Chaka cha 2012 ndi chaka cha 75th cha chiwombankhanga chachikulu chokhala pansi cha 1937. Chimayambanso chaka chachiwiri cha gulu la Occupy, lomwe liri ndi zofanana zochepa ndi nthawi yomwe anthu mazanamazana a ku America adagwira ntchito zawo.
Kukhala pansi koyamba ku US kunali mu 1906 pakati pa ogwira ntchito ku General Electric ku Schenectady, New York. Pamene okonza atatu a Industrial Workers of the World (IWW kapena Wobblies) adachotsedwa ntchito, antchito anzawo 3000 anakhala pansi ndikusiya kupanga. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1930, IWW inali itachepa, koma ambiri mwa okonza ake anali achangu ndipo ogwira ntchito ku US adawona njira zake.
Mu 1933, ogwira ntchito ku Austin, Minnesota Hormel plant anali ndi madandaulo ambiri otsutsa kampaniyo: kukweza kumapita kwa abwenzi a oyang'anira; ogwira ntchito anachotsedwa ntchito ndiyeno nkulembedwanso mโmadipatimenti ena ndi malipiro ochepa; tsiku lachisankho lisanafike, akapitawo amawopseza kuti achotsedwa ntchito ngati oyimira chipani cha Farmer-Labor Party atapambana, ndipo, ogwira ntchito omwe amatsutsa machitidwewo adauzidwa kuti atha kusiya. Udzu womaliza udadza pomwe Jay Hormel, yemwe adadziyesa kukhala "wolamulira wankhanza wachifundo," adayesa kutsitsa malipiro a mlungu uliwonse pa inshuwaransi.
Mwamuna wina ku Hog Kill atakakamizidwa kuti alembetse, antchito ena anatseka pansi kwa mphindi 10, mpaka khadi lake la inshuwalansi litangโambika. Nkhani zachidule zokhala pansi zidafalikira mu mbewu yonse. Usiku wa Julayi womwewo, ogwira ntchito adakumana ku Austin's Sutton Park kupanga mgwirizano.
Mgwirizanowu udatsata njira ya IWW yoyika antchito onse kukhala gulu limodzi lalikulu mosasamala kanthu za luso. Idayitanitsa umembala kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito ku Austin ndi madera ozungulira. Iwo adadzitcha kuti Independent Union of All Workers (IUAW).
Jay Hormel adalonjeza kuti adzazindikira mgwirizanowu, kupereka ufulu wauchikulire, ndikuthetsa madandaulo. Koma, kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, Hormel anakana kulemba kalikonse, ndipo, pa November 10, antchito anavota kuti anyanyale. Bwanamkubwa wa Olson wa Farmer-Laborite adalankhula pagulu pochirikiza omenyerawo pomwe adasonkhanitsa mwachinsinsi National Guard mamailo 30 kuchokera ku Austin.
Thandizo la sitirakayo linali lalikulu. Popeza bungwe la IUAW lidavomereza zoyesayesa za alimi zokweza mitengo, bungwe la Farmers' Holiday Association limayang'anira misewu yopita ku Austin kuti aletse ziweto ndi nkhanambo. Strikers adatenga chomeracho, ndipo, monga Stan Weir adafotokozera nkhaniyi,
Chakudya, zogona, ndudu, zowerengera ndi makadi osewerera anabweretsedwa kwa iwo ndi achibale ndi mabwenzi. Anatuluka m'fakitale patatha masiku angapo ndi imodzi mwamapangano oyambirira a mgwirizano wa mafakitale m'mbiri yochuluka.
Great Goodyear Strike
Zomenyedwa zodziwika bwino zokhala pansi zinali ku Ohio. Jeremy Brecher anafotokoza chiyambi chawo chodzichepetsa mโbuku lake lakuti Strike! Nthawi ina kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, magulu awiri a baseball ku Akron, Ohio anatsutsa woyimbira masewero chifukwa sanali mu mgwirizano. Anasiya kusewera nakhala pabwalo mpaka atapezeka woyimbira masewero watsopano.
Patapita masiku angapo, woyangโanira fakitale ina yochitira mphira ananyoza antchito angapo. Pokumbukira masewero a mpirawo, anazimitsa makina awo nโkukhala mโmabenchi awo akuntchito. Kuyimitsidwa kwa ntchito kunafalikira m'fakitale yonseyo ndipo, pasanathe ola limodzi, kampaniyo idachitapo kanthu. Pakati pa 1933 ndi 1936, mchitidwe wokhala pansi unakula pakati pa antchito a rabara a Akron.
Mu Januwale 1936, Firestone adalengeza kutsika kwa mitengo ndikuchotsa komiti ya mgwirizano. Ogwira ntchito mโmadera osiyanasiyana anaimitsa ntchitoyo nโkukhala pansi. Kampaniyo idachita zonse ziwiri. Nkhondo ya Great Goodyear inayamba mu February 1936 pamene antchito 700 anachotsedwa ntchito.
Ngakhale kuti antchito mazanamazana adakhala pansi, akuluakulu a United Rubber Workers (URW) anawanyengerera kuti achoke. Goodyear, Purezidenti Roosevelt ndi akuluakulu a URW onse anayesa kuwakakamiza kuti abwerere kuntchito ndikupereka madandaulo awo kuti athetse. M'malo mwake, ogwira ntchito ku Goodyear adagwira ntchito kwa mwezi umodzi ndikupambana. Popeza kuzindikirika kwa mgwirizano sikunakhazikitsidwe, ogwira ntchito mphira adalimbikitsa mgwirizanowo mwakukhala pansi nthawi zambiri mu 1936.
Flint, Michigan
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1930, kuipidwa ndi kufulumira ndi kusowa kwa ufulu kuntchito kunali kofala pakati pa ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto. Kukhala pansi ku Fisher Body Plants ku Cleveland ndi Detroit kunagwira eni ake osakonzekera. Mawotchera awiri atayikidwa pafakitale ku Flint, Michigan, okhala pansi anali ogwirizana kotero kuti oyang'anira Fisher adanyengerera apolisi kuti ayendetse mtawuni yonse kuti auze owotchera kuti abweza ntchito zawo kuti antchito ena ayambenso kupanga.
Pa Disembala 30, 1936, ogwira ntchito ku Fisher Body No. 1 ku Flint adapeza kuti kampaniyo ikusunga katundu (kuti ipirire sitiraka yomwe ikuyembekezeka) ndipo idakhala pamalowo. Kwa milungu ingapo, adadzilamulira okha m'makomiti awo omwe anali chitsanzo cha demokalase chosadziwika mumgwirizano wovomerezeka. Apolisi atayesa kuletsa othandizira kubweretsa chakudya m'fakitale, ndewu ya maola angapo idapangitsa kuti omenyerawo awathamangitse.
Pa Januware 11, 1937, Bwanamkubwa wa New Deal Murphy adalamula a National Guard kupita ku Flint. Ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale masauzande ambiri adathamangira ku Flint kuti ateteze omwe amakhala pansi poletsa "mnzake wantchito" wandale kuti asagwiritse ntchito Alonda. Izi zinayambitsa funde lalikulu la zigawenga zokhala pansi mu 1937.
Pofika nthawi yomwe General Motors adasaina pangano lake loyamba ndi United Auto Workers (UAW), antchito pafupifupi 50,000 anali atangochita nawo sitiraka mkati mwa mafakitale awo. Panali ziwonetsero 60 zokhala pansi ku Chicago m'mwezi wa Marichi wokha. Ogwira ntchito a buluu a 1800 ndi makola oyera omwe adakhala pansi pamodzi ku Chicago Mail Order Co. adapeza malipiro owonjezera a 10%. Ndipo operekera zakudya 450 ndi antchito ena omwe adakhala patebulo la Malo atatu akulu a Tea ku Chicago adapambana kukwera kwa 25%.
Pamene meya wa Amsterdam, New York anayesa kulemba ganyu kampani ina yabizinesi kuti ilowe mโmalo mwa anthu otaya zinyalala omwe anali atakhala mโmagalimoto awo, omenyera ntchitowo anatsimikizira โolowa mโmaloโ awo kuti asachite nkhanambo. Azimayi pa mphero yogulitsira hosi ku Philadelphia anaimitsa kayendedwe ka makina pokhala pansi.
Ku Milwaukee, manejala wa Yahr Lange Drug Col anali ndi chizolowezi chothamangitsa ogwira ntchito pomwe ukalamba wawo udawawonjezera. Choncho, anakhala pansi nโkumaulutsa anthu ogulitsa pawailesi, amene anakoka magalimoto awo nโkukhalamo mpaka pamene bwanayo anachotsedwa. Panali masauzande ambiri onyanyala ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito ochepa mpaka kuyesayesa kwakukulu. Zonsezi, ziwonetserozi zidakhudza pafupifupi theka la miliyoni aku America omwe amakhala pantchito zawo.
Njira yodziwika bwino ndi ochita mphira ndi magalimoto inali yotchuka kwambiri ku Detroit. Ogwira ntchito ku Newton Packing Co. ndi Durable Laundry adakhala m'malo awo antchito. Alembi adakhala pansi ku Crowley-Milner ndi Frand & Cedar Dept. Stores. Ndipo, kunali kusangalala mโmahotela, mโminda yamatabwa, mโmafakitale a fodya, ndi mโmafakitale amagetsi.
Oyendetsa magalimoto pamsewu wapansi panthaka ku Chicago adakhala pansi pomwe abwana awo adalengeza kuti achotsedwa ntchito. Louis, ogwira ntchito ku kampani ya malaya ku Pulaski, Tennessee, ogwira ntchito zachikopa ku Girard, Ohio, ogwira ntchito yopanga tsache ku Pueblo, Colorado, ndi ogwira ntchito zamafuta ku Seminole, Oklahoma. Mashopu am'madipatimenti anali okonda kukhala pansi chifukwa ogwira ntchito amatha kusinthidwa mosavuta akamanyanyala ntchito. Ku Pittsburgh, ogwira ntchito m'sitolo ya CG Murphy anali ndi "mikono yopindika" pomwe sanapeze mipando yoti akhale pansi.
Kukhala pansi kunali kopambana ngakhale kuti migwirizano inali itangothetsedwa ndi Kuvutika Kwakukulu. Nthawi zambiri zinkachitika m'masitolo omwe migwirizano inali yofooka. Ogwira ntchito ku Yahr Lange Drug Co. adakana mgwirizano wamagulu atangotsala pang'ono kukhala pansi. Mu 1934, umembala wa mgwirizano pakati pa ogwira ntchito pamagalimoto a Flint anali 528 okha. Omanga matayala 137 omwe adayamba Great Goodyear Strike ya 1936 ndikukhala pansi sanaphatikizepo membala aliyense wa gulu la ogwira ntchito labala.
M'malo mwake, nthawi zina amakhala pansi chifukwa anthu sankakhulupirira akuluakulu a bungwe. Ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala okwiya chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwa njira zoperekera madandaulo komanso kusalabadira zofuna zapantchito. Popeza kukhala pansi ndizochitika zachindunji ndi anthu omwe amawona zopanda chilungamo, palibe amene angagulitse mgwirizanowo. Ndikukhala pansi, ogwira ntchito samabwerera kuntchito mpaka anthu atalembedwanso ntchito, ntchitoyo imachepetsedwa kukhala momwe anthu amachitira, mankhwala owopsa amachotsedwa, tsankho la kugonana likutha, kapena malipiro abwezeretsedwa.
Kunyanyala โkwanthawi zonseโ kumakhudzanso mabungwe kupereka chidziwitso kwa oyang'anira milungu kapena miyezi ingapo, zomwe zimapatsa kampani nthawi yosonkhanitsa katundu kapena kukonzekera kugonja sitiraka. Koma onse oyang'anira ndi atsogoleri amgwirizano amagwidwa osakonzekera ndi kukhala pansi. Oyang'anira akuyenera kuyankha mwachangu chifukwa ntchitoyo imalepheretsa kupanga. Antchito ndiye ali ndi mwayi waukulu. Popeza akutenga malo awo antchito, ndizovuta kwambiri kwa oyang'anira kupeza nkhanambo m'malo mwa okhala pansi.
Zosaloledwa?
Mukafunsa kuti "Chifukwa chiyani kukhala pansi kudayima ku US?" mungamve kuti chinali chifukwa chakuti chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu chinawapangitsa kukhala osaloledwa. Ngakhale kuti pa February 27, 1939, Khotilo linagamula kuti kukhala pansi nโkuphwanya ufulu wa eni nyumba, chigamulocho sichinakhudze kwenikweni kutsika kwa sitiraka za anthu. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kungokhala mโchitaganya ndi kugwira ntchito iriyonse kunali kosaloledwa. Ngati mabungwe akadakhala okonzeka kuchita chilichonse choswa malamulo, sakadakhalapo.
Monga momwe Brecher anaonera mu Strike!, zigamulo za khoti zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza motsutsana ndi okhala pansi mโchaka cha 1937. Mโmawu ena, kukhala pansi kunali koletsedwa kale pamene kunachitika. Ndipo ntchito zogwirira ntchito kuyambira nthawi yayikulu yokhala pansi zapambana, ngakhale zinali "zosaloledwa." Chodziลตika kwambiri ndicho sitiraka ya positi ya March, 1970. Ngakhale kuti kumenya boma ndi mlandu umene ungachititse kuti munthu akhale mโndende kwa chaka chimodzi, antchito oposa 200,000 mโmaboma 15 anagwirizana ndi onyanyala ntchito mumzinda wa New York. Zochita zawo zidakakamiza Congress kuti iwawonjezere malipiro a 24%.
Zinali chidani mobwerezabwereza ndi akuluakulu a mgwirizano omwe anaponya madzi oundana pa kayendetsedwe kakukhala pansi. Akuluakulu a bungwe la Union amakonda kufuna kukangana ndi kukambirana zomwe zimawapatsa malo pagome popanda kudziika pachiwopsezo. Mโchaka chonse cha 1937, akuluakulu a mabungwe ambiri ankalimbikitsa ogwira ntchito kuti asakhale pansi kapena kuletsa sitiraka zikayamba. Pambuyo pa 1937, mgwirizano pakati pa olemba ntchito ndi mabungwe apamwamba unakula.
Bungwe la Civil Rights movement, 1960s
Komabe, lingaliro lokhala pansi lalimbikitsa mibadwo ya omenyera ufulu kwa zaka zitatu mwa zana. Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za mโma 1950, ochita maphwando omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe anakumbukira njira yogwirira ntchito pamene ankalimbana ndi tsankho mโmalo ochitira nkhomaliro kumwera konse. Panthawi yomwe US โโโโidaukira Vietnam chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, ophunzira masauzande ambiri adakhala m'maofesi a oyang'anira kutsutsa kusagwirizana kwawo ndi zankhondo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za mโma 1970, sipanadutse mwezi umodzi popanda kukhalapo nโcholinga chosonyeza kuwononga kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya kapena masoka ena achilengedwe.
Ntchito sinayiwale njira. Mโzaka za mโma 1968 ku France kunachitika zipolowe, antchito ambiri anawononga malo awo antchito. Mโzaka khumi zoyambirira za zana lino, pakhala ntchito za antchito ku Canada, South Africa, England, France, Spain ndi Turkey. Zovuta kwambiri zakhala ku Argentina.
Chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma a 2001, bizinesi imodzi pambuyo pa inzake inkawoneka ngati itsekedwa ndipo antchito adayankha mwa kutenga ambiri a iwo. Komanso, iwo anachititsa makampani ntchito. Malinga ndi a Marie Trigona, 250 ogwira ntchito m'mabizinesi adalemba anthu opitilira 13,000. Izi zapangitsa kuti dziko la Argentina likhale ndi zokumana nazo zazitali zaposachedwa za kasamalidwe ka antchito. Trigona akukhulupirira kuti "mabizinesi omwe adachira amatsimikizira kuti mabizinesi safuna mabwana kuti apange." Mwachitsanzo, pafakitale ya Zanon, ogwira ntchito amapanga misonkhano ikuluikulu kuti asankhe zochita.
Ntchito yokhala pansi yomwe imadziwika bwino kwambiri kwa anthu aku America inali ku Republic Windows ndi Doors mu December 2008. Pamene bizinesi yomanga idatsika, kampani ya Chicago inapatsa antchito ake oposa 200 masiku atatu kuti achoke. M'malo mwake, mamembala a UE Local 1100 adalanda nyumbayo ndipo magulu a 30 adayisunga kuti igwire ntchito kuti oyang'anira asathe kutulutsa makina ake okwera mtengo. Patapita masiku asanu ndi limodzi, iwo anapambana.
Occupy Wall Street imatha kutsata mwambo wawukulu womwe unayambira ku US, kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi motsatizanatsatizana, ndikubwerera ku US mu 2011, ndikupitanso padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu akakhala pansi kuntchito, kumalo odyetserako nkhomaliro, kusukulu, kapena mโpaki, amazindikira kuti iwo eni ali ndi mphamvu zotha kulamuliranso miyoyo yawo kuchokera pa 1%.
Don Fitz ali mu Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ya Greens/Green Party USA ndipo akupanga Green Time TV ku St. Louis, Missouri. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
Zothandizira
S. Bird, D. Georgakas, & D. Shaffer. (1985). Solidarity Forever: Mbiri Yapakamwa ya IWW. Chicago: Lake View Press.
J. Brecher, (1977). Menyani! Boston: South End Press.
R. Dyer, M. Fiorentino, M. Hoke, M. Reese, A. Sanchez & K. Sweeney. (December 15, 2008). Mgwirizano ndi ogwira ntchito ku Republic. Socialist Worker. http://socialistworker.org/2008/12/15/solidarity-with-republic-workers. Nkhaniyi idawonekera mu Workers' Republic - Scenes from a Successful Factory Occupation. LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal. Idabwezedwa pa Januware 2, 2012 kuchokera ku http://links.org.au/node/804
R. Horowitz. (March-April, 1986). Kuseri kwa Kumenyetsa kwa Hormel: Zaka Makumi asanu za P-9 Yapafupi. Zotsutsana ndi Zamakono. 1 (2), 13โ18.
JL Kornbluh (Mkonzi.) (2011). Mawu Opanduka: An IWW Anthology. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
M. Trigona. (Zima, 2010). Maphunziro a Strategic ochokera ku Latin America: Kukaniza Pantchito ndi Kudzilamulira. Kaphatikizidwe / Kubadwanso Kwatsopano: Magazini ya Green Social Thought No 51, 22-26.
S. Wier. (Kugwa, 1986). Hormel Strike Iwulula Mitundu Iwiri Ya Mgwirizano. Demokalase ya Ogwira Ntchito No 21, 1โ7.
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