti alandire ndalama zambiri, poganiza kuti akupanga zinthu zomwe anthu amafuna. Kuwunika zotsatira za anthu omwe amapeza ndalama pazifukwa izi kukuwonetsa kuti palibe kusiyana kopanda chilungamo komwe kumachitika, komanso palibe njira yopezera mphamvu. Kusiyanasiyana kwa ndalama kumakhala kocheperako komanso kumakhala koyenera chifukwa omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa amatha kusangalala ndi nthawi yopumula kapena mikhalidwe yabwino ngati phindu lothandizira.
Kodi izi sizikutanthauza kuti Sam sadzalandira zambiri ndipo adzalandira zochepa chifukwa chokhala wanzeru kapena kuchita bwino pa chinthu china? Kodi sizingatanthauze kuti timataya zotuluka pamene Sam asankha kusakhala dokotala kapena loya kapena chilichonse, ndikusintha ma hamburger pachitofu chotentha ku McDonalds kuti alandire malipiro ambiri. Kodi anthu ochita bwino sangasinthe kwenikweni ndikusankha kusagwiritsa ntchito luso lawo?
Choyamba, mu parecon, Sam amatha kugwira ntchito moyenerera. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yokhayo yomwe ilipo. Iye sangakhoze kokha kutembenuza ma hamburger. Koma kuti tifike pamtima pa nkhawa yanu, tiyeni tiyike pambali kwa kamphindi.
Chofunikira chachikulu ndikuzindikira kuti kusintha kwakanthawi sikofanana ndi kugunda m'mutu. Chotsatira ndi cholinga. Zakale zimakhala nthawi zonse ndipo zimangosintha pang'ono pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe china. Ngati chizoloลตezi chimene Sam amakhulupirira ndicho kubwezera mtengo wa zomwe munthu watulutsa, ndipo ngati Sam ali wobala kwambiri, ndiye kuti mu parecon mukulondola kuti Sam angaganize kuti akusinthidwa, popeza adzalandira zochepa kuposa zomwe amapanga.
Koma momwemonso Billy akuganiza kuti akusintha pang'ono ngati Billy m'malo mwake amakhulupirira kuti amalipidwa mphamvu ndipo Billy ndi wamphamvu kuposa wina aliyense pantchito yake, koma sangapeze ndalama pongotenga.
Ndipo momwemonso Susan angaganize kuti wasintha pang'ono ngati Susan amakhulupirira malipiro a katundu ndipo Susan ali ndi malo antchito koma sangapeze phindu - phindu - kutengera zimenezo, kapena sangathe kukhala mwini wake nkomwe.
Ndipo, m'malo mwake, ndipo izi ndi zomwe funsoli limanyalanyaza - osati inu, koma ena omwe amafunsa - Sarah nayenso amamva kuti alibe ntchito ngati atagwira ntchito motalika komanso movutikira komanso pamavuto ndipo Joe amapeza ndalama zambiri ngakhale akugwira ntchito maola ochepa, ochepa. molimba, komanso pamikhalidwe yabwinoko, ngati Sarah amakhulupirira kuti amalipidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, kulimba, komanso kupsinjika kwa ntchito yofunikira pagulu.
Mโmawu ena tinganene kuti, kaya munthu wachepetsedwa kapena akudyeredwa masuku pamutu zimadalira zimene tasankha kuti nโzachilungamo. Ndipo parecon amawona zomwe zili zachilungamo mosiyana ndi momwe olimbikitsa capitalism kapena coordinatorism amawonera.
Palinso nkhani ina mu funso lanu, osati za makhalidwe abwino, pa sewero - koma zolimbikitsa. Ngati tili ndi malipiro a pareconish kodi Sam ndi luso lake lokhala dokotala wa opaleshoni angasankhe kuti asinthe ma hamburgers kuti apeze ndalama zambiri mu nthawi yofanana kuntchito? Apanso, tiyeni tiyike pambali kuti mu parecon chisankhocho sichipezeka chifukwa ntchito zonse zimakhala zokhazikika kotero kuti Sam ayenera kusankha ngati akufuna kuti gawo lopatsa mphamvu la ntchito yake likhale opaleshoni, yomwe amakonda kwambiri, kapena china. zomwe amakonda zochepa kuposa opaleshoni. Koma, kachiwiri, ikani izo pambali.
Ndikufunsa Sam, ganizirani kuti mukungomaliza sukulu ya sekondale. Mukusankha choti muchite kenako. Njira imodzi ndiyakuti mutha kupita ku McDonalds ndikusintha ma burgers kwa zaka 45 zikubwerazi, ndikupuma pantchito. Mudzalandira, tinene, $30,000 pachaka. Njira yachiwiri ndikuti mutha kupita ku koleji ndi kusukulu ya zamankhwala, kenako kukhala wophunzira, kenako kukhala dotolo wathunthu kwazaka 40 zotsatira, ndikupuma pantchito. Mudzalandira, chifukwa cha chitsanzo, $500,000 pachaka nthawi yonseyo. Muyenera kusankha pakati pa njira ziwirizi - ndipo mungasankhe opaleshoni, tinene - koma tsopano, ndiyamba kutsitsa malipiro anu, ndipo ndikufuna kudziwa nthawi yomwe chikulimbikitsani kuti mugwiritse ntchito luso lanu kukhala dokotala wa opaleshoni. otsika kwambiri kotero kuti kuthawa njira yaku koleji, sukulu yachipatala, kukhala wophunzira, ndiyeno kukhala dokotala wa opaleshoni, m'malo mwake mudzayamba ntchito yanu yamoyo wonse ku McDonald's mukangomaliza Sukulu Yasekondale.
Chochitikacho ndi kuyesa kwamalingaliro, koma ndachita izi pazokambirana ndi, zonse tauzidwa, zikwi za ophunzira achichepere. Mphindi zisanu asanayambe kupereka chitsanzo, anali kunyansidwa ndi malipiro ofanana pazifukwa zolimbikitsira. Zingapangitse kuti palibe amene akufuna kukhala madokotala, iwo mwaukali ananena. Masomphenya anu a zachuma ndi osamveka, iwo anawonjezera, ndipo anali kuchirikiza molondola maphunziro awo a zachuma ndi mauthenga a zachuma omwe adamva, omwe amatsimikiziranso chimodzimodzi.
Koma kenako ndikuyamba kutsitsa malipiro - $ 400,000 ndikunena, ndipo kale ambiri mwa omvera omwe anali okayikira akumwetulira, akuzindikira zomwe zikubwera. Ayi, mukuti, simunakonzekere kulumphira ku McDonalds m'malo mwa koleji? Chabwino, bwanji $300,000, $200,000, $80,000, $60,000, $30,000 - ndipo pakadali pano ndimasokonezedwa ndi wophunzira yemwe amandifunsa kuti ndalama zochepa zomwe angapulumuke nazo ndi chiyani, chifukwa palibe njira yomwe angasiye kukhala dokotala wa opaleshoni. kukhala chipsepse cha hamburger, pokhapokha ngati alibe chochita.
Ndipo zomwe kuyesera pang'ono uku kuwululira, ndipo sikulephera, ndikuti ngati tingofunsa zomwe munthu amafunikira chilimbikitso, zimakhala kuti ndikugwira ntchito motalikirapo kapena movutikira kapena moipitsitsa, koma sikuti kuchita zopanga. kugwira ntchito, kupanga zisankho, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito luso lawo. Ngati mukuganiza motalikirapo, zikuwonetsanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Mawu a Sam "pokhapokha ngati alibe chochita," ndi kupereka. Wopeza ndalama zochepa saloledwa kusankha bwino ndipo amasankha kusankha pakati pa McDonalds ndi Burger King potengera malipiro, kuyandikira kwawo, ndi zina zambiri, koma osati pakati pa ma burgers ndikukhala dokotala - chifukwa kukhala dokotala sikunachitikepo. malinga ndi moyo wake - monga akazi omwe ali kunja kwa bwalo la maopaleshoni, omwe tawatchula kale.
Pambuyo pa ntchitoyi, ndiyenera kufotokoza momwe ngati anthu akhazikitsidwa kuti 80% asalowetsedwe kuntchito yopatsa mphamvu, zikhoza kuwoneka ngati malipiro apamwamba kuti apangitse kulenga - koma mwamsanga pamene ntchito zili bwino ndipo aliyense ali ndi zosankha, zikuwonekeratu. kuti malipiro okwera analipo kokha chifukwa cha maunansi amphamvu, ndipo safunikira monga chisonkhezero chakuchita ntchito yofunikira.
Pachiwopsezo chobwereza pang'ono - mukadayenera kufotokoza mwachidule malingaliro akulu achuma chotenga nawo mbali munganene chiyani? Ndiyenera kuzindikira, ndikupempha mwa zina kwa owerenga kuyankhulana, inde, komanso pang'ono ndekha - kuti ndiwone momwe mungachitire zomwe nthawi zambiri ndimadzifunsa kuti ndichite.
Chuma chotenga nawo mbali, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa parecon, ndi chuma chosawerengeka chomwe chimapereka katundu ndi ntchito zomwe anthu amazifuna komanso kupereka mgwirizano, kusiyanasiyana, chilungamo, komanso kudziwongolera okha kwa onse omwe akutenga nawo mbali, kuphatikiza nzeru za chilengedwe ndi mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mabungwe akuluakulu a Parecon ndi awa:
- Makhonsolo a ogwira ntchito ndi ogula okha
- Kugawa moyenera kwazinthu zamagulu malinga ndi nthawi, kulimba, komanso kupsinjika kwa ntchito yofunikira pagulu - kuphatikiza, zowonadi, gawo lokhudzidwa lazaka zonse komanso thanzi kwa aliyense amene sangathe kugwira ntchito.
- Kugawilidwa mwachisankho kwa onse omwe atenga nawo gawo mwa kusankha kwawo mwakufuna kwawo kudzera mukukonzekera kogwirizana komwe ndi kukambitsirana kwa zolowa ndi zotuluka potengera ndalama zonse zomwe zachitika komanso phindu la onse omwe akhudzidwa.
- Ntchito zofananira momwe wogwira ntchito aliyense amagwira ntchito zopatsa mphamvu mofanana ndi antchito ena onse
Nanga bwanji kufotokoza mwachidule zomwe mukuwona kuti ndi ubale wa parecon ndi zomwe anthu amachitcha socialism kapena anarchism?
Chimene chimatchedwa sosholizimu mu Soviet Union, China, ndi zina zotero chinali ndi zisankho zaulamuliro, katundu wa ogwira ntchito anagawidwa potengera mphamvu zamalonda, misika kapena mapulani apakati kuti agawidwe, ndi magawano amakampani ndi pafupifupi makumi awiri pa zana aliwonse (omwe ndimawatcha Coordinator class) kulamulira ntchito zopatsa mphamvu kuti kuyambira kale kukhala kalasi pansi pa ma capitalist koma pamwamba pa ogwira ntchito, mu Soviet ndi machitidwe ena ofanana, gulu la ogwirizanitsa limakhala gulu latsopano lolamulira.
Izi zikutsatira kuti kwa Socialists omwe ali okwatirana ku zomwe zakhala zikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, chuma chogwirizana ndi chinthu chosiyana chomwe chikukomera mabungwe osiyana kwambiri. Kumbali ina, kwa anthu ambiri amasiku ano a sosholisti omwe amakana zomwe parecon amakana, chuma chotenga nawo mbali ndi masomphenya omwe ayenera kuwakomera, ngakhale angasankhe kuzitcha kuti Socialism yogwirizana.
Anarchists, monga oyimira parecon, amafuna kusaphunzira, kudziwongolera, ndi zina zotero, koma nthawi zambiri amalephera kunena momwe izi zingakwaniritsire ndikulimbikira. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ma anarchists akuyenera kukonda chuma chotenga nawo mbali ngati chimango chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chikwaniritse zomwe akufuna, koma pamakhala mkangano wokhazikika pakati pa omenyera ufulu wa parecon ndi otsutsa omwe amakonda chizolowezi "kuchokera kwa aliyense malinga ndi kuthekera kwa aliyense malinga ndi zosowa zake" chifukwa sakonda lingaliro loti chuma chogawana nawo, m'malo mwake, mitengo, bajeti, ndi anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zomwe sizimangotengera kunena zomwe akufuna, koma zimatengera zosowa ndi zilakolako zawo zomwe zanenedwa koma zimathandizidwa ndi kuyesetsa kwawo komanso mwa kupezeka kwa anthu.
Izi zikutsatira kuti kwa anarchists okwatirana ku chikhalidwe chosadziwika bwino kuti m'zochita ndi chosatheka ndipo m'malingaliro mwanga sakanatha, mulimonse, kukwaniritsa malingaliro omwe akuyenera kukwaniritsa, chuma chogwirizana ndi chinthu chosiyana. Koma kwa anarchists okwatirana kuti akhale ndi zolinga monga kugawa mofanana, kuthandizana, komanso kudzilamulira, parecon ndi masomphenya omwe amakwaniritsa zofuna zawo.
Kupeza Parecon
Chabwino, ndikubwereza mwachidule, nanga bwanji kupeza parecon?
Kuchoka pachuma chakusalinganika, kusamvana kwa ndalama zonse, ndi kutsika pansi kulamuliridwa ndi eni ake, kupita pazachuma chothandizirana, kutenga nawo mbali, kudziwongolera, kusanjana, ndi kusagwirizana kuyenera, kuti zinthu ziyende bwino, ziphatikizepo anthu ambiri odziwa zambiri. Choncho njira zobweretsera chuma chatsopano choterechi ziyenera kuti, kuti zikhale zogwira mtima, zidzutse anthu ambiri kuti azitengapo mbali mozindikira pokwaniritsa masomphenyawo.
Ndikuwona mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya zochitika zomwe zikuthandizira izi.
Choyamba, pangakhale zovuta kuti tipeze phindu m'mabungwe omwe alipo kale. Mwa momwe timafunira zopindulazi komanso nthawi zina ndi zotsatira zake tikapambana, zovutazi zimafuna kupititsa patsogolo kudzipereka ndi mphamvu zomwe zikukulirakulira. Kufunika kwa masomphenya ku ntchito yamtunduwu ndikudziwitsa kusankha kwa zolinga zanthawi yochepa komanso yapakatikati komanso makamaka kudziwitsa momwe timalankhulira za zolingazo ndikumanga mayendedwe ndi mabungwe kuti apambane tsopano ndikupita patsogolo, pambuyo pake.
Wina akhoza kuganiza zina mwazochita zachiwonetsero:
Kufotokozeranso ntchito kuphatikiza maphunziro ndi maphunziro aukadaulo kuti magawo a anthu ogwira ntchito azikhala mwachilungamo komanso osayendetsedwa ndi kalasi, zomwe, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zotsatira za kusinthaku, zimaphunzitsa ndi kufalitsa malingaliro a ntchito zofananira panjira yopita kukusaphunzira.
Njira zopangira zisankho, kuwonekera, komanso kutenga nawo mbali zomwe zimaphunzitsa ndi kufalitsa malingaliro ndi kusuntha malo ogwira ntchito komanso chuma chambiri panjira yopita ku kudzilamulira.
Malamulo ndi malamulo ena oletsa misika ndikupanga njira zina zogawidwira m'deralo komanso njira zazikulu zokambilana zogawikana, zomwe zimaphunzitsa ndi kufalitsa malingaliro ndikupita ku mapulani ogawana nawo.
Chachiwiri, mofanana ndi kuonjezera komanso kuwonjezereka ndi zovuta zoterezi, pangakhalenso kuyesetsa kupanga mabungwe atsopano. Zoyesayesa izi zikanakhala zazing'ono poyamba koma pambuyo pake zazikulu ndipo pamapeto pake zidzasungunuke m'magulu a anthu atsopano. Zatsopano zoterezi zingapindulitse omwe akukhudzidwa nthawi yomweyo, komanso, ndi maphunziro omwe amaphunzitsa ndi chitsanzo chomwe amapereka, zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa kayendetsedwe kake. Apanso, kufunika kwa masomphenya ku ntchito ndikudziwitsa mawonekedwe a zomwe timapanga, kuti zotsatira zake zikhale zotheka komanso zoyenera komanso kukulitsa tsogolo labwino.
Ndipo wina akhoza kulingalira mabungwe atsopano omwe tingapange:
- ogula ndi opanga magulu amitundu yonse - makamaka kuphatikiza ntchito zofananira ndikupita ku zokambirana m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito misika
- masukulu ndi malo ophunzitsira
- ntchito zomanga nyumba
- malo osamalira masana
- pambuyo ndi mapulogalamu a kusukulu
- magulu othamanga ndi ligi
- mabungwe a ngongole
- makhonsolo oyandikana nawo ndi ma communes
Kaya mukumanga nyumba zatsopano, kumasuliranso nyumba zakale pansi pazithandizo zatsopano, kapena kumenyera ndi kuteteza kusintha kwazinthu zakale, kumenyera chuma chatsopano kungafune kupindula posachedwa komanso kudzutsa zilakolako zakusintha kwina kwinaku mukukulitsa njira zamabizinesi ndikukula. chiwerengero cha odzipereka okonzeka kumenyera zambiri.
Ponena za zinthu zomwe zimayenera kuchitika posachedwa, ndinganene kuti ndi zomveka kuchita chilichonse chomwe chingayambitse kutenga nawo mbali, kupindulitsa anthu tsopano, kukulitsa zilakolako za anthu zakusintha kwina, ndi kukulitsa kudzipereka kwawo ndi njira zawo zopezera phindu m'tsogolomu. Chofunikira ndicho kugwira ntchito ndi zokambirana ndi kukweza chidziwitso ndi kupanga bungwe ndi mabungwe onse omwe amayenera kulimbikira ndikukula mwamphamvu.
Ndi mitundu yanji yamakampeni enieni omwe angawonekere?
Zitsanzo zina zitha kukhala kampeni yofuna kuti sabata lantchito lalifupi komanso kugawanso ndalama zomwe zimayenderana kuti zopindulitsa zisinthe kupita kwa osauka kuchoka kwa olemera. Kapena mwina pangakhale kampeni yophatikiza bwino onse omwe akhudzidwa nawo pakupanga zisankho pantchito komanso makamaka pagulu. Kapenanso kampeni yokulitsa misonkho yamakampani, kapena kampeni yokulitsa ndi kukonzanso masukulu aboma, kapena njira yatsopano yolumikizirana ndi media, kapena pulojekiti yayikulu yodzisamalira nokha yosamalira nyengo ndi mphamvu.
Ndiyenera kuwonjezera kuti zachuma sizofunikira zokha. Makampeni okhudzana ndi jenda, mtundu, mphamvu, zachilengedwe, nkhondo ndi mtendere, pakati pazovuta zina, zitha kukulirakulira ndikuwonjezeredwa ndi kampeni yazachuma, kuphatikiza kuthandizirana pakati pa magulu onse omwe akufuna kupindula.
Pomaliza, sitepe ina yomwe ndikukhulupirira kuti ndiyofunikira komanso yapakati, ndikuyamba kupanga mabungwe am'deralo, adziko lonse, komanso apadziko lonse lapansi kuti achite izi.
Tifika ku zolinga za bungwe posachedwa. Koma choyamba, ndikudabwa, ngakhale kuti panopa sitikukhala m'gulu la anthu otenga nawo mbali, tingapeze zitsanzo kuchokera ku gulu lamasiku ano la capitalist la ogwira ntchito osayendetsedwa ndi zolimbikitsa zachuma - makamaka kafukufuku wina amapeza, pambuyo pa mfundo inayake, yolakwika. mgwirizano pakati pa awiriwa. Chifukwa chake kulibe anthu ambiri, kunja kwa masukulu abizinesi ndi masukulu a med mwina, omwe angatsutse mfundo yakuti kufunafuna ukadaulo, kuchita bwino, komanso kuzindikirika ndi anthu nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi chinthu china osati ndalama, mphamvu, kapena zolimbikitsa zilizonse ( ngati kupulumuka sikuli pachiwopsezo). Ndiye funso langa ndilakuti: Kodi pali zinthu zina zomwe tingayang'ane m'dera lamasiku ano zomwe zimakuthandizani kufotokoza mfundo yanu? Kapena kodi anthu amasiku ano ndi osiyana kwambiri kotero kuti kuyesa kulikonse komwe kumatanthauzidwa mu parecon sikungatheke?
Ndikuganiza kuti zikhalidwe za parecon zili pagulu lapano. M'malo mwake timatha kuwawona, kapena nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, tengani lingaliro la kudziwongolera. Ndani sachita, ngakhale movutikira, ndi anzawo?
Inu ndi anzanu anayi mukufuna kupita ku kanema, ngati wina wawonapo kale chinachake, kapena ali ndi zifukwa zina zomveka zosafuna filimu inayake - njira imeneyo nthawi zambiri imakanidwa. Mfundo yakuti zingakhale zoipa kwambiri kwa munthu amene adaziwona kale, zimapereka kutsutsa kwawo kuti aziwone mwatsopano, kulemera kowonjezera.
Kapena kodi ndi pati pa anthu amene amatsutsa mgwirizano kapena kusiyana? Muyenera kukhala pathological kunena kuti izi ndi makhalidwe oipa. Za chilungamo, mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro, pafupifupi chinthu chomwecho chimagwira. Ngakhale ophunzira a med nthawi zonse amati chifukwa chomwe anthu amalipira madokotala matani ndikuwapangitsa kuti apite kusukulu yazachipatala yowawa kwambiri komanso yovuta. Chabwino, zonenazo ndizopusa munthu akazindikira kuti kuthamangitsa ma burgers ndikoyipa kwambiri kuposa kukhala kusukulu yachipatala, koma zomwe zikuwulula ndikuti munthu amapeza kuti akapanga mlandu, amati, ngakhale modabwitsa, kuti ndalamazo ndizoyenera chifukwa. ntchito ndi yovuta.
Izi zati, ndiyenera kuwonjezera kuti ndikuganizanso kuti ogwira ntchito pakali pano omwe amagwira ntchito mongoyembekezera komanso ntchito zofooketsa nthawi zambiri amakakamizika kutero chifukwa chosowa ndalama chifukwa ali ndi njira zosavutikira zomwe zatsala. Nanga nโcifukwa ciani angagwile nchito zofooketsa zimene akugwira?
Koma ngakhale kupitilira kuwona momwe zikhulupiriro za pareconish zilili zachilengedwe kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chosankha chaumwini, palinso zitsanzo zina. Kafukufuku wasonyeza, monga mukunenera, kuti zolimbikitsa zachuma sizigwira ntchito monga momwe amanenera, komanso kuti zolimbikitsa zamagulu zitha kukhala zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu kwambiri, makamaka makamaka pamikhalidwe yofanana.
Komanso, monga chitsanzo chinanso, anthu akathawa kudziletsa ndikuyesera kulanda malo awo antchito kapena akamamanga atsopano, nthawi yomweyo amakulitsa kutenga nawo gawo ndi demokalase, ngakhale kudziwongolera okha, ndikupanga malipiro abwino, nthawi zambiri amangowafananitsa. zonse. Zomwe zimasowa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwira ntchito moyenera komanso kusakhalapo kwake kumaperekanso maphunziro, chifukwa tikutha kuwona kuvulaza komwe machitidwe akale amachitira ngakhale pomwe anthu akufunitsitsa kusintha. Ndipo palinso zochitika zina, pomwe ngakhale kuyesayesa pang'ono kuthawa malingaliro amsika kulipo zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zitsanzo za anthu omwe ayamba kukambirana zamagulu - zomwe ndikukonzekera kutengapo mbali kwatsopano. Mwina chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha izi, pakali pano, chikuwoneka muzoyesayesa zambiri zaku Venezuela.
Zosasinthasintha Mkati?
Poteteza zikhalidwe za gulu lotengapo mbali ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwawo konsekonse, kodi sitikunyalanyaza zikhalidwe zina zamitundu ina zomwe zingasemphane ndi zikhalidwe zina za anthu, ngakhale kuti zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyanazo zimathandizadi kusiyanasiyana. Ndiroleni ndikupatseni chitsanzo kuti mukhale omveka bwino: m'madera ambiri a Africa, kukhulupirika kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi mafuko. Ulamuliro wa demokalase wa nyumba yamalamulo usanaumirizidwe kumadera amenewo, kukhazikika ndi mtendere pakati pa mafuko zinkasungidwa mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwa gulu lirilonse. Tsopano poyambitsa demokalase yoyimira mtundu waukulu kwambiri nthawi zonse ndi womwe umapambana zisankho (kupatula ngati pali kusokoneza kwa mayiko akunja, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse) ndipo zotsatira za zisankho zimaloseredwa mosavuta ndi 2 kapena 3 peresenti chabe ya zolakwika. Kodi mukuganiza kuti zikhulupiriro za parecon ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi ngakhale zili choncho?
Kodi phindu limatanthauza chiyani kuti likhale lachilengedwe chonse? Chabwino, kufunikira kwa oxygen kuli ponseponse pakati pa anthu onse. Biology imapangitsa izi kukhala choncho, ndipo, kunena zambiri, kunena kuti phindu lina ndi lachilengedwe chonse akhoza kunena kuti limachokera ku umunthu waumunthu ndikuti kuphwanya kwake kungasokoneze anthu.
Kumbali ina, tinene kuti aliyense padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito mafoloko kudya, kapena kutsuka mano asanagone, kapena chilichonse. Tsopano, ngati izo zinali zoona, zikanakhala zachikhalidwe, osati zamoyo, ndipo motero kukanakhala mtundu wina wa chilengedwe chonse. Komabe kusokoneza mtundu woterewu wapadziko lonse, nawonso, kungamve komanso kukhala wopondereza, pokhapokha ngati atagwirizana njira zina zabwinoko.
Tsopano ndikuganiza kuti kudzilamulira, kusiyanasiyana, mgwirizano, ndi kuyanjana ndizotheka konsekonse m'lingaliro lachilengedwe - kutanthauza kuti kuchotsa izi, zinthu zina zofanana, kudzakhala koyipa pakukwaniritsa ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti sipadzakhala mikhalidwe imene ngakhale mfundo zochepa zimenezi zingasemphane ndi zina ndi zina - kapena mkhalidwe umene ngakhale chimodzi mwa mfundozo chimaoneka ngati chikutsutsana. Mikhalidwe yotere, ndikuganiza, nthawi zambiri imakhalapo chifukwa chokhala ndi chikhalidwe chocheperako, koma sizitanthauza kuti kulibe kapena kulibe.
Chotsani mimba. Ena anganene tsopano, ndipo mwina ena anganenenso mugulu lotengapo mbali, kuti kuchotsa mimba kumaphwanya kudzisamalira kwa mwana wosabadwa. Ena anganene kuti kuletsa kuchotsa mimba kumaphwanya kudzilamulira kwa kholo. Koma zindikirani kuti mkanganowo, makamaka ukakhala mu mawonekedwe awa - poyerekeza ndi ngati mbali imodzi ikuyesera kugonjetsa akazi ndipo ilibe chidwi ndi mwana wosabadwa, kapena ngati mbali inayo ikuyesera kupha munthu wovomerezeka ndipo sasamala. za amayi - sizikutanthauza kudzisamalira, koma ndi kutsata zomwe umadzilamulira pazochitika zinazake.
Tsopano tiyeni titenge nkhani yanu. Tiyerekeze kuti zimene mumanena zokhudza ubale pakati pa mafuko nโzolondola, mwina nthawi zina. Kodi mkhalidwe umenewu timauona bwanji? Tikanena kuti anthu ena amayenera kukhala ndi munthu m'modzi voti imodzi kuti adziwe olamulira ake, ngakhale musanayambe nkhawa yanu, tikuphwanya kale zikhalidwe zambiri monga kudzilamulira, kusiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero. munthu voti imodzi atero kupatula pazinthu zinazake.
Monga chitsanzo cha kusagwirizana kwa mfundo, mumasonyeza kuti munthu mmodzi kupanga chisankho pa voti imodzi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chisokonezo komanso kutenga nawo mbali kumene kukhulupirika kwamagulu kumakhala kolimba kwambiri komanso mantha oti aukira magulu ali ponseponse, kaya mantha ali oyenerera kapena ayi. Koma zikakhala zoona, ndikuganiza kuti zikuwonetsa vuto ndi munthu m'modzi voti imodzi - lomwe, ndithudi, ndivuto lomwe limadziwika ndi odziyimira pawokha ndipo ndi gawo la chifukwa chomwe amakondera kudzilamulira m'malo mwa munthu m'modzi voti imodzi. ulamuliro ambiri.
Self management imachepetsa kapenanso kuthetsa mantha oti gulu likulamulidwa ndi mavoti ambiri a anthu ena omwe sali mโgululo, ndipo motero amathetsanso kufunika kwa mamembala a gulu lalingโono kuti aziponya mavoti ofanana popanda kuganizira nkhani ina iliyonse. Gululo palokha liri ndi ufulu chifukwa chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi tanthauzo lake, ndipo maufuluwa saopsezedwa chifukwa chokhala ochepa. Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti ubale weniweni wapampando ungathandize kuthetsa m'malo mokulitsa vuto lomwe mwadzutsa - ndipo zili choncho ngakhale osazindikira kuti m'magulu otenga nawo mbali munthu samangosintha ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chuma ndi ndale, komanso mtundu. ndi matanthauzo ammudzi mochulukira, komanso achibale.
Komabe, tiyeni titengere nkhawa yanu patsogolo. Ndikuganiza kuti chitsanzo chanu sichinatanthauze kuti mlanduwo ungabweretse vuto kwa parecon koma, m'malo mwake, kuti vuto lina likhoza kutero. Chabwino, tiyeni tiyese kupeza choncho.
Tiyerekeze kuti gulu lina laling'ono likunena kuti khalidwe lina ndiloyenera, kapena kuti khalidwe lina ndiloletsedwa, ndiyeno kuganiza kuti makhalidwe abwino amachititsa kukhala kovuta kapena kosatheka khalidwe loyenera, kapena amatchula khalidwe loletsedwa. Tsopano tili ndi kutsutsana pakati pa zilakolako zamagulu ndi zikhalidwe zaparsoc momveka bwino. Titani nazo?
Chabwino, palibe yankho limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti anthu ena ammudzi mwa anthu ochepa akunena kuti muyenera kumenya ana anu - kapena kuti muzigonana ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi wanu nthawi iliyonse imene mwalamulidwa kutero. Sosaiti imati, ayi, ndizoletsedwa. Kapena, tiyerekeze kuti anthu ochepa akunena kuti simungathe kupita kusukulu, kapena simungathe kuchotsa mimba - ndipo anthu akukuuzani kuti muyenera kupita kusukulu ndipo mukhoza kuchotsa mimba. Tsopano tiyerekeze kuti mumathanso kutsata mikangano iyi ku kutsutsana pakati pa zomwe zili zofunika - ngakhale ndikukayika kuti mutha kutero, moona mtima, koma tinene kuti mungathe. Chabwino, zikatero, ndikuvomereza kuti pali vuto lovuta kulithetsa. Pankhani yochotsa mimba, mwachitsanzo, munthu akhoza kusankha mwaufulu kukhala m'gulu la anthu otenga nawo mbali omwe amaletsa kuchotsa mimba kwa mamembala ake popeza Parsoc sanena kuti aliyense achotse mimba - mwachitsanzo. Koma munthu ayeneranso kukhala womasuka kuchoka mโgululo. Ndipo gulu silingalepheretse anthu kunja kwake. Komabe, mogwirizana ndi nkhaลตa yanuyo, munthu sangakhale mโgulu limene limati ana sangathe kupita kusukulu koma ayenera, mwachitsanzo, kuthera tsiku lonse akukonzera chakudya cha mfumu ya mโderalo kapena tsiku lonse kugwira ntchito zina za ana, zimene palokha imakanidwa mu gulu lotengapo mbali.
Ndiko kuti, anthu atha kuika malire pa zisankho za anthu ammudzi, chifukwa akhoza kuyika malire pazosankha za munthu payekha, aliyense pofuna kuti aliyense athe kuchita bwino, koma ndikuganiza zomwe tidzapeza ndi kuti m'magulu otenga nawo mbali ngati pali madera omwe chikhumbo chofuna kukhala ndi chimene anthu ambiri angaone kuti n'chachisembwere kapena ngakhale choletsedwa, chitaganya choterocho kaลตirikaลตiri chimataya anthu ambiri kotero kuti chimatha kutha popanda kuloลตererapo. Ndinganene, mulimonse, kuti gulu lotengapo mbali lipereke njira yabwinoko yothetsera mavuto otere kuposa momwe machitidwe ena onse amachitira, zomwe ndidamvapo. Ngati sichoncho, ndiyenera kudziwa chomwe chingachite bwino. Ponena za tsatanetsatane wa mmene mikhalidwe yoteroyo idzayankhidwira, mwachisawawa, idzakhala nkhani ya anthu amtsogolo m'mayanjano amtsogolo kuti adziwe.
Chabwino, ndamva mfundo yanu, koma ndikufuna kupitiriza izi pang'ono. Makhalidwe si vuto nthawi yayitali pamakhala utsogoleri wokhazikika pakati pawo. Mr Red ndi Ms White onse atha kukhulupirira kudziwongolera, koma pamwamba pazikhalidwe zina ziti komanso mpaka pati? Nanga bwanji ngati Ms White ndi mamembala onse a m'banja la White, oyandikana ndi Azungu ndi ku Whiteville konse aganiza kuti kuyanjana ndi kolakwika ngati chizolowezi cholipira. Amavotera mwademokalase komanso kulemekeza njira zovota zodzilamulira, koma zotsatira za chisankho ndikukana malipiro malinga ndi khama ndi kudzipereka. Kodi Mr Red ndi anthu aku Redville asokoneze kubwezeretsa chilungamo ku Whiteville? Ngati sichoncho, kodi ndiko kunena kuti kudzilamulira ndiye kofunika kwambiri, mtengo woposa zikhalidwe zina zonse? Kodi ndikutengera nkhaniyi patali mosafunikira?
Kaya mukuchoka pachiwopsezo chosafunikira, kapena mukuchenjeza za vuto lomwe anthu am'tsogolo adzathe kuthana nalo, tingodziwa motsimikiza m'tsogolomu, ndikuganiza. Zomwe sizimandidetsa nkhawa konse. Ndikhulupirira kuti chilungamo, malo ogwirira ntchito bwino, komanso kukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali komwe kungasiyane m'njira zambiri kuchokera pamalingaliro ndi nkhani - ngakhale pomwe tikukakamira pazachuma kwa mphindi imodzi - zonse ndizoyenera komanso zonse zidzathandizidwa ndi kudziwongolera, ndi kuti mu gulu lomwe likugwira ntchito limodzi, izi zitha kuwoneka kwa onse. Koma, ngati ndikulakwitsa, ndipo ngati tipeza mikhalidwe yotere yaufulu ndi kukangana, ndi zina zotero, ndipo anthu amaphunzira zinthu zatsopano, kapena kupanga zotheka zatsopano, ndiyeno kusankha kusintha kwa mabungwe - kwakukulu. Zingatanthauzenso masitepe owonjezereka m'njira zofunika.
Kodi funso lanu ndi lovuta kwambiri kapena ndi chidziwitso choyenera? Ndikuganiza kuti mwina ndi zonse ziwiri. Lingaliro lalikulu lakuti anthu a m'tsogolo angasankhe kusintha zina ngakhale m'maonekedwe a anthu ndi loyenereradi. Koma pamenepa, poganizira kusintha komwe kungatheke kuti athetse chilungamo, ndikukhulupirira moona mtima kuti kuwunikaku ndikwambiri. Choyenera kufunsa pankhaniyi ndi chakuti ngati lingaliro lomwe mukuganiza kuti Mr White angakonde likukhudza okhawo aku Whiteville, kapena limakhudzanso anthu aku Redville, ndi kwinanso.
Sindimangokhulupirira kuti anthu omwe akukhala m'gulu lotenga nawo mbali kwa nthawi yayitali adzakondwerera zoyambira zake ndipo sadzakhala ndi chifukwa chokanira chilichonse mwa izi - ndendende chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti zinthuzi zimathandizirana ndipo ndizofunikira pamoyo wamunthu komanso chitukuko. - koma ndikuganizanso kuti ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa kupanga ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu atsopano, ngati chiwerengero cha anthu chikukonzekera ndikupeza chikoka chokhazikitsa gulu logwirizana m'malo mwa capitalism, tsankho, abambo, ndi authoritarianism, zidzakhala chifukwa chachikulu kwambiri. anthu ambiri amakonda mabungwe omwe amafunafuna.
Zikatero, pazochitika zanu, tikuyenera kuganiza kuti titakhala ndi mabungwe a pareconish ndi aparsocish komanso kumvetsetsa kodziwika bwino kwa malingaliro awo ndi zomwe akutanthauza, ngakhale mkhalidwewo udakali watsopano, ngakhale ukugwiranso ntchito mokwanira, ndiye gulu lina, lomwe mumatcha Whiteville, idzasankha kuti ikufuna malipiro a mphamvu, kunena, kapena zotuluka - kapena, chifukwa chake - kuti ikufuna kugawidwa kwa msika. Ndikukayika kuti izi zitha kapena zingachitike mwanjira yomwe ndikufotokozera, koma pali zambiri zoti ndinene.
Ngakhale ndikunena zowona, kuda nkhawa sikungopeka chabe. Tengani Venezuela. Sanayambitse anthu otenga nawo mbali kapena chuma, ndipo, kwenikweni, akadali ndi mabungwe ambiri akale omwe amasokoneza chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chomwe chili chochepa kwambiri pazomwe ndikunena pamwambapa, ndipo ku Venezuela kuli mikangano yotere monga momwe mukufotokozera. .
Chabwino, ngati mosiyana ndi ziyembekezo zanga mudzakhalanso ndi mikangano yotere pamene gulu latsopano lakhazikitsidwa ndikukhazikika bwino, ndinganene kuti ndicho chifukwa cha otsutsawo kumenyana kuti malingaliro awo akhale atsopano, kapena kuti iwo azichita. secede, chifukwa anthu ochepa omwe asankha zotsatira izi okha, osachepera pang'ono, sizingatheke mu parecon. Sizikugwira ntchito kukhala ndi njira ziwiri zogawira, kapenanso mikhalidwe iwiri yamalipiro, pachuma chimodzi. Mutha kukhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamkati. Izi ndizabwino ndipo parecon sikuti amangolola izi, imathandizira. Koma simungakhale mwanzeru ndi mokhazikika gawo limodzi lazachuma - kapena gawo la dziko - lomwe likugwiritsa ntchito misika ndi gawo lina kapena gawo lomwe likugwiritsa ntchito mapulani ogwirizana. Palibe gawo lililonse lomwe lingagwire ntchito ngati litadyetsedwa ndi kudyetsa gawo lina. Nkovutanso kukhala ndi magulu otsutsana otere m'magulu awiri oyandikana nawo. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa njira, mwachitsanzo, pamitengo ya katundu ndi ntchito, kungayambitse mavuto aakulu kumalire. Ndipo chifukwa kukana malipiro oyenera a Whiteville kapena kuyika misika ku Whiteville kungakhudzenso anthu ena onse, sizingapange chisankho chokha, ndendende chifukwa chamalingaliro ndi zofunikira pakudziwongolera kwa onse, ngakhale palibe amene akutsutsa chisankhocho. Njira imodzi yowonera izi, mowona mtima, ndikufunsa zomwe ziyenera kuchitika ngati magawo ena adziko asankha kudzipatula, kutenga chuma chake. Tiyerekeze kuti mzinda wa New York, kapena madera amafuta aku Venezuela asankha kuchoka ku US kapena Venezuela, ndikutenga katundu wawo wonse. Nzika zakumaloko sizingangoyimirira ndikuchita zimenezo, chifukwa zimakhudzanso nzika zina.
Komabe, pali zambiri zoti tinene. Tiyerekeze kuti kampani imodzi ili ndi antchito chikwi. Tiyerekeze kuti imapanga bwino kotero kuti onse azikhala ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama zokwana ola limodzi pa maola awo athunthu. Tsopano ogwira ntchito chikwi atha kuganiza kuti, mwa iwo okha, mwa njira yodzilamulira, kugawanso zomwe akufuna pazachuma. Ogwira ntchito atha kusankha kuti omwe ali amphamvu, kapena oyera, kapena amuna, kapena chilichonse, awonjezerepo, ndipo omwe ali ofooka, kapena akuda, kapena akazi, kapena chilichonse, achepetse. Ngati tiyika pambali kuti ndizopusa kuganiza kuti izi zitha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati ofooka kapena akuda kapena akazi kapena antchito aliwonse, akukakamizidwa, ndipo tikuganiza kuti palibe aliyense mkati mwakampaniyo akudandaula za kuphwanya zikhalidwe za anthu, ndikuganiza kuti zitha. limbikira. Koma ndikuganiza kuti mukuwona izi zili ngati kunena mu bungwe lamakono, bwanji ngati aliyense atavota kuti theka la gululo likhale akapolo a theka lina - ndipo theka lotayika silinadandaule. Kumbali ina, mogwirizana ndi mlandu wa Whiteville, ogwira ntchito chikwi sangasankhe kuti onse apindule chifukwa onse ndi amphamvu kapena amuna kapena china chilichonse - chifukwa kagawidwe kagawidwe sikungagawane ndalama zowonjezera, ndiponso anthu ambiri sakanazindikira kuti ichi ndi chikhumbo choyenera.
Nditha kupitiliza kukambirana zambiri zomwe zingatheke, kapenanso zosakayikitsa kapena zosatheka zongopeka zamtunduwu - ndipo kwenikweni ine ndi Robin tachita kafukufuku wamtunduwu, kosatha, m'mbuyomu, kuyesa kulephera kulikonse komwe tingathe. yembekezera. Zikuwonekeratu, momwe tidapezera, kuti mabungwe a parecon ndi olimba komanso olumikizana. Kunena zoona, ndi ganizo losamvetsetseka bwino, ndikuganiza kuti tikafika pofufuza, kuyesa, ndi kukonzanso, kuti gulu lotenga nawo mbali likuganiziridwa bwino ngati chuma chogawana nawo, mabungwe ake adzakhala ofanana. Ndizovuta ngakhale kulota za kuphwanya miyambo ya pareconish pomwe anthu a parecon angakhale ndi chifukwa chabwino chochitira momwe kuphwanya kumafunira. Komabe, popeza funsoli limatha kusinthasintha mosiyanasiyana, palinso mfundo ina yofunika kupanga, kapena kubwereza.
Pamapeto pake, mafunso amtunduwu sakhala kwenikweni, ndikuganiza, zokhudzana ndi parecon kapena parsoc. M'malo mwake ndi njira zonenera kuti palibe dongosolo lomwe lidzakhala zinthu zonse kwa anthu onse ndikuti ngati anthu ena sakonda dongosolo, ndiye kuti ayenera kunyengerera pazomwe akufuna, ayenera kusiya dongosolo, kapena asiya. kukonza kusintha dongosolo. Ndizosavuta, ndikuganiza, ndipo dongosolo lililonse limatha kunena kuti, chabwino, ngati Mr White akana, ndiye chiyani?
Madera onse ali ndi zikhalidwe, njira, ndi mabungwe omwe amapereka zosankha ndipo anthu amafuna kukhala mbali ya gulu, ndikugwirizana ndi zomwe mungasankhe, kapena ayi. Kudzudzula gulu la mabungwe m'madera ena kumadalira kusonyeza kuti zomwe mabungwe amapereka sizokwanira pa umoyo wa anthu ndi chitukuko, kapena kuti zomwe mabungwe amafuna ndizosatheka kapena zosagwirizana ndi mkati, kapena kuti mabungwe akulephera kupereka njira zolandirira anthu. njira zotsutsana zomwe anthu omwe amaphunzira zinthu zatsopano angayesetse kulimbikitsa kusintha ngakhale pofotokozera maubwenzi, ndipo amalephera kupereka chitetezo ndi chithandizo cha kusagwirizana koteroko.
Ngati wina apanga mlandu wokhutiritsa kuti dongosolo la magawo a parecon limapanga magawo amagulu, mwachitsanzo, chimenecho chingakhale chotsutsa. Ngati wina apereka umboni wokhutiritsa wakuti kudzikweza kukhala khalidwe labwino kungatanthauze kugwa kwa luso, chimenechonso chingakhale chidzudzulo. Ngati wina anganene motsimikiza kuti idzafika nthawi yomwe anthu ena m'magulu otenga nawo mbali adzasankha kuti akufuna zatsopano zosasangalatsa ndipo zikuwoneka kuti gululo silinapangidwe kuti liwatsogolere kuti afotokoze nkhani zawo, chimenechonso chingakhale chotsutsa. Koma kunena kuti wina sangafune mbali ina sikungodzudzula dongosololi, pokhapokha wina atanena kuti anthu sangafune mbaliyo chifukwa ndi yopondereza, kapena kuti alibe njira yoti anene.
M'malo mwake, kusiyanasiyana kwa parecon ndikoyenera kwambiri pazinthu izi. Mu chuma chotenga nawo mbali kapena gulu lotengapo mbali, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kusiyanasiyana kumatanthauza kuti malingaliro osagwirizana afotokozedwe, kufufuzidwa, ngakhale kuyesa ndi chithandizo chochokera kudera lonse pamkangano womwe ukuchitika, ngakhale malingalirowo akutsutsana ndi gulu lonse.
Pomaliza, ngati tibwerera ku nkhani ya Venezuela, titha kuona kuti panthawi ya chitukuko cha dongosolo latsopano kudzera munjira iliyonse ndi njira zambiri zomwe zingakhalepo pa chitukuko chimenecho, mitundu ya mikangano yomwe mumafunsa, ndi zina zambiri. mitundu komanso, adzakhalapo. Ndipo mavuto nthawi zina amatha bwino komanso mwachidwi, koma nthawi zina amatha kugonja ku mphamvu zochulukirapo, kaya ndi mphamvu zokakamiza kapena, bwino kwambiri, kutengera kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kotchuka.
Kukonzekera nawo limodzi
Nditawerenga koyamba ndidapeza kuti, mosiyana ndi zinthu zina za parecon, kukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali kumafunikira maphunziro azachuma kuti athe kuteteza mokwanira. Kodi mukuvomereza zimenezo?
Inde ndi ayi.
Kuteteza ndondomeko yogwirizana ndi zotsutsa za munthu yemwe ali ndi maphunziro a zachuma, pokhapokha ngati wina ali wotetezeka kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero chosavuta ndi munthu amene akuyesera kuti agwiritse ntchito chinenero chaumisiri ndikupeza kudalirika komanso kukuopsezani potero, inde. Ndipo ndithudi kutsimikizira munthu yemwe ali ndi mbiri yazachuma, inde.
Koma kuyankhula ndi anthu ambiri omwe alibe maziko azachuma, kapena kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi mbiri yazachuma koma amathanso kuyankhula momveka bwino, ayi.
Kupitilira apo, ndiyenera kunena kuti muzondichitikira kwanga maphunziro ambiri azachuma amakhala osudzulana kuchokera ku zenizeni ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale zosemphana ndi zenizeni, ndikukhala wosauka m'malingaliro ndikuyang'ana, zomwe zimalepheretsa kumvetsetsa kuthekera kwachuma, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimalepheretsa kumvetsetsa ubale wachuma womwe ulipo. Maphunziro azachuma nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi tanthauzo la mawu osiyanasiyana kuti maubwenzi ena sungasokonekera - zomwe zimati, komabe, ndizomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa ndikutsutsidwa, m'malingaliro mwanga, kukanidwa.
Popatsidwa maphunziro anga, ngakhale patatha zaka zambiri nditaphunzitsidwa, ndimatha kutsutsana pang'ono m'chinenero cha akatswiri a zachuma - koma sindimatero. Sindikuganiza kuti zimawonjezera mawu omveka bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri, ndikuganiza kuti zimalepheretsa kumvetsetsa chifukwa chobisa zomwe zili zofunika komanso kutengera zinthu zomwe zili zabodza.
Kodi pali malo ochulukirapo a "ufulu wamabizinesi" omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa "ufulu wabizinesi"? Lingaliro ili ndi lokondedwa kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri omwe pamapeto pake amateteza capitalism pazifukwa izi. Akufuna kuti gulu lomwe akukhalamo liwapatse mwayi woyambitsa bizinesi, komanso, kuti gulu lino lisangalale ndi luso lawo, luso lawo komanso luso lawo. Mtsutso uwu umamveka mwachilengedwe kwa anthu ambiri. Ndiye kodi ufulu wamabizinesi umayenda bwanji parecon poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yazachuma monga capitalism kapena central planning?
Choyamba, kodi pali mwayi woyambitsa bizinesi? Yankho lachindunji ndi inde, ndithudi alipo. Mu parecon, munthu amatha kupanga, kuyambitsa mapulojekiti, ndipo amatha kugawana nzeru zawo, luso lawo, komanso luso lawo ndi ena. M'malo mwake ndizosavuta kuchita mu parecon, komanso zocheperako pazokakamiza zotsutsana, kuposa momwe zilili pano.
Tsopano, munthu ayenera kukhala ndi ndalama zambiri kapena kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zotere pokopa banki kapena wolemera kuti akhazikitse, yemwe pambuyo pake adzakhala wamkulu kapena wopindula kwambiri. Maziko otsimikizira wogulitsa ndalama si nzeru zanu ndipo si phindu la anthu pokwaniritsa dongosolo lanu, ndi phindu lachinsinsi la wogulitsa ndalama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito luso lanu chifukwa zikutanthauza kuti simungapeze chithandizo. chifukwa chopanga zinthu zomwe zimasemphana ndi phindu ndi mphamvu za Investor wanu. Ndipo iyi si nkhani yaingโono.
Ngati ndende ili ndi pulogalamu yoti akaidi azichita zomwe akufuna malinga ngati ikutsatira malire a zipinda zawo ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe woyang'anira ndendeyo amapereka - sitinena kuti ndendeyo imalimbikitsa luso. Momwemonso, ndizosokoneza kunena kuti capitalism imalimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu. Imatero pokhapokha ndi zoletsa zina zazikulu zomwe zimatengedwa mopepuka.
Mu parecon, m'malo mokopa anthu olemera omwe ali ndi ndalama, zomwe muyenera kuchita kuti muyambe ntchito yatsopano ndikutsimikizira ena omwe angagwire ntchito ndi inu ndikutsimikiziranso bungwe lazamakampani - omwe ndi anthu, monganso. nokha - komanso kutsimikizira anthu, m'lingaliro la kudzutsa chikhumbo chawo cha zotsatira.
Kuphatikiza apo, malingaliro omwe angapangitse izi kukhala parecon zitha kukhala phindu lomwe ntchito yanu ingabweretse kwa iwo omwe angagwiritse ntchito ndikupanga zomwe mukufuna. Chimene munthu mu chuma chotenga nawo mbali sangathe kuchita, komabe, ndi luso lachidziwitso ndi kutulukira chuma chambiri, ngakhale angagwiritse ntchito luso lawo kuti apindule mopanda malire kwa anthu.
Mfundo ndi yakuti, palibe chifukwa chothawira kuti chitaganya chilichonse chidzakhala ndi zitsogozo ndi miyambo yomwe imatsogolera zotheka zina koma kuletsa ena. Mawonekedwe a Parsoc ndi aumunthu komanso amamasula kuti aliyense apindule. Makhalidwe a ukapitalizimu - ndi utsogoleri wa makolo ndi kusankhana mitundu ndi authoritarianism - ndizosankhika komanso zimaletsa kupindula kwa ena mowonongera ena.
Chifukwa chake, ngati munthu akunena kuti ndimakonda ufulu wazamalonda kutanthauza kuti ndimakonda ufulu wa olemera kufunafuna chuma chochulukirapo - koma sindimakonda ufulu womwe umapezeka mu parecon kutanthauza ufulu wa aliyense wotsata phindu kwa onse - ndiye kuti zolinga za wotsutsayo. , kapena mowonjezereka, kusadziลตa kwawo dongosolo lakumapeto ndi kukayikira kwawo kapena chinyengo ponena za dongosolo lakale, zikuwonekera.
Chifukwa chiyani parecon imakhala ndi mapulani otengerapo mbali? Bwanji osakhala misika kapena makonzedwe apakati?
Pali zovuta zambiri pamsika komanso njira zopangira zogawira. Kupanga zokambirana zazitali zazifupi kwambiri, ngati mugwiritsa ntchito misika kapena mapulani apakati, kapena ngati mugwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza ziwirizi, zimakukakamizani pachuma chanu - zilizonse zomwe mungasankhe kuti muphatikizepo - lamulo la kalasi ndi gulu la ogwirizanitsa pamwamba pa ogwira ntchito. class, pakati pa zovuta zina.
Tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi makhonsolo odziyang'anira okha, mwachitsanzo - kapena makhonsolo a demokalase, mukuyembekeza ogwira ntchito kuti asankhe okha zomwe akufuna komanso zochita zawo, mogwirizana, ndi zofuna za ogula. Pakadali pano, zabwino kwambiri, koma tiyerekeze kuti mwasankhanso kusunga gawo lakale la ntchito. M'kupita kwa nthawi, gulu la ogwirizanitsa limakwezedwa pamwamba pa gulu la ogwira ntchito m'malo onse ogwira ntchito ndi gulu lakale lomwe limagwira ntchito yopatsa mphamvu chifukwa cha magawo akale omwe mwawasunga. Zotsatira izi zimalepheretsa mwayi woti kudzilamulira komanso demokalase yokhayo kumasokonezedwa pang'onopang'ono mpaka, m'malo mwake, pakhale ulamuliro wa gulu la otsogolera omwe ali ndi mphamvu. Chomwe chinachitika ndi chakuti kusankha kwa bungwe limodzi, gawo la ogwira ntchito, kusokoneza chisankho china, makhonsolo odziyendetsa okha - ngakhale, poyamba, palibe amene anali ndi cholinga chimenecho. Ndipo iyi si nkhani yamtsogolo chabe, koma kwa ogwira ntchito omwe ali pano.
Ndikupereka nkhani yomwe ili pamwambayi yomwe sikutanthauza kugawa, chifukwa vuto la kugawa ndilofanana. Ngakhale kukhala ndi makhonsolo odziyang'anira okha ndipo tiyeni tiwonjezerenso kukhala ndi ntchito zofananira, komanso aliyense wofunitsitsa kudziyang'anira yekha komanso kusakhala pagulu, misika ndi/kapena kukonzekera pakati kudzasokoneza zisankhozo ndi mphamvu zomwe amakhazikitsa. Izi zitha kukhala zazitali pang'ono kuti tifotokoze mwatsatanetsatane, apa, koma chofunikira ndichakuti maudindo ndi machitidwe a njira zogawira izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu pamisika azipikisana kuti apindule potengera ena, komanso pankhani ya misika. Kukonzekera kwapakati kukhala wolamulira kapena wocheperapo, kugwiritsa ntchito udindo wake wachibale, kachiwiri, kwa iyemwini motsutsana ndi ena. Mpikisano womwe uli mkati mwa misika umatsogolera kukweza ogwirizanitsa ngati mkhalidwe wopikisana bwino kuti apindule kapena owonjezera ndikupanga zisankho zofunika zogwirizana nazo. Ndipo ulamuliro waulamuliro mkati mwa mapulani apakati umachita zomwezo m'dzina la kumvera pakati ndi mayunitsi komanso, mkati mwa mayunitsi, kumvera othandizira am'deralo ndi wina aliyense.
Izi ndizosavuta kuneneratu, munthu akakhala wotseguka kuti aganizire zomwe zingatheke potengera zomwe tikudziwa pamayendedwe omwe amafunikira misika ndikukonzekera kwapakati, koma titha kuziwonanso pochita pofufuza mbiri ya zomwe zatchedwa. msika wa sosholizimu ndi sosholizimu yokonzedwa pakati. Palinso mavuto ena owopsa ndi njira zogawira izi, monga maloto owopsa a zachilengedwe, mitengo yomwe imasiyana ndi zenizeni zenizeni ndi zotsatira za kukondera kwa katundu wokhala ndi phindu pagulu komanso kuzinthu zomwe zili ndi ndalama zamagulu, malipiro a mphamvu kapena zotulutsa, ndi zina zotero.
Chifukwa cha zovuta zonsezi za misika ndi kukonzekera kwapakati, olimbikitsa parecon amakhulupirira kuti tikufunikira njira yatsopano yogawa, monga momwe timafunikira njira yatsopano yopezera umwini, kupanga zisankho, tanthauzo la ntchito, ndi malipiro. Timafunikira njira yomwe ilibe pakati komanso pamwamba yomwe ingathe kulamulira. Tikufuna njira yomwe simalola komanso imafuna kuti ochita zisudzo azipita patsogolo movutikirana. Timafunikira njira yomwe imayeza phindu la zotulukapo ndi zoyesayesa za anthu molondola. Timafunikira njira yomwe imawerengera molondola za chilengedwe. Ndipo timafunikira njira yomwe imapereka zidziwitso ndi magawo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali komanso kukhudza zotulukapo zake.
Zokhumba izi ndi zomwe zidatsogolera ine ndi Robin ku zomwe timazitcha kulinganiza kophatikizana - ndondomeko ya ogwira ntchito ndi makhonsolo ogula kuti akambirane mothandizana pazotsatira ndi zotulukapo potengera momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe. Sitinasankhe kuti kukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali kukhale kotayirira, kapena kupatukana ndi zomwe tazizolowera, kapena kukondwerera chinthu chomwe tapatsa dzina labwino, kapena pazifukwa zina zosamvetseka monga choncho. Tidachita izi chifukwa lingaliro la kumvetsetsa kwathu zofunikira pakugawika komanso zovuta zamisika ndikukonzekera kwapakati, kuphatikiza zilakolako zathu zodzilamulira tokha komanso kusowa kwamagulu, zidatisiyira chisankho china.
Kodi tingafotokoze momwe mitengo imakhazikitsidwa mu parecon? Kodi pali malo aliwonse, misika yaying'ono, mwinanso ngati malamulo a kagawidwe kazinthu ndi zofuna? Zoonadi, ndinamvetsetsa kale kuti tinali kutali bwanji ndi umwini waumwini kapena boma wa njira zopangira, kuchokera kumisika komanso kuchokera ku zongopeka ndi zokopa zamtundu uliwonse zomwe zimapita nazo. Koma komabe, zikakhudza chilengedwe, mtengo wazinthu ndi ntchito zomwe zidayambika pomanga, tinene, ziwerengedwera, kodi pali malo a malamulo operekera ndi kufunikira? Kodi mungafotokoze momwe kukonzekera nawo limodzi kungakhazikitsire mitengo?
Ndikofunika kunena kuti ndalama zosiyanasiyanazi zikawerengedwa, komanso anthu akapatsidwa chikoka choyenera - koma mfundo yake ndi yakuti, kuti tikwaniritse zolingazo tifunika kukonzekera nawo limodzi, chifukwa misika ndi mapulani apakati amaphwanya kwambiri zolingazo.
Kupereka ndi kufunikira kumamveka bwino, ndikuganiza, ndi anthu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zilembozo. Anthu amaganiza kuti kufunikira kofananira ndi gawo la msika. Monga momwe amaganizira kukhala ndi malo opitira komwe mumapeza zomwe mukufuna ndi misika. Chifukwa chake ngati simukufuna misika muyenera kutsutsa kupereka zofananira komanso kuti anthu azigula kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo. Uku ndikuwongolera kothandiza kwa chilankhulo kwa iwo omwe akufuna kusunga misika, koma zilibe kanthu kochita ndi zosankha zenizeni ndi zotheka. Zili ngati kunena kuti ulamuliro wankhanza ukhoza kupititsa patsogolo luso, chitetezo, ndi chitetezo - chifukwa chake, ngati simukufuna kupondereza, musafune kupita patsogolo, chitetezo ndi chitetezo.
Ngati tilingalira chinthu chimodzi, tinene nsapato, kodi kufunikira kofananira kumatanthauza chiyani? Chabwino, zoperekedwa ndizofanana ndi zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, kupatula zinyalala. (Zinyalala, komabe, zitha kukhala zazikulu monga momwe zilili, tinene, ku US pazinthu zambiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwira ndipo zambiri zimaphwanyidwa, makamaka. , ndi chiลตerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha chiwonkhetso, osanenapo zomangidwa mโkutha ntchito.) Koma, mogwirizana ndi funso lanu, tiyeni tinyalanyaze zonsezo, ngakhale kuti njira ina ya kagawidwe kake nkoyenera kufunsa, kodi idzachepa? kuwononga pang'ono kapena kuchulukitsa zinyalala mopanda chifukwa? Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kunyalanyaza movutikira zovuta zazikulu za zinyalala, kufunikira kwa misonkho sikutanthawuza kuti zomwe zimapangidwa zimadyedwa, koma kuti anthu safuna zambiri pamtengo womwe ukubwera kuposa momwe angapezere.
Ndiye kodi parecon ili ndi zofunikira zofananira ndi zinthu? Zachidziwikire, ndipo molondola komanso mosasinthasintha kuposa momwe msika umachitira - ngakhale kunyalanyaza kuti misika imawononga chilichonse kotero kuti sitikudziwa momwe anthu akadafunira ndi mitengo yolondola, ndipo misika imapanga zifukwa zopotoka zopangira zinyalala, komanso. Mu parecon, mumamva zomwe zanenedweratu mitengo komanso chifukwa cha izo, ndi zomwe mumakonda, muli ndi zilakolako zomwe mumalembetsa pokonzekera. Kenako, mumalandira zidziwitso zamitengo yatsopano chifukwa chowerengera zomwe mukufuna komanso zomwe aliyense amakonda. Kenako mumachepetsa zopempha zanu kapena kuzikulitsa, chifukwa cha chidziwitso chatsopanocho, ndipo pamakhala kuwongolera kwina, ndipo pamapeto pake kukambiranaku, osati kwapayekha koma kwachitukuko osati kwa chinthu chimodzi koma pazogulitsa zonse nthawi imodzi ndikuphatikiza zonse ziwiri. mbali za opanga ndi ogula, akumaliza. Zomwe zimakonzedweratu kuti ziperekedwe ndizo zomwe anthu akufunafuna pamitengo yomaliza, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zaka zambiri kuti athetse kusintha kwa zokonda, ndi zina zotero. Kenaka, pamene nthawi ikupita m'chaka chokonzekera, kusintha kwakukulu kumachitika, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zokonda, mikhalidwe, ndi zina.
Chomwe chimasiyanitsa izi ndi misika kuwonjezera pa udindo wodziyendetsa okha, kugawa koyenera kwa ndalama, ndi zina zotero, ndikuti ndi zokambirana zamagulu zomwe zimafika pachisankho chomaliza m'malo mochita mpikisano mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu.
Chifukwa chake pazinthu zonse ndi ntchito, mu parecon, kutengera zomwe zachitika zaka zapitazi, zokonda zosintha, komanso kuyerekezera kwamitengo ndi phindu lazachilengedwe, chikhalidwe, komanso zaumwini, anthu ndi malo antchito amalingalira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndi kupanga. Izi sizimaphatikizapo kuyika chilichonse kuzinthu zinazake, koma ndi magulu okha. Palibe cholinga chochitirana ubweya wina ndi mzake. Imeneyi si njira. M'malo mwake, pali cholinga chogawanitsa mwanzeru mogwirizana ndi phindu la aliyense. Izi nโzimene mikhalidwe ya anthu ndiponso zimene angathe kuchita zimawalimbikitsa kuchita. Kusintha kwa malingaliro a ogula ndi opanga malinga ndi zomwe wina akonda zomwe zawululidwa ndikuganiziranso mtengo ndi zopindulitsa zimapereka chidziwitso chatsopano pazifukwa zonsezi ndipo zimapereka umboni wabwino wamitengo yomaliza, mtengo wake, ndi mapindu onse. Kenako, poganizira izi, malingaliro atsopano amachitika. Kukonzanso kwa dongosololi kungaphatikizeponso kugawanso zothandizira ndi ntchito molingana ndi zilakolako zosayembekezereka zomwe, komabe, ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Chifukwa ochita masewera sapikisana, koma, m'malo mwake, aliyense wokhudzidwa ndi zochitika, kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito, mafakitale onse, oyandikana nawo, ndi anthu onse, akufika pa ndondomeko pamodzi, ndipo chifukwa aliyense amapindula kwambiri (kapena kutaya) palimodzi, zimakhala kuti. Mchitidwewu ukhoza kuwulula bwino kwambiri ndalama zonse zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa anthu ndi phindu la kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, motero kufika pamitengo yeniyeni yomwe ochita masewera angagwiritse ntchito kusankha zomwe akufuna kupereka, kapena kudya.
Popanda kulowa mwatsatanetsatane, mwachitsanzo momwe ntchito zogwirira ntchito za anthu zimapangitsira kuti ndalama zogwirira ntchito zithandizire aliyense, kapena momwe malipiro amalepheretsa kuti gulu lililonse lipindule mowononga lina, mfundo yofunikira ndikuti m'malo mwa gulu laling'ono pamwamba - otchedwa okonza mapulani - amangolangiza aliyense zoyenera kuchita, kapena m'malo mwa ochita mpikisano kuti apindule payekha ndi mphamvu zosiyana kwambiri komanso ndi njira yomwe imabisala zofunikira kwambiri zamagulu, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe komanso zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kuwasamalira, chochitika chilichonse - muli ndi njira yogwirizanirana pomwe phindu la aliyense limabwera kudzera pa phindu la ena osati kuwonongera ena, komanso pomwe mawerengedwe amunthu ndi gulu amapezeka molondola osati molakwika. Gwirizanitsani zonsezi ndi chizoloลตezi cha malipiro a nthawi yaitali, kulimbika, ndi kuvutitsa kwa ntchito yamtengo wapatali, komanso ndi malo ogwirira ntchito, komanso ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake anthu potengera zochitika zawo zenizeni komanso zofunika kwambiri, amakwaniritsa mfundo za parecon.
Chifukwa chiyani anthu ayenera kukhulupirira kuti izi zitha kugwira ntchito, malinga ndi zomwe mwanena?
Iwo sayenera kutero. Koma palibenso amene akuyenera kukhulupirira kuti sizingagwire ntchito pokhapokha pozindikira kuti ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zilipo, kapena chifukwa wina, yemwe mwina sanathe ngakhale mphindi makumi awiri akuwunika, akuti sizigwira ntchito. .
M'malo mwake, anthu ayenera kukhala ndi nthawi yoganizira nkhanizo, mwina ndi abwenzi kapena ogwira nawo ntchito, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti akuganizira za mtundu wa ntchito ndi machitidwe komanso kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe kukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali kungafune - m'malo mongopanga nkhani zowopsa za izi. zinthu - ndikuwunika ngati kuli kotheka. Ndiye, pazotsatira zake, anthu azifunsanso, chabwino, ngakhale ndikotheka, kodi ndi zofunika?
Kodi sizingangopangitsa kuti kugawidwe kukwaniritsidwe, komanso kutero mogwirizana ndi kudzilamulira nokha ndi chilungamo, mgwirizano ndi kusiyanasiyana, kukhazikika kwachilengedwe ndi mtendere?
Ngati yankho liri inde, ndiye kuti munthuyo ayenera kukhulupirira ndi kuthandizira njira yogawa - ngakhale, ndithudi, kukhala omasuka kwambiri kuti athe kuphunzira maphunziro atsopano mukangogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro. Ngati yankho liri ayi, ndiye ndikuganiza kuti munthuyo akuyenera kulingalira za njira ina yabwinoko.
Kubwerera Kumisika?
Chabwino, koma mumatani ngati wina akuyankha, zikuwoneka kuti ndimakonda zikhulupiriro za parecon, koma ndikukayika kuti kukonzekera nawo limodzi. Ndili wokayika kuti ndizotheka kuphatikiza anthu onse pazokambirana ndi zotuluka popanda kutenga nthawi yambiri ya anthu, popanda kufunikira kuti anthu achite zinthu zomwe sakanachita. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ndikutha kuwona gawo lazinthu zakukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali pagulu labwino, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti tikuyenera kukhala ogwirizana kwambiri pazagawidwe, ndiko kunena kuti, tilole kuti pakhale dongosolo lokhazikika - ngakhale pansi pa lamuloli. demokalase komanso kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu - ndipo tiyenera kulola kugwiritsa ntchito misika ina, kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso mwanzeru - ngakhale pali zopinga zosiyanasiyana pazantchito zawo.
Ndikuganiza kuti ili ndi funso lomwe limakhalapo chifukwa limawonetsa malingaliro a anthu ambiri. Kumbali inayi, ndikuganiza kuti simalingaliro abwino.
Tiyerekeze kuti ndati, sindikufuna ulamuliro wopondereza ndipo ndidapereka zifukwa zomveka bwino - makamaka, kuti kukhala ndi ulamuliro wankhanza sikumangokupatsani zisankho zabwino chifukwa cha zisankho zokondera kuti mutumikire gawo locheperako. chiwerengero cha anthu, komanso chifukwa chakuti ulamuliro wopondereza, chifukwa cha zochita zake, umachepetsa kudzilamulira, umathetsa kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo umayambitsa kusamvana, kumvera, kapena kukana mkwiyo. Pachifukwa chimenecho, tiyerekeze kuti ndaletsa dongosolo la ndale lomwe lilipo ku US pazifukwa zofananira, kuphatikiza kugulidwa ndi malo olemera.
Ndipo kenako, tiyerekeze kuti ndasankha njira ina yotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wopondereza komanso ku demokalase yamtundu wa US dongosolo lamagulu oyandikana nawo, madera, maboma ndi mayiko momwe malamulo amakhazikitsidwa ndi ndondomeko zimayang'aniridwa. Tsopano, tiyerekeze kuti wina amva kapena kuwerenga pang'ono za izi, ndikumverera, "Sindikutsimikiza kuti izi zigwira ntchito. Pali zosankha masauzande ambiri chaka chilichonse. Sindikhulupirira kuti dongosolo la misonkhano ya anthu lingalowe mโmalo mwa zonsezi.โ
Ndizovuta kwambiri, ngakhale ndikukhulupirira kuti mbiri yakale idzawonetsa kuti munthu wokhudzidwayo adalakwitsa. Koma chotsatira, tiyerekeze kuti munthu amene akukhudzidwayo akuti, "Popeza ndili ndi kukaikira uku, tiyeni tisankhe kuti tichitepo kanthu pamisonkhano yatsopanoyi, koma tiziphatikiza ndi utsogoleri wankhanza komanso demokalase ya US."
Ndikukhulupirira kuti mukuwona kuti ngakhale kukayikira kuli koyenera kumva, njira yothetsera kukaikira ingakhale yachilendo kwambiri. Zomwe tikadakhala nazo ndikuti wina akunena, "chifukwa chodera nkhawa kuti njira yatsopano yomwe yaperekedwa ikhoza kukhala ndi zolakwika, tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito njira yakale, yokulirakulira komanso yovulaza kwambiri." Munthuyo angawonjezere kuti, "tikudziwa kuti njira yakale imapangira zosankha," komabe, titha kuwonjezera, m'njira yomwe imatsimikizira kuponderezedwa kodabwitsa.
Ndikuganiza kuti chifaniziro cha munthu amene amakayikira za kukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali ndikuti "chabwino, popeza ndili ndi chikaiko, ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kusunga misika ndi mapulani apakati," ndi champhamvu kwambiri.
Kukayika kwa munthu woteroyo, makamaka muzochitika zanga, sikumakhala kokhazikika pa kuunika kwakukulu komwe kumayesa kumvetsetsa kukonzekera kutengapo mbali komanso komwe kumafunanso kufotokoza momveka bwino zomwe zafotokozedwazo. M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri, kukayikira kumadza pambuyo poyesa kuwonetsetsa kwachidule kwa kukonzekera nawo limodzi, ndipo popanda kuyesa pang'ono kumvetsetsa, ndipo popanda kuyesa kuthetsa kukayikira m'malo moziyika ngati zosatheka - kapena, choipitsitsa, kukayikira koteroko kumadza chifukwa pazambiri zolakwika za parecon kapena kungobwereza zomwe wina wanena. Ndiye munthu wokhudzidwayo asankha, mwachiwonekere, popeza ndikukayikira dongosolo lomwe ndikuvomereza kuti lingakhale lodabwitsa ngati lingagwire ntchito - ngakhale ndiribe chifukwa chokayikira - ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kulimbikitsa mabungwe omwe tonsefe timawadziwa popanda kukaikira ngakhale pang'ono. umunthu, kuchititsa magawano a magulu, ndi kuwononga chilengedwe, zonse kumlingo wodabwitsa kwambiri kuposa ngakhale kudandaula kwakukulu kwa otsutsa pakukonzekera kutenga nawo mbali. Izi nzosamvetseka, simukuganiza?
Mfundo yanga ndi yakuti, pamene wina akupereka dongosolo latsopano kuti akwaniritse ntchito zazikulu ndipo muli ndi kukayikira - zomwe ziri zomveka poyamba - chinthu choyenera kuchita ndikufufuza malingaliro a malingaliro anu, ndi nkhawa zanu, mozama. Ndiye, ngati mudakali ndi kukaikira, chinthu choyenera kuchita ndicho kuwafotokoza ndi kuwona ngati ena ali ndi mayankho okhutiritsa. Ndiye, ngati sichoncho, chinthu choyenera kuchita ndikuyesa kupeza mayankho anu. Ndiye, ngati sichoncho, chinthu choyenera kuchita ndikuyambanso ndi chitsanzo - pamenepa, dongosolo latsopano la kugawira - kuyesa kufotokoza zoyenera ndi kuponyedwa kulikonse komwe kumayambitsa kukayikira, ndipo pamapeto pake kuwonjezera chilichonse chomwe chikufunikira kuti mupange malingaliro atsopano otheka komanso oyenera. Chomaliza chomwe muyenera kuganizira, komabe, ndingaganize, ndikukweza manja anu ndikunena kuti, chabwino, tiyeni tibwerere m'misika popeza ndikungonena kuti, ndisiya, ndikuvomera tsoka.
Misika imawononga chiyembekezo chonse cha chilungamo, chilungamo, kusiyanasiyana, mgwirizano, komanso kudziwongolera. Iwo amadzipha akuphwanya chilengedwe. Amayambitsanso mikangano yapadziko lonse ndi nkhondo. Ndipo iyi si misika yomwe yasokonekera, kapena misika yomwe idabedwa ndi onyenga oyipa, iyi ndi misika yomwe imagwira ntchito mwanthawi zonse. Ndi misika yomwe ikupereka zotsatirazi motengera momwe zimakhudzira khalidwe, chidziwitso, ndi zolinga. Kodi munthu angatani, mongoganizira chabe komanso mopanda kuyezetsa pang'ono, osangomva kuti mwina kukonzekera nawo limodzi sikungagwire ntchito ndendende monga momwe munthu wokayikayo wamva mwachidule (zomwe zingagwirizane kapena sizikugwirizana ndi momwe kukonzekera nawo limodzi kumayendera. kwenikweni mimba), komanso kusankha kubwerera misika?
Tangoganizani kapolo wochotsa kapolo yemwe akuti akuganiza kuti titha kunyamula thonje ndi njira zotsatirazi, zomwe amazifotokozera momveka bwino m'magawo awo akuluakulu, monga lingaliro la zomwe zingasinthe ukapolo. Wina amabwera nati, "Ndikukayika kuti zinthu zomwe mukuganiza kuti zitha kuthyoledwa thonje, kapena zidzasonkhanitsa thonje kuti ligwiritse ntchito monga momwe ukapolo umachitira - choncho, ndikuganiza, tiyeni tipitirire kuukapolo, ngakhale ndi ochepa. zosinthidwa. Izi zitha kukhala zokwiyitsa chifukwa chonyalanyaza zonse koma kusintha kumodzi. Koma ndi zomwe ndiyenera kuvomereza, ndikumva anthu akunena, muzochitika monga momwe mukufotokozera, koma tsopano za misika. Ndipo ndiyenera kunena, ndikukayikira kuti mbiri ikadzakula mokwanira kuti ifotokoze nthano, misika idzawoneka ngati chinthu chochita kuyanjana kwa anthu moyipa kwambiri pazotsatira zake zonse mpaka kukhala pomwepo ndi ukapolo m'mabuku azomwe zimayambitsa chisalungamo choopsa ndi kuponderezana.
kuonera
Ndikudziwa kuti muli ndi zikhalidwe zochepa zomwe mumaziwonetsa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi chuma chofunikira - kusiyanasiyana, mgwirizano, chilungamo, komanso kudziwongolera - koma kodi mabungwe amaperekadi izi? Kodi anthu sangabere, kuba, ndipo mโkupita kwa nthaลตi kupotoza chinthu chonsecho?
Pali mayankho awiri otakata. Choyamba, padzakhala ena odana ndi anthu, odzikonda, ma psychopaths, zedi. Chifukwa chake ndili ndi chidaliro kuti anthu amtsogolo adzagwiritsa ntchito njira zamalamulo kuti athane ndi izi, komanso kugwiriridwa, kapena mocheperako, ndi chiwawa chapagulu, ndi zina zotero - ngakhale dongosolo lazamalamulo losiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe timapirira. Mwachitsanzo, awonetsetsa kuti dongosolo lazamalamulo latsopanoli lili ndi ntchito zofananira ndi malipiro ofanana, komanso kuti lili ndi zatsopano zokhudzana ndi ntchito zake zapadera komanso zomwe zimathandizira chilungamo komanso zogwirizana ndi kudziwongolera, kusiyanasiyana, ndi zina.
Kupatula kukhala ndi njira zothanirana ndi umbanda, komabe, chuma chilichonse chotheka chingatsutsidwe chifukwa chakuti wina angasankhe kubera. Nkhani yeniyeni yomwe izi imadzutsa ndikuti, kodi chuma chimakupangitsani kuti muzibera, kuba, ngakhalenso kukhala ndi psychopathic? Kapena kodi chuma chifukwa cha zotsatira zake pazosankha zanu, chimakupangitsani kukhala ochezeka komanso osamala, komanso, ngakhale kukupangitsani kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuba kapena kubera?
Anthu ena amabwera pankhaniyi molakwika, ndikuganiza. Iwo amaganiza kuti chimene chiyenera kukhala choona kuti tidzakhale ndi anthu abwino ndi chakuti anthu ali ndi makhalidwe amene amaletsa makhalidwe oipa. Kenako amakakamira kuganiza zinthu zopusa, monga kuti anthu ndi angelo. Njira ya parecon, kulabadira zenizeni, ndi yosiyana. Imati, ndithudi anthu akhoza kuchita zinthu zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe komanso njira zowopsya. Ife tikudziwa zimenezo. Ife tikhoza kuziwona izo. Komabe, panthaลตi imodzimodziyo, tingathenso kuona kuti anthu angachite zinthu mโnjira za makhalidwe abwino kwambiri ndi zaumunthu. Chikhalidwe chaumunthu mwachiwonekere chimalola zonsezi. Ndiye funso limakhala loti tiyenera kukhala ndi mabungwe azachitukuko - azachuma ndi ena - omwe amalimbikitsa machitidwe odana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu potero kukulitsa zovuta zomwe zingachitike - kapena tizikhala ndi mabungwe omwe amalimbikitsa makhalidwe aumunthu ndi umunthu, potero kulimbikitsa zabwino zomwe zingatheke? Ikani motere chisankhocho chikuwoneka ngati chodziwikiratu, ndipo palibe malingaliro opusa omwe amapangidwa kuti anthu ndi angelo okha.
Chabwino, koma Parecon amachita bwanji? Kodi zimakonda kutipangitsa kukhala ochezeka komanso zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kubera?
Parecon amapambana bwino pa nkhwangwa zonse ziwirizi, sizodabwitsa, chifukwa adapangidwa kuti achite izi. Choyamba, anthu sayamikiridwa chifukwa cha momwe amagwiritsira ntchito - chifukwa milingoyo ndi yofanana kwa aliyense. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza kuti njira zogwirira ntchito limodzi zimafuna kuti ife, ngakhale titadzisamalira tokha, kuyankha zokhumba za wina ndi mnzake, zimalimbitsa mgwirizano m'malo momatikakamiza kukhala opanda chidwi komanso odana ndi anthu, monga, mwachitsanzo, misika. kuchita. Mu parecon, zimakhala kuti timakhala bwino pamodzi, kapena ayi. Ndalama zomwe zikukula zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe onse amapindula nazo, kapena khama lomwe ndimapanga, ndikupanga zomwe zili zofunika kwa ena. Mikhalidwe yabwino pantchito yanga yonse yokhazikika imachokera ku kutukuka kwapakati pazachuma, zomwe aliyense amasangalala nazo. Anthu amamva zonena zotere, ndipo pazifukwa zina, nthawi zambiri, sizikuwoneka kuti zili ndi mphamvu zambiri pa iwo. Ndimaona kuti ndizosamvetseka, nthawi iliyonse ikachitika. Zomwe zili pamwambazi zikunena kuti parecon ndi chuma chomwe zolemba, mwa ntchito zake zamkati, zimalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuthandizana, m'malo mowononga chilichonse. Ndi mtundu wa sukulu ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, osati yotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu - monga momwe zilili ndi chuma cha msika. Izi ziyenera kukhala zotsegula maso. Anthu sayenera kutenga chowonadi mopepuka, inde, koma ayenera kumva ngati - ndikufuna kumvetsetsa ngati zomwe akunenazo ndi zoona pa dongosolo latsopanoli, chifukwa zingakhale zabwino kwambiri, ngati zili choncho.
Koma chachiwiri, tiyerekeze kuti mwabera kapena kuba. Nโchifukwa chiyani mumachita zimenezi? Chabwino, ngati ndinu kleptomaniac chabe kapena mumachitira matsenga, ndiye kuti malamulo kapena nthawi zina mwina njira yachipatala ndiyo njira yokhayo. Koma ngati muchita izi kuti mupindule nazo, ndiye kuti parecon imabweretsa vuto. Kodi mungapindule bwanji ndi zinthu zakuthupi?
Mu parecon kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndi kupereka kwakufa. Mu parecon, ndiye kuti, ndikakuona ukusangalala ndi chuma chambiri, ndikudziwa kuti ndiwe wakuba chifukwa sungathe kudzikundikira chuma chambiri ndi ntchito zabwinobwino komanso zachilungamo. Mutha kulandira zochulukirapo kuposa ena chifukwa chogwira ntchito molimbika kapena motalikirapo, koma simungalandire zochuluka kuposa ena, chifukwa palibe amene angagwire ntchito molimbika kapena motalikirapo. Chifukwa chake kuba kuti mupeze pang'ono - palibe phindu lalikulu pamenepo. Ndipo kuba kuti mupeze zambiri, ngakhale mutathawa, mutha kusangalala ndi zipatso zaupandu wanu nokha, mosawoneka.
Zimakhala zochititsa chidwi nthawi zonse pamene anthu amayesa kutsutsa parecon, kapena masomphenya aliwonse, pokhazikitsa mfundo zomwe dongosolo lomwe akukhalamo limaphwanya kwambiri, monga momwe chuma chamsika chimatiphunzitsa kuti tizichitirana wina ndi mnzake komanso ngakhale kupanga zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ngati tikuyenera. akuyenera kuchita bwino kapena nthawi zina kungokhala ndi moyo, ndikuperekanso nthawi yomwe zopeza bwino zitha kuwonetsedwa popanda chiopsezo chifukwa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwachuma kumakhala chizolowezi. Ngati wamasomphenya akuwonetsa chinyengo cha wotsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika muyezo wa parecon - ndiyeno kutaya muyezo poganizira momwe zinthu ziliri, wotsutsa nthawi zambiri amangowonjezera chinyengo, kunena kuti, ndikuchita bwino.
Chitsanzo Chabwino kapena TATA
Kubwerera ku chiyambi kwakanthawi, kodi zomwe munakumana nazo muzolimbana ndi nkhondo zidakukonzekeretsani mwanjira iliyonse kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro lililonse lazachuma chotenga nawo mbali?
Kuphunzira kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ndidagwirizana nawo kudera la Boston, komanso kuchokera kumayendedwe a nthawi m'magawo ake onse - mtendere, ufulu wachikazi, odana ndi kusankhana mitundu - ndidatengera malingaliro amphamvu kwambiri otsutsa aulamuliro. Izi komanso kusakhutira kwanga ndi marxism ndi mipatuko yomwe inalipo panthawiyo, idatsogolera monga tawonera kale pakuwerenga kochuluka kwa anarchists ndiyeno, mwachitsanzo, polemba buku langa loyamba lomwe limatchedwa. Zoyenera Kusinthidwa. Monga momwe mutuwo udasonyezera, ndinali kale wodana ndi Leninist ndipo bukhulo linali kuyesa kufufuza masukulu osiyanasiyana amalingaliro akumanzere kuti azindikire zofooka zomwe timafunikira kuti tidutse ndi mphamvu zomwe timafunikira kuti tisunge ndikuwonjezera. Zinali zotsatira za zomwe ndakumana nazo mumayendedwe anga, komanso kuwerenga kofananira, ndipo ngati mungayang'ane bukuli ndikuganiza kuti muwona kuti likuyimira chuma chotenga nawo mbali ndi zina zambiri zomwe zimatsatira.
Kodi zingakhale kuti zonse zomwe pempho la parecon likufunika kuti lipeze chidwi chochulukirapo ndikukhazikitsa chitsanzo chabwino? Kodi tili pafupi bwanji ndikuwona ma cooperative akuchita upainiya wa parecon, ngakhale pang'ono?
Chiwopsezo cha chitsanzo chabwino ndi chachikulu kwambiri. Ndizokayikitsa zomwe US โโโโamapita kunkhondo, nthawi zambiri - ndiko kuphwanya kuthekera kwa chitsanzo chabwino chomwe chikukula ndikufalikira. Koma kukhala ndi ntchito ya coop yokhala ndi ntchito zoyenererana ndi makhonsolo odziyang'anira pawokha pang'ono, kapena ngakhale pamlingo waukulu, sikungakhale kowopsa. Chifukwa china n'chakuti n'kovuta kuti kuyesa koteroko kuwonekere ponseponse. Zomwe ziyenera kukondweretsedwa ndikuwunikidwa, m'malo mwake, zidzachepetsedwa. Ndipo chifukwa chimodzi ndi chakuti iwo omwe amayesa kuyesa koteroko ali pachiwopsezo cha kutsutsidwa kuti zedi, otengeka amatha kuchita motero, koma anthu wamba, pazachuma chonse, sangathe. Kotero chithunzi chabe cha malo ochepa ogwira ntchito omasulidwa kwambiri, sichiri chokha chokwanira. Payenera kukhala kumvetsetsa kwakukulu, pakati pa anthu ambiri, kuti apite nawo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ntchito zotere ndi zosafunika. Akhoza kutithandiza kufufuza zomwe tingasankhe, komanso, ngati tikhala ndi chidziwitso ndi zokambirana zomwe zikufunika, zitha kuwonjezera kukhulupilika kwa masomphenyawo. Komanso, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mapulojekiti odzipatula amakhalapo m'malo ovuta kwambiri, pansi pa chitsenderezo chachikulu chosiya ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zakale, kotero nthawi zambiri amalephera.
Ponena za kuchuluka kwa izi zomwe zikuchitika, sindikudziwa. Kumbali imodzi, pali kuchuluka kodabwitsa kwa zoyesayesa za komweko pogwiritsa ntchito zina zomwe parecon amakondwerera, mwachitsanzo ma coops omwe ali ndi demokalase ndi chilungamo, koma osati ntchito zofananira, titi - koma kuyesayesa kocheperako pogwiritsa ntchito zambiri kapena zonsezi. Chofunikira ndikumveka bwino za zolinga zazikulu ndi kulumikizana pakati pa zoyeserera zamtunduwu kuphatikiza mayendedwe apagulu omwe amakondwerera zoyeserera komanso amafuna kusintha mkati mwa mabungwe akuluakulu a anthu.
Kodi munafika bwanji pa chitsanzo cha parecon ndipo mukuyenda bwanji? Munali mukadali ophunzira aku koleji? Zinatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji? Kodi munamva bwanji mukamakula?
Mtundu woyamba waukali wa izo, ine ndikuganiza, unali njira yonse mmbuyo mu zokambirana ife tinali ophunzira undergrad. Ndiyeno patapita zaka zingapo zinakula kwambiri mโmabuku monga Zoyenera Kusinthidwa ndipo makamaka wina wotchedwa Marxism ya Unorthodox ndipo wina adayitana Socialism Lero ndi Mawa, onse anachita ndi Robin. Koma ndikuganiza kuti ndizoyenera kunena kuti masomphenyawo adangokhala chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chokhala ndi dzina komanso malingaliro otukuka bwino ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake m'bukuli. Kuyang'anira zomwe Robin ndi ine tinachita ndi South End Press, ndi bukhu Economy ya Ndale ya Economics Participatory Economics, zomwe tidachita ndi Princeton University Press, onse akubwera nditamaliza sukulu.
Sindikuganiza kuti pali njira iliyonse yokhazikitsira nthawi pamalingaliro achuma chogawana nawo, chifukwa cha kumera kwanthawi yayitali komanso malingaliro ambiri ndi zochita. Pamene Robin ndi ine tinali kukhala momveka bwino za izo, kuyesera kuzindikira ndi ntchito kudzera mbali za njira bwino zachuma, kuyesera kuona ubale wawo wina ndi mzake, ndi zina zotero, panali mtundu wa chisangalalo chimene chiri chovuta pang'ono. kufotokoza. Kumbali ina, panali chiyembekezo choonekeratu chakuti zimene tinali kuchita zidzakhala zofunika. Oweruza akadali kunja, ndipo nthawi zambiri tinkakumana ndi kunyozedwa kapena kusamvetsetsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale kunyozedwa. Zonsezo zinali zosasangalatsa. Chomwe chinali chosangalatsa kwambiri, chinali kugwira ntchito molingana ndi zomwe zachitika m'magawo osiyanasiyana ndikuzindikira zinthu zomwe sitinazidziwe bwino, momveka bwino, zachitsanzocho - chomwe, komabe - tidapeza kuti chinali mmenemo, ndi zomwe timakonda. Zinali zolimbikitsa kwambiri kuwona zabwino zomwe sitinapange mwadala, zomwe, komabe, zinalipo.
Mwachionekere simukugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha TINA cha Margaret Thatcher, โPalibe Njira Yina,โ koma mumatani ndi yankho lotchuka la Kumanzere kwa TINA, lomwe limati โPali masauzande a Njira Zinaโ (TATA) ndi โmmodzi ayi, ambiri ndiyeโ? Kodi pali โzikwiโ kapena โzambiriโ njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendetsera chuma? Kodi malingaliro otere akusonyeza chiyani kwa inu pa Kumanzere kwapano? Kodi pali zovuta zotani ku zikhulupiriro zomwe anthu ambiri amazikhulupirira ponena za zoyesayesa za gulu la Kumanzere?
Pali njira zingapo zoyendetsera moyo wachuma - koma izi ndizosiyana mozama pamadongosolo ochepa oyambira. Mwachitsanzo tengerani dongosolo lachuma cha capitalist. Zikuwonekeratu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso nthawi zosiyanasiyana m'dziko lomwelo, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - mwachitsanzo, ku Sweden ndi US, kapena ku Sweden zaka makumi atatu zapitazo ndi Sweden lero. Chifukwa chake ngati tiwerengera kusiyanasiyana kulikonse ngati kuyika dongosolo latsopano, ndiye kuti, inde, pali kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa "machitidwe" otere omwe ali m'malo mwake komanso nambala yopanda malire yotheka. Koma sindikuganiza kuti imeneyo ndi njira yothandiza yowonera zinthu.
Pakati pa tinyama ting'onoting'ono pali agulugufe, kafadala ndi nyongolotsi, ndiyeno pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya agulugufe, kachilomboka ndi nyongolotsi. Pakati pazachuma, pali mitundu ingapo komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu uliwonse. Koma ndikukhulupirira kuti china chake chimatipangitsa kunena kuti kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu uliwonse kumakhalabe komweko komwe kumatanthauzira mtundu wachuma, kaya tikulankhula za agulugufe osiyanasiyana kapena, tinene, zochitika zosiyanasiyana za capitalism. Chomwe chimapangitsa milandu yonse, yomwe ingakhale yosiyana m'njira zofunika, komabe kusiyana pa dongosolo limodzi lokha - kunena kuti capitalism - ndikukhalapo, muzosiyana siyana, za mabungwe omwe amatanthauzira (omwe ku capitalism ndi umwini waumwini wa katundu wopindulitsa. , gawo lazantchito, komanso gawo lalikulu la msika). Chifukwa chake ndi lingaliro ili la mtundu wanji wachuma, funso limakhala kuti pali magulu ambiri ofotokozera mabungwe azachuma, komanso masauzande amitundu yotere, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zomveka kunena kuti pali mitundu yambiri kapena masauzande amitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachuma?
Ndikuganiza kuti palibe, ndipo ndingakonde kumva wina akufotokoza ngakhale magawo khumi - kuyiwala za masauzande. Chifukwa chake, ngati vutolo lidaperekedwa kwa ine, ndinganene kuti pali capitalism (mosiyana kosatha), ndipo pali zomwe ndimatcha kugwirizanitsa m'mitundu iwiri (yomwe ili ndi misika kapena kulinganiza kwapakati) kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyana kwambiri yamitundu yonse. izo. Chabwino, tsopano palinso chiyani? Chabwino, pali chuma chotenga nawo mbali - ndipo nawonso si dongosolo limodzi lomwe silingasinthe koma, m'malo mwake, lili ndi mabungwe ochepa ofotokozera, omwe takambiranako pang'ono, ndipo, kupitirira izi ngakhalenso mwatsatanetsatane wa iwo, ali ndi malire osatha. za kusintha.
Mwina wina, koma osati ine, akufuna kuwonjezera kuti pali mtundu wa kachitidwe kameneko, kameneko kameneko, komwe madera ang'onoang'ono amadzikwanira okha kotero kuti mtundu wachuma wotchedwa localism umagwira ntchito popanda misika kapena kukonzekera, koma m'malo mwake uli ndi zina. kusinthanitsa ndi kusinthanitsa komweko komweko. Othandizira angatchule izi bioregionalism.
Kapenanso wina - osati ine - akufuna kunena kuti pali chuma chamtundu wina chomwe sichifunikanso kugawira mabungwe, kapena mafotokozedwe ena, chifukwa anthu amangotenga zomwe akufuna ndikuchita zomwe akufuna. amangokonda, kukonzanso zonse nthawi zonse m'malo mokhala ndi makonzedwe okhazikika. Ena olimbikitsa izi atha kuzitcha kuti anarchism, ngakhale ndingatsutse izi.
Chifukwa chake kwa aliyense amene amakonda kunena kuti pali masauzande a njira zina, ndinganene, chabwino, fotokozani chimodzi - chimodzi chokha - chomwe mumakonda, ndipo ndichopanda kalasi. Fotokozani chimodzi, chimodzi chokha, chomwe chimapereka kudzilamulira, chilungamo, kusiyana, mgwirizano, ndi zina zotero. Fotokozani amene amachita zinthu izi, komanso ndi wotheka. Izi ndi zomwe parecon, ndi mabungwe ochepa ofotokozera, amadzinenera kukhala. Ngati mukuganiza kuti pali gulu lina lofotokozera mabungwe omwe angachite izi, chabwino, chabwino, ndi chiyani?
Ndikukhulupirira kuti kudziyang'anira ndekha, chilungamo, kusaphunzira, etc. - njira zina ndizosapeweka. Simungagwiritse ntchito misika kapena mapulani apakati pakugawira chifukwa amalepheretsa kudziyang'anira, kusowa kalasi, ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa chake mufunika njira ina yogawa yomwe imagwira ntchito, komanso kuti m'malo mosokoneza kudzilamulira nokha kumathandizira. Simungakhalenso ndi magawo abizinesi, chifukwa kutero kudzalepheretsa kukhala opanda maphunziro, motero mufunika njira ina yogawira ntchito zomwe anthu amachita zomwe zimagwirizana nazo komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala opanda maphunziro.
Vuto limakhala kuti mumasankha chiyani, m'malo mofotokoza za mabungwe oyendetsera ndalama kapena ogwirizanitsa, za mabungwe omwe mumawakonda? Kunena kuti pali zosankha masauzande ambiri sikuyankha konse - komanso, ndikuganiza, zolakwika kwambiri.
Parecon ikupanga bungwe lodzilamulira lokha, malipiro ofanana, malo ogwirira ntchito, ndikukonzekera nawo limodzi monga kufotokozera mabungwe. Ngati anthu ena akuganiza kuti pali njira imodzi, ziwiri, kapena chikwi chimodzi, ndingakonde kumva za mabungwe awo osiyanasiyana. Ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti ndikakwiyitsidwa ndi izi, ndimayesedwa kunena, kuimika kapena kutseka, koma sindinatero, ndipo sinditero, chifukwa anthu ambiri amati - zoyambazo zinali zotani, TATA - ndi oona mtima, muli ndi zokhumba zabwino, ndipo simunaganizire mozama nkhaniyi. Pali ena, komabe, ndikuganiza, omwe amalankhula mopanda chidwi, kuti apewe kunena chilichonse chofunikira komanso kupewa kuthana ndi kufunikira kwamalingaliro akulu ngati parecon.
Choncho, potsiriza, nโchifukwa chiyani munthu amene pafupifupi nthaลตi zonse sangathe kufotokoza njira zina ziwiri kapena zitatu, akusonyeza molimba mtima ndiponso mopanda chifundo ponena za anthu amene amakomera dongosolo linalake, ndipo amene amachita zimenezi ataganizira kwambiri ndiponso kuchita zinthu zambiri, komanso pamene tikunena momveka bwino za zonena zawo, kulimbikitsani kuti pali masauzande a zosankha, ndiye sitiyenera kulimbikitsa chimodzi chokha? Ndikulingalira kwanga ndikuti nthawi zambiri sizimakhudzana ndi kuganiza mozama ndikubwera ndi zifukwa zoganiza kuti pali mitundu ingapo yamitundu yodalirika komanso yoyenera yachuma - pokhapokha ngati pali masauzande ambiri azachuma komanso masauzande ambiri. za parecons zotheka, kunena - komanso kuti m'malo mwake zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusafuna kunena kuti, "Ndimakhulupirira mumagulu awa akufotokozera mabungwe, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndi ofunikira" - kapena kuchita bwino ndi ena omwe amati kuti.
Nanga nโcifukwa ciani anthu safuna kukamba zinthu ngati zimenezo kapenanso kucita zinthu zolimbikitsa ndi ena amene amakamba zimenezo?
Mwina zimabwereranso kuzinthu zomwe tidakambirana kale - kuganiza kuti kutero kungakhale kukakamiza nzika zamtsogolo, kapena kumverera kuti sitikudziwa mokwanira kukhala ndi malingaliro otere, kapena iwowo osadziwa mokwanira - komabe - ndi zina zotero. .
Moona mtima, ndiyenera kunena, komabe, kuti izi sizikuwonetsa kulingalira mosamala mbali iliyonse ya nkhaniyi. (a) Palibe mwachiwonekere kuti palibe masauzande ambiri otheka komanso oyenera kufotokozera masankho pazachuma. Ndipo (b) kunena kuti mumakondera gulu linalake lofotokozera mabungwe si kukakamiza aliyense, kapena kupitirira zomwe tingathe komanso zomwe tiyenera kuyankhula - bola zomwe mumakonda ndizongofotokozera mabungwe omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunikira ngati anthu amtsogolo ayenera kukhala okhoza kulamulira miyoyo yawo, poyerekeza ndi kukonda mtundu wina wa mapu atsatanetsatane amene amapanga mitundu yonse ya zosankha pasadakhale zimene anthu amtsogolo adzapanga.
Kulinganiza M'nthaลตi Zathu
Zikuwoneka kuti tikudziwa zomwe zili zolakwika - monga momwe mumasonyezera kuti Kumanzere ndikwabwino kwambiri pakuwunika komwe kukuwonetsa momwe zinthu zilili zoyipa. Komanso, chifukwa cha ziphuphu zandale ndi zachuma, zifukwa zabodza zopita kunkhondo, kusalingana kwakukulu ndi kuwonjezereka, ndi zina zotero, pakukula kusakhutira pakati pa anthu ambiri ndi dongosolo lamakono. Izi zikuwoneka ngati mkhalidwe wabwino kwa Kumanzere kuti apange gulu lodziwika bwino losintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu. Komabe, Kumanzere kukuwoneka kuti sikungathe kutengera kusakhutira kumeneku m'njira yokhazikika. Mumamvetsetsa bwanji izi?
Nditha kungowononga malingaliro anga omwe ndikuuza anthu, kuwonetsa anthu, komanso kulankhulana ndi anthu momwe zinthu zilili zoyipa komanso chifukwa chake zili zoyipa, pomwe ndizofunikira, komanso nthawi zina ndizofunikira, ndithudi sikokwanira kokha kukhudza kusakhutira.
Ngati ndikanati ndinene kuti ukalamba ndi wovulaza kwambiri pazosankha za anthu, kuchita izi mosakayikira sikungalimbikitse kuipidwa ndi ukalamba kukhala gulu lokhazikika lolimbana ndi ukalamba. Koma chifukwa chiyani? Ndikuganiza kuti zili choncho chifukwa ngakhale anthu angafune kuti ukalamba uthetsedwe, akudziwa kuti kuyesetsa kukonzekera ndi kuwonetsa zotsutsana ndi ukalamba - "tikufuna chiyani, achinyamata; timachifuna liti, nthawi zonseโ - kungakhale kutaya nthawi yawo. Palibe njira ina yosinthira kukalamba, ndipo, mulimonse, njira zochepetsera zochepetsera zomwe zingatheke zimadalira kupita patsogolo komwe kulibe kanthu kochita ndi Joe kapena Susan kuwonetsa m'misewu ndikupanga mabungwe othana ndi ukalamba.
Ndikuganiza kuti momwe anthu amaonera zochita zankhanza, ngakhale zovuta kwambiri, ndizofanana. Anthu ambiri tsopano - mosiyana ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi - sadzauka muukali wokhazikika, osapatula nthawi ndi mphamvu pakukonza ndi kuwonetsa za chisalungamo ndi kuponderezana, pokhapokha ngati akuzama kwambiri amakhulupirira kuti pali njira ina yotheka komanso kuti kusankha kutenga nawo mbali kungapangitse mwayi wopeza njira ina. Kusankha kwawo kuti asakhale okangalika, kusatsutsa, kusalinganiza, ngakhale kuli koyenera kudzipha kukana, zimakhala zomveka tikayang'ana momwe munthuyo akuwonera.
Chifukwa chake funso limabuka, ngati kulimbana ndi kusuliza mwa kukhala ndi masomphenya ndi njira zogawana ndikofunikira, chifukwa chiyani ambiri otsalira omwe amatenga nthawi yolankhula ndi kulemba pofuna kusintha anthu, amangoyang'ana kwambiri akamachita zomwe zili zolakwika - komanso pafupifupi ayi pa zomwe tikufuna kupambana ndi momwe tingachitire?
Apanso, ndikungolingalira. Choyamba, ndikuganiza kuti ndizosavuta kulankhula kapena kulemba zomwe zili zolakwika. Mayankho alipo ndipo ndi osavuta kuwapeza. Mukulemba zomwe zimadziwika bwino. Mofananamo, mukamalankhula kapena kulemba zomwe zili zolakwika simungatsutsidwe kwambiri ndi anthu omwe mumawakonda, ndipo mofananamo n'zokayikitsa kuti mukulakwitsa - kapena kuwoneka osayankhula. Chachiwiri, anthu omwe amalemba ndi kuyankhula kuti ayese kupanga zochita ali ngati omwe satero, m'mbali imodzi. Iwo, pamlingo wina wozama, nthawi zambiri amakayikira kuti pali masomphenya oti azikomera mtima, amakonda kukayikira kuti pali malingaliro abwino omwe angawakonde, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chake amachita zomwe akudziwa kuti angachite - kutsutsa - ndipo nthawi zambiri amazisiya. Mwina pali zofotokozera zina, sindikudziwa. Koma, ziribe kanthu zifukwa zomwe zingakhalepo, tikayang'ana pazikuluzikulu osati mlembi / wotsutsa m'modzi panthawi, kwa ine zili ngati gulu lamasewera lochita mpikisano lomwe limatayika mobwerezabwereza pazifukwa zina zomveka bwino zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chifukwa chimenecho ndikukonda, m'malo mwake, kubwereza mobwerezabwereza zinthu zomwe zimangokulitsa vuto lawo lenileni. Nโkutheka kuti zimangoyambira pa zimene tinakambirana zokhudza kudzidalira, kapena mwina vutolo lili ndi magwero ena. Koma mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, vutoli ndi lolimba komanso lakupha, zomwe ndikudziwa.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
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Zikomo guys,
Uwu ndi mndandanda wabwino kwambiri woyankhulana ndipo ndikupeza zambiri kuchokera pamenepo. Zili ngati chidule cha zolemba za Michael, ndipo zili ndi tanthauzo la zomwe ndikuwona kuti ndizofunikira pagulu labwino. Kukhala nazo zonse pamalo amodzi zimandilola kuzilingalira mozama.
Ndipo Michael, ndimasangalatsidwa nthawi zonse ndi momwe iwe (ndi Robin) mwaganizira mozama mwatsatanetsatane ndi zomwe mwasankha.