Mtolankhani yemwe adapambana mphoto komanso mlembi Mumia Abu-Jamal wakhala m'ndende kwa zaka 41 pamlandu wokhudzana ndi tsankho. Wazaka 68 ndi wakale Panther wakuda komanso wolemba mabuku khumi ndi awiri, kuphatikiza okondwerera. Moyo kuchokera ku Death Row. Pambuyo pa chigamulo chake cha 1982 pakupha wapolisi a Daniel Faulkner, Abu-Jamal adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Mu 2011, chilango chake chinachepetsedwa kukhala moyo wonse popanda mwayi woperekedwa parole. Abu-Jamal ali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima komanso mavuto ena omwe amaika moyo pachiswe.
Faulkner anaimitsa mng'ono wake wa Abu-Jamal William Cook m'mawa wa December 9, 1981. Abu-Jamal, yemwe ankayendetsa taxi, mwangozi anadutsa ndikubwera kudzathandiza mchimwene wake. Kutsatira kuwomberana, Faulkner adawomberedwa ndikuphedwa. Abu-Jamal adawomberedwa m'mimba.
Pa Disembala 16, Woweruza Lucretia Clemons ku Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas asankha ngati Abu-Jamal alandila mlandu watsopano. Oimira ake, Judith Ritter, Samuel Spital ndi Bret Grote, akutsutsa kuti oweruza akanakhala kuti adamva umboni watsopano womwe unabisidwa kwa iye ndipo sunaperekedwe pamlandu wake wakupha, Abu-Jamal sakanaweruzidwa. Pa Okutobala 26, a Clemons adawonetsa kuti akufuna kukana pempho la Abu-Jamal loti kuzengedwa mlandu kwatsopano, koma apanga chigamulo chomaliza pa Disembala 16 atamva za omwe akukhudzidwa nawo.
Kuzengereza Kukanika Kupereka Umboni Wotsutsa Wopanda Umboni Wophwanya Brady v. Maryland
Mu 2018, mwezi umodzi atasankhidwa kukhala loya wa chigawo cha Philadelphia, a Larry Krasner adanenanso kuti adapeza mabokosi asanu ndi limodzi a zikalata zomwe sizinaululidwe kwa maloya a Abu-Jamal. Iwo ankatchedwa "Mumia" kapena "Abu-Jamal." Achitetezo adawalandira koyamba mu Januware 2019.
Mabokosi omwe angopezedwa kumenewo anali ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti mโmodzi mwa mboni zodziwika bwino mโboma anapatsidwa malipiro chifukwa cha umboni wake, ndipo mboni ina ya kuomberedwako inalonjezedwa kuti adzalandidwa mlandu pamilandu yomwe ankayembekezera. posinthana ndi umboni wake. Panalibe umboni wina womulumikiza Abu-Jamal ndi kuphedwa kwake.
Mabokosi awa analinso ndi zolemba zomwe woimira bomayo adalemba pamanja zosonyeza kuti amapatula anthu akuda m'bwalo lamilandu la Abu-Jamal.
Chiyambireni mlandu wakupha Abu-Jamal, zolakwika ndi zosagwirizana zadziwika zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amutulutse. Mlandu wake wakhala a chifukwa celebre, chizindikiro cha tsankho mu dongosolo lazamalamulo.
"Zimadabwitsa chikumbumtima kuti m'dziko la pambuyo pa George Floyd, Abu-Jamal sapeza mpumulo. Anamenyedwa mkati mwa inchi imodzi ya moyo wake ndi apolisi atawomberedwa m'mimba ndi Officer Faulkner," Johanna Fernรกndez, pulofesa wothandizira mbiri ya US, adalembera Wopanda mu imelo.
"Wozenga mlanduyo adapereka chiphuphu umboni kwa mboni ya nyenyezi Robert Chobert, yemwe amayendetsa ndi ma DUI awiri, wopanda laisensi ndipo adapezeka ndi mlandu woponya Molotov Cocktail m'bwalo lasukulu. Woweruzayo anamva wojambula wina wa khoti akunena kuti, โNdikawathandiza (a khoti) kuti asamachite mantha,โโ Fernรกndez, yemwe ndi wolemba komanso wokonza filimuyi. Chilungamo Pamlandu: Mlandu wa Mumia Abu-Jamal, anawonjezera. "Chinthu chokha chomwe Mumia ali ndi mlandu ndikupulumuka atakumana ndi apolisi anyansi a Philly, omwe panthawiyo amafufuzidwa ndi a DOJ chifukwa cha nkhanza, katangale komanso kusokoneza umboni kuti apeze zifukwa."
Khoti Lalikulu lamilandu Brady v. Maryland kuti pamene wozenga mlandu akupondereza umboni wokomera woimbidwa mlandu, umaphwanya ndondomeko yoyenera ngati umboniwo uli wolakwa kapena chilango, mosasamala kanthu za chikhulupiriro chabwino kapena choipa cha wosuma mlandu. Pali a Brady kuphwanya pamene pali "mwayi womveka" kuti ngati umboni udawululidwa ku chitetezo zotsatira za mlandu zikanakhala zosiyana.
Zikuoneka kuti wamboni wa Star Prosecution Adapatsidwa Malipiro pa Umboni Wake
Chimodzi mwa zikalata zatsopanozi chinali kalata yochokera kwa mboni Robert Chobert kupita kwa woweruza milandu a Joseph McGill yomwe inanena kuti adzalipidwa posinthana ndi umboni wake wotsutsana ndi Abu-Jamal. "Ndakhala ndikukuyimbirani kuti ndidziwe za ndalama zomwe [sic] zomwe kwa ine. Mukufuna kuti ndisaine chilichonse. Zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti upeze," Chobert analemba.
Mu pempho lawo, maloya a Abu-Jamal adanena kuti kalatayi ikusonyeza kuti Chobert "amamvetsetsa kuti panali mgwirizano kapena kumvetsetsana pakati pa iye ndi wozenga mlandu, kotero kuti wotsutsa 'anam'kongola' ndalama za umboni wake."
Kalata yomwe yangopezeka kumene ikugwirizana ndi umboni wa mlandu wa Chobert woti woimira boma pamilandu adalonjeza kuti abweza laisensi yake yoyendetsa taxi yomwe idayimitsidwa ngati asiya kunena kuti wowomberayo, yemwe samafanana ndi Abu-Jamal, wathawa pamalopo.
Pali kuthekera komveka kuti koma chifukwa cholephera kupereka kalatayi kwa wotsutsa, Abu-Jamal sakanapezeka ndi mlandu wakupha.
Mboni Ina Yowomberedwayo Zikuoneka Kuti Analandidwa Chifundo Chifukwa Cha Umboni Wake
Cynthia White anali mboni yekhayo kusiyapo Chobert yemwe adachitira umboni kuti adawona Abu-Jamal akuwombera Faulkner. Wochita zogonana yemwe anali pachiwopsezo chokakamizidwa, White adalonjezedwanso kuti adzamulimbikitsa pa umboni wake. Panthaลตi ya kuzenga mlandu, iye anali mโndende ku Massachusetts ndipo panali milandu isanu yomuyembekezera.
Mabokosi omwe angopezedwa kumene anali ndi makalata ochokera ku ofesi ya loya wachigawo kupita kwa oimira boma opereka milandu isanu ya White. Makalatawa, malinga ndi maloya a Abu-Jamal, "akuvumbulutsa khama la Bambo McGill ndi akuluakulu angapo a Philadelphia DA Unit Chiefs kuti abweretse Mayi White kuchokera ku Massachusetts, kuti apeze tsiku lozengedwa mlandu mwamsanga kuti afulumire kumasulidwa, ndipo pamapeto pake amulole. milandu iyenera kuthetsedwa chifukwa chosowa kuimbidwa mlandu."
Ma lawyer a Abu-Jamal sungani kuti chithandizo chabwino chimenechi chinaลตerengedwa kuti โchikhale chosavuta kwa iye kuti apereke umboni wake wotsutsa Abu-Jamal.โ
Kuphatikiza apo, Yvette Williams, yemwenso anali wochita zachiwerewere, adalumbira mu 2002 affidavit, โNdinali mโndende ndi Cynthia White mu December 1981 pambuyo powomberedwa ndi Wapolisi Daniel Faulkner ndi kuphedwa. Cynthia White anandiuza kuti apolisi akunamiza kuti anaona Bambo Jamal akuwombera Faulkner pamene sanaone amene anachita zimenezo.โ
Pali kuthekera komveka kuti Abu-Jamal sakadakhala ndi chigamulo chopha munthu ngati wotsutsa akanapereka makalata awa kwa woteteza.
Komanso, ngati makalata okhudzana ndi zokopa kwa Chobert ndi White akadawululidwa, pali mwayi wokulirapo kuti Abu-Jamal akadamasulidwa kupha. Ndi mboni zokhazo zomwe zidachitira umboni kuti Abu Jamal ndi amene adawombera.
Woweruza Clemons analemba m'mawu ake kuti akufuna kutsutsa aliyense Brady Kulakwitsa sikunali koyenera (kopanda tsankho) chifukwa Abu-Jamal akadaweruzidwa. Ma lawyer a Abu-Jamal anayankha kuti wozenga milandu amadalira kwambiri umboni wa Chobert pomaliza mtsutso wake. Adayankhanso kuti ngakhale White adayimbidwa mlandu ndi milandu yambiri yomwe adamuimbapo, sanakumanepo ndi lonjezo la wosuma mlandu la kulekerera (zomwe oteteza sankadziwa panthawi ya mlandu).
Woimira Boma Anasonyeza Kuti Akufuna Kupatula Oweruza Akuda pophwanya malamulo Batson v. Kentucky
In Batson v. Kentucky, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linanena kuti woimbidwa mlandu Wakuda amakanidwa chitetezo chofanana pamene anthu amtundu wake achotsedwa mwadala ku khoti. Wotsutsa ayenera kupanga a prima facie mlandu posonyeza kuti wozenga mlanduyo anatsutsa chifukwa cha mtundu. Kenako wozenga milandu ayenera kupereka chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi mpikisano woti asaphatikizepo woweruza milandu. Kenako khotilo limagamulapo ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo wasonyeza tsankho mwadala.
Mabokosi omwe angopezedwa kumene anali ndi zolemba pamanja za wosuma mlandu McGill zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti adalemba "B" yayikulu pafupi ndi oweruza omwe anali akuda. Nthawi ayi ndithu, 10 mwa anthu 15 omwe McGill anawamenya kuchokera ku jury anali akuda. Chifukwa chake adaletsa 71 peresenti ya omwe akuyembekezeka kukhala oweruza akuda kuti asagwire ntchito pamilandu ya Abu-Jamal.
"N'zosadabwitsa" kuti McGill adagwiritsa ntchito 10 mwa zovuta zake 15 kuchotsa anthu akuda oyenerera ku khoti la Abu-Jamal, loya Heidi Boghosian, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa National Lawyers Guild, analemba mu imelo Zowona. "Philadelphia ili ndi mizu yozama Batson vuto, kapena kusankhana mitundu posankha oweruza,โ analemba motero Boghosian. โKuyambira 1977-1986, loya wawo wachigawo anapha 58 peresenti ya oweruza akuda, poyerekeza ndi 22 peresenti ya azungu. Pamilandu yopha anthu yomwe McGill anayesa kuyambira Seputembara 1981 mpaka Okutobala 1983, adatsutsa mwamphamvu oweruza aku Africa ku America nthawi 8.47 kuposa omwe sanali akuda.
โUmboni womwe wangopezedwa kumene umatsimikizira a Batson funsani," adatero Boghosian. "Iyenera kuwunikiridwa, osati mwachilungamo kwa Abu-Jamal, komanso kuti athetse tsankho lamtundu wa mzindawo."
Clemons adalemba mu chidziwitso chake chofuna kutsutsa za Abu-Jamal Batson chigamulocho chinachotsedwa chifukwa sanatsutse pamlandu komanso pa apilo yachindunji. Ma loya a Abu-Jamal adayankha kuti zake Batson chonenacho sichinachotsedwe chifukwa chinachokera pa umboni wongopezedwa kumene. Adalembanso kuti zolemba zatsopano za McGill zinali zogwirizana ndi malingaliro ake omwe ali ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito zovuta zake kuti asachotse Anthu akuda pakhoti.
Akatswiri a UN Akufotokoza "Kudetsa Nkhawa Kwambiri" Pankhani ya Abu-Jamal
Mu 2000, Amnesty International anapeza kuti โmbali zambiri za mlanduwu zinalephera kukwaniritsa mfundo za mayiko zimene zimateteza chilungamo cha milandu,โ choncho โzofuna chilungamo zikanatheka kuti a Mumia Abu-Jamal ayambe kuzenga mlandu watsopano.โ
Zaka XNUMX pambuyo pake, akatswiri a UN akusonyeza โnkhaลตa yaikuluโ ya tsankho laufuko pa nkhani ya Abu-Jamal. "Bungwe la United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent (WGEPAD) latsatira mlandu wa Mumia kwa zaka zambiri ndipo langopereka chidule cha amicus kuti amve," Julia Wright, mwana wamkazi wamkulu wa wolemba mabuku wotchuka Richard Wright, adauza. Zowona. "Poganizira za tsankho lomwe likufalikira mpaka pano, akatswiriwa akuwona kuti malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe amafuna kuti oweruza aziyankha mlandu wokhudza kusankhana mitundu, ngakhale patatha zaka zambiri." Julia Wright ndiye woyambitsa Komiti ya Zaumoyo ya Mumia, yomwe amalumikizana ndi WGEPAD ku United Nations.
Malinga ndi amicus brief ya WGEPAD, "akuluakulu apolisi omwe adatengapo umboni ndikupereka mlanduwo adafufuzidwa ndipo pamapeto pake adapezeka olakwa ndikutsekeredwa m'ndende pamilandu yophatikizira katangale ndi kusokoneza umboni, zomwe sizinapezeke kwa oweruza panthawiyo. kudalirika, chizolowezi chokondera, ndi kudalirika kwa apolisiwa. "
Zinatenga zaka 37 kuti wozenga milandu apereke umboni wosatsutsika kwa gulu lazamalamulo la Abu-Jamal. Ngati wozenga mlandu wopita patsogolo Larry Krasner sanasankhidwe kukhala loya wa chigawo cha Philadelphia, mabokosi asanu ndi limodzi aumboni akadakhala akutolerabe fumbi. Yakwana nthawi yoti a Mumia Abu-Jamal apereke mlandu watsopano pomwe oweruza omwe sanasankhidwe motengera kusankhana mitundu akhoza kumva umboni wonse.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama