Monga ma Democrat omasuka nthawi zambiri, akatswiri a mbiri yakale aku US mosakayikira akhala akugwira ntchito ndi ndemanga zopanda pake za Trump pa mbiri ya US koyambirira kwa chaka chino. Zomwe purezidenti adachita pazaka zam'mbuyomu zamtunduwu zinali nkhani zatsamba loyamba m'nyuzipepala zomwe amakonda za omasuka komanso ophunzira., New York Times. Nthawi Atolankhani a Peter Baker ndi a Jonah Engel Bromwich adauza owerenga za mbiri yakale ya Trump, yomwe idawonedwa mu purezidenti:
- Lingaliro lakuti Andrew Jackson "anakwiya kwambiri" ndi Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni, yomwe siinayambe mpaka zaka 16 pambuyo pa imfa yake.
- Kunena kuti Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ikadalepheretsedwa ndi opanga mfundo anzeru omwe amayenera kusonkhana pamodzi ndikudula mgwirizano.
- Chikhulupiriro chowoneka kuti wamkulu wazaka za m'ma 19 wochotsa Black Black Frederick Douglass akadali moyo.
- Zowoneka zodabwitsidwa kumva kuti Abraham Lincoln anali waku Republican.
- Kuyika chikwangwani cha gofu chosonyeza nkhondo ya Civil War yomwe siinachitikepo.
The Times anagwira mawu Princeton โwolemba mbiri wa pulezidentiโ Julian E. Zelizer, amene anaganiza kuti โApurezidenti ayenera kudziลตa bwino mbiri ya dziko pamene akukhala mbali yake.โ
Wolemba mbiri Paul Starobin adauza a Times kuti "Trump akuwoneka kuti alibe zida zokonzekera mbiri yakale, kaya chifukwa cha kusowa chifundo, kusagwirizana kwake ndi zovuta, kapena chizolowezi chake chodzipatula ku chilichonse chomwe chingabweretse vuto ... Trump amakonda zaudongo. Amakonda masilogeni. Mbiri ilibe chilichonse."
Chifukwa chake, inde, Trump anali ndipo ndi dummy za mbiri yaku America, nayenso. Ndinatsala pang'ono kumva kuseka ndi kuseka m'zipinda za aphunzitsi m'madipatimenti a mbiri yakale kuchokera kugombe kupita kugombe.
United States of Amnesia
Atangomaliza kuseka, akatswiri a mbiri yakale a dzikolo ayenera kuti ankafuna kuganizira za umbuli wochuluka wa mbiri yakale womwe umayambitsa United States - komanso udindo wawo pothandizira.
Trump ndi "m'modzi mwa ambiri" zikafika za amnesia m'mbiri ku USUS-a-America amakhala ndikuganiza mozama motsatira mawu ankhanza odana ndi a Semitic US capitalist a Henry Ford akuti "mbiri yakale ndi yokhazikika." Amadutsa m'moyo mosadziwa zambiri za zaka zikwizikwi, nyengo, zaka mazana, mibadwo, ndi zaka zambiri zomwe zidatsogolera. Iwo amadziwa pang'ono za kufunika kwa zakale ku zochitika zawo zamakono ndi zam'tsogolo. Mtundu wonsewo ukuwoneka kuti โuli pafupifupi wosakonzekera mwapadera kulongosola mbiri yakale, kaya chifukwa [chake] chopanda chifundo, [chake] chosagwirizana ndi zinthu zovuta kumvetsa, kapena [chake] chizoloลตezi chopeลตa chilichonse chimene chingawachititse kugonja.โ Ndi njira yakupha kwambiri kuti nzika ya Superpower ipitirire.
Mbiri ndi Chida
Zithunzi za kutayika kwa kukumbukira kwa dziko lonsezi zikugwirizana ndi udindo wa United States monga maziko a mbiri yakale ya luso ndi sayansi ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Kutenga Chiwopsezo Chotuluka mu Demokalase: Zofalitsa Zamakampani motsutsana ndi Ufulu ndi Ufulu (1997). (Onani makamaka mutu woyamba, wotchedwa โChiyambi cha Zofalitsa za ku Americaโ.) Monga George Orwell ankadziwira, kuchotsa, kupotoza, kuchotsedwa, ndi kuchotseratu mbiri yakale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kulamulira maganizo. "Ndani amalamulira zam'mbuyo," gulu lolamulira lankhanza lomwe likufotokozedwa mu buku la Orwell's dystopian. 1984 (kuwuluka m'sitolo yosungiramo mabuku ndi laibulale kuyambira chisankho cha Trump) adalengeza kuti, "imayang'anira zam'tsogolo. Yemwe amayang'anira zomwe zikuchitika pano amalamulira zakale. โ
Sizopanda pake kuti mbiri ndi tanthauzo lakale zimaphedwa ndi olamulira "osankhika"
Mbiri yabwino komanso yodziwika bwino ndi yowopsa kwa olamulira. Mogwirizana ndi mawu a Santayana otchulidwa kawirikawiri akuti โiwo amene sakumbukira zakale ali ndi mlandu wobwerezabwereza,โ amatichenjeza za zolakwa zakale. Chikhulupiriro chobwerezabwereza cha atsogoleri a mayiko pankhondo zazing'ono zokongola zomwe zidzathedwe mwachangu popanda kuwononga anthu ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zambiri.
Imadzutsa zidziwitso ndikuphunzitsa za kupusa kwa kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kuwononga chilengedwe komanso zotsatira zake zoyipa za kuchuluka kwa chuma ndi mphamvu.
Ikutilangiza kuti tisabwerezenso zolakwa zakale (osati zolakwa chabe) monga ukapolo, utsamunda, kupha fuko, ndi fascism.
Imalemba, mafelemu, ndi kufotokoza zoopsa zomwe siziyenera kuloledwa kuti zibwerenso.
Imafotokoza nkhani zodabwitsa komanso zolimbikitsa za kukana kwa poplar, kuwukira, ndi kusintha-za anthu omwe amapanga mbiri kuchokera pansi kupita pansi, okhala ndi malingaliro okhwima ndi ofanana ndi magulu olamulira ndi "olemekezeka amphamvu" zokhumba zachilengedwe zomwe zimaperekedwa ku "bowo lokumbukira" (mawu a Orwell. ).
Ndili ndi maphunziro okhudza momwe magulu olamulira ndi akuluakulu apamwamba amalamulira komanso momwe anthu wamba ndi omenyera ufulu wasokoneza ambuye.
Imatiuza kuti umunthu unapulumuka ndipo kaลตirikaลตiri unkachita bwino pazochitika zake zambiri popanda magulu olamulira a ukapitalisti.
Zimatikumbutsa kuti "masiku ano" (komanso mbiri yakale) ya ubale wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale ndi mbiri yakale komanso yanthawi yochepa, osati "mapeto a mbiri yakale" kapena kopita koyenera kapena mapeto a "chilengedwe chaumunthu." (Izi zimatithandiza kulingalira ndikugwira ntchito ku gulu losiyana kwambiri komanso lopanda malire komanso lowononga panopa komanso mtsogolo).
Ilozera ku zochitika zadzidzidzi ndi zina, kutikumbutsa kuti kusintha kwakukulu, ngakhale kusintha kwa mbiriyakale ndikotheka komanso kokhudzana ndi bungwe la anthu, payekha komanso gulu.
Zimatifikitsa kuzinthu zachitukuko zamavuto amasiku ano monga kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, kumenya nkhondo, nkhondo, ndi ecocide, kuwonetsa momwe ndi chifukwa chake zonsezi zidasinthika pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha zisankho ndi njira zomwe anthu amatengera, osati zodabwitsa za ena. mdima, mulungu wamphamvu zonse ndi/kapena โchibadwa cha munthuโโkapena mtundu wina wa choikidwiratu. (Kodi timamvetsetsa bwanji kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ndi kuponderezana kwamasiku ano ku US osadziwa chiyambi, chikhalidwe, ndi zotsatira za ukapolo wa Black chattel ku British Colonial North America ndi United States kupyolera mu Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe?)
Zimatithandiza kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira zochitika zakupha zomwe zikuchitika panopa. Ndizothandiza kudziwa kuti chikhalidwe chachikunja chinali chiyani ku Italy ndi Germany monga pulezidenti wa neofascist ali ndi mphamvu ku US komanso monga Marine Le Pen ndi Geert Wilders amapikisana pa mphamvu ku Western Europe. Iwo omwe sadziwa kuti fascism inali chiyani komanso momwe idayambira komanso chifukwa chake idayambika m'zaka za zana la 20 akhoza kutsutsidwa kukhala pansi pazaka za zana la 21 lero.
Kodi "America Wamkulu" Anali Liti Ndipo Bwanji?
Chidziwitso cha mbiri yakale chimatipatsa zizindikiro kuti tiwunikire zonena zapamwamba za "kupita patsogolo" ndi/kapena "kuchepa." Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati zinthu zikuyenda bwino kapena zikuipiraipira pakapita nthawi ngati simukudziwa zomwe zinalipo kale?
Zingakhale zabwino kudziwa kanthu kapena ziwiri zokhudza mbiri ya America pamene pulezidenti ayamba kulamulira ndikulonjeza "Make America Great Again." Ndi gawo liti la "zambiri" zaku America zomwe Trump ndi omuthandizira ake akufuna kwambiri kubwezeretsa:
- Pamene ana ankagwira ntchito mโmigodi ya malasha ndi yopangira nsalu?
- Pamene anthu akuda ankazunzidwa ndi kudyeredwa masuku pamutu pansi pa maulamuliro ankhanza a ukapolo wachattel?
- Zaka za Jim Crow, zomwe zidaphatikiziranso kusaloledwa kwa anthu akuda, kusankhana mitundu, komanso ziwawa zotsutsana ndi Akuda kumwera mpaka ma 1960s?
- Pamene amayi sakanatha kuvota ndipo amayembekezeredwa kukhalabe m'nyumba zawo ndikumwalira pochotsa mimba?
- Pamene akazi achikulire osakwatiwa anachitiridwa chifundo monga โadzakazi okalambaโ?
- Pamene anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anamenyedwa ndi kutumizidwa kuchipinda?
- Pamene anthu a ku China anamenyedwa ku Western United States chifukwa cha mtundu wawo?
- Kodi anthu aku Japan aku America adalowetsedwa m'misasa yandende?
- Ndi liti pamene otsogolera mabungwe osiyidwa ndi omenyera ndale adatengedwa kupita kuchipululu ndikusiyidwa kuti afe?
- Pamene Pinkertons okhala ndi zida ndi magulu ankhondo aboma adamenya ndikuwombera okonza mgwirizano?
- Pamene okonza ntchito ndi aluntha adachotsedwa ntchito, kulembedwa, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndi manyazi chifukwa chogwira (kapena kuti akugwira) amasiya malingaliro?
- Pamene azungu a ku North America okhala ku North America anapha Amwenye Achimereka ndi kuwakankhira kuchoka mโmadera a makolo awo kuti apeze minda ya akapolo ndi kulima kogulitsira zinthu?
- Pamene United States mwaupandu ndi mosayenera anaphulitsa mabomba a atomu mโmizinda iลตiri ya dziko logonjetsedwa kale la Japan?
- Pamene kupachikidwa kwa US ku Southeast Asia kunasokoneza anthu okwana 5 miliyoni ku Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia?
Decoding Propaganda
Tachita bwino, mbiri imatithandiza kuzindikira zabodza potipatsa chidziwitso chomwe tingayankhe pamlingo wodabwitsa womwe olamulira aku America amadalira nkhani za mbiri yakale ndikudzinenera kuti amagulitsa malingaliro awo ndi ziphunzitso zawo mdziko lodziwika bwino chifukwa chosadziwa kapena kusamala za mbiri yakale. . Ndizothandiza kudziwa chinthu chimodzi kapena ziwiri zomwe Oyambitsa dzikoli odana kwambiri ndi demokalase komanso aulemu anali okhudza nthawi ina mukadzamva wandale wina akuwapempha kuti atsogolere kapena kutsutsa mfundo zina m'dzina la demokalase.
Ndizothandiza kudziwa kanthu kapena ziwiri za Germany fascism komanso kuwuka ndi machitidwe a Hitler ndi chipani cha Nazi nthawi ina wandale waku US kapena wamkulu wolankhula adzasankha mtsogoleri wina wakunja kwa Amalume Sam ngati "Hitler" wotsatira.
Ndizothandiza kudziwa za mbiri yayitali komanso yoyipa yakuponderezedwa kwa boma mkati ndi kupyola mu United States nthawi ina wandale kapena wokamba nkhani akayesa kukutsimikizirani kuti kumasula "msika waulere" ndikuchepetsanso kuwongolera Bizinesi Yaikulu. ndiyo njira yochitira zinthu zabwino.
Ndizothandiza kudziwa chinthu chimodzi kapena ziwiri pazomwe asitikali aku US ndi aluntha achita kwa Amwenye Achimereka, Afilipino, Achihaiti, Achi Dominican, Achimexican, Amwenye aku Central America a Vietnamese, Japan, Iraqi ndi anthu ena ambiri omwe avutika chifukwa cha Amalume. Ndemanga zankhanza za Sam nthawi ina mukadzamva wina waku US, wandale kapena wolankhula akunena kuti Washington ikupita patsogolo "mtendere," "demokalase" ndi "ufulu wa anthu" kunja.
Zingakhale zabwino kudziwa kanthu kapena ziwiri zokhudza mbiri ya United States ndi ya maiko ena pamene akuluakulu a ndale ku America ndi akuluakulu azikhalidwe amalankhula chilankhulo cha dziko lonse cha "American exceptionalism." Zina mwa zinthu zimene munthu angaphunzire nโzakuti magulu olamulira mโmaiko onse โamakonoโ afalitsa nthano zonena za utumwi wapadera wa maiko awo ndi โzapaderaโ ndi ubwino wachifundo monga chivundikiro chachinyengo cha zolinga zodzikonda za ukapitalisti ndi mafumu.
United States siili, chabwino, chosiyana ndi izi ndi zina. Ziphunzitso zake zakhala ndipo nthawi zonse zakhala chizindikiro chapadera ndi likulu la ufulu waumunthu, demokalase, ndi chilungamo ndizomwe zimavala.
Zachita bwino, popanda zolepheretsa malingaliro, mbiri yakale ndi chida chademokalase pomenyera chilungamo, kukhazikika kwachilengedwe, komanso ulamuliro wodziwika. Otsatira kumanzere kaลตirikaลตiri amatchula Karl Marx wachichepere motere: โAnthanthi ayesa kumvetsetsa mbiri; cholinga chake ndikusintha.โ Vuto loyamba la aphorism limeneli nlakuti ndemanga yeniyeni ya Marx inali iyi: โAnthanthi amangotanthauzira dziko, mโnjira zosiyanasiyana; cholinga chake ndikusintha.โ Vuto lachiwiri ndilakuti axiom imayika dichotomy zabodza. Anthu ali mโmalo abwino okonza mbiri mโnjira yabwino pamene aphunzira ndi kumvetsa mbiri yakale
Ndicho chifukwa chake sizichitika bwino mu maphunziro a ku America a K-12 onse - moyipa kwambiri kotero kuti Achimerika amangonena kuti ndi imodzi mwamitu yomwe saikonda kwambiri kusukulu.
Chidandaulo chofala kwambiri ndi chakuti makalasi a mbiri yakale anali machitidwe otopetsa pa kuloweza mfundo, masiku, ndi mayina. Zowona, mayina, ndi masiku ndizofunikira, ndithudi. Ngati mukuganiza kuti Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idachitika m'zaka za zana la 19 kapena kuti Abraham Lincoln anali m'modzi mwa Abambo Oyambitsa ndiye kuti simukhala ndi mwayi womvetsetsa mbiri yamakono kapena yaku America.
Koma chimene chimapangitsa mfundo kukhala yosangalatsa, yofunikira kuzikumbukiridwa, ndi kukumbukiridwa mosavuta ndiyo nkhani yaikulu ya malo ndi mmene ikuloลตerera mโkumasulira kowona mopanda mantha kwa mbiri yochititsa chidwi ya kupambana ndi masoka a anthu.
Vuto lalikulu ndi mbiri ya K-12 ndikuti malingaliro opapatiza omwe amaperekedwa amaletsa kumasulira kotere. Mbiri yoyipa yankhani yadziko lonse ya "American Exceptionalist" yolimbikitsidwa ndi makampani owerengera, madipatimenti amaphunziro akuyunivesite, oyang'anira mapiko akumanja, ndi ma board asukulu akumaloko amakhala ndi chikhulupiriro choyipa komanso mabodza akulu. Zimathandizira kukokera mbiri yakusukulu yasekondale mpaka pamaphunziro otopetsa, kuyambiranso, ndikuyiwala mayina ndi masiku "aakulu".
Wina akhoza kunena, โChabwino, koma imeneyo ndi kusekondale basi. Zinthu zimayenda bwino mโmakoleji ndi mโmayunivesite.โ Maphunziro a mbiri yakale ndi maphunziro amapita bwino mu "maphunziro apamwamba." Koma ndi bwino bwanji ndi funso lotseguka. Aphunzitsi ambiri a mbiri yakale ali, kumanzere, a Democrat omasuka ndipo motero amakhalabe okhazikika m'nkhani zazikulu za capitalist, imperialist, ndi nationalist. Ndizosautsa komanso zokhumudwitsa. Ndi gawo limodzi chabe la chifukwa chake ophunzira sanathe kupanga gulu lalikulu ngakhale motsutsana ndi zinthu zakale komanso zamakhalidwe oipa monga George W. Bush woukira ndi kupha anthu ambiri ku Iraq, komanso chifukwa chake ophunzira ambiri (kuphatikiza mazana ambiri). a mbiriyakale) adasangalatsidwa mopusa kwambiri ndi makampani, ma imperialist, ndi "wapadera waku America" โโkomanso utsogoleri wa Barack Obama.
Ngakhale mbiri ya koleji ndi yunivesite, yophunzitsidwa makamaka ndi omasuka otsamira kumanzere, ili yabwino kwambiri kuposa mbiri yakale ya kusekondale, anthu ambiri aku America satenga kalasi ya mbiri yakale yaku koleji.
Choipa kwambiri nโchakuti akatswiri a mbiri yakale sauza anthu chifukwa chimene nkhani yawo ilili yofunika. M'zaka zanga zambiri m'madipatimenti a mbiri yakale komanso ozungulira - monga wophunzira womaliza maphunziro, wothandizira wophunzitsa, pulofesa wothandizira (m'makoleji osachepera asanu ndi mayunivesite ozungulira Chicago), pulofesa woyendera nthawi zambiri ndimakhudzidwa ndi zomwe ndimakumana nazo poletsa kulumikizana ndi maphunzirowa. nkhani ndi ndale zamakono ndi mbiriyakale. Dzina loipa la olemba mbiri pochita zimenezo ndilo โpresentismโโtchimo la kusayamikira mbiri mwa njira zake zokha ndi kaamba ka zake zokha. Izo sizinali chabe anasiya vs. Icho chinali gawo la akatswiri a gulu la antchito.
Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakonda kulira chifukwa cha kusazindikira kwa Achimereka komanso kusalabadira mbiri yakale koma nthawi zambiri, ngati angatero, amangokhalira kufotokoza chifukwa chake mbiri yakale ili yofunika pakalipano komanso mtsogolo. Iwo samazipanga kwenikweni pagulu. Iwo samapanga izo kwa wina ndi mzake. Nthawi zambiri samapereka mlandu kwa ophunzira awo, owerengeka kwambiri omwe angafike polemba zakale ndikukhala olemba mbiri. Chilema china chachikulu ndi ukatswiri. Akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale adachoka patali kwambiri ndi "akulu" ndikuphatikiza nkhani m'magawo apadera omwe amalimbikitsa kugawikana-ndi-kugonjetsa kulephera kuganiza zazikulu. Amalima minda ing'onoing'ono yosiyana siyana kotero kuti sakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zakale za anthu. Zonse ndi "zachikale" -ndi zopusa ndi zosasangalatsa. Awa anali mavuto omwe pulofesa wa mbiri yakale-socialist Howard Zinn analibe, kunena pang'ono. N'zosadabwitsa kuti nthawi zonse anali ndi mbiri yokayikira pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa iwo ankamupatsa monyinyirika kuti anali wonyezimira, wochititsa chidwi komanso wapamwamba kwambiri. Mbiri ya Anthu aku United States (buku lopanda zolakwa zamphamvu ndi zotanthauzira zomwe wolemba mbiri aliyense wophunzitsidwa bwino angathe kuzipeza m'gawo lake lapadera la ukatswiri) chifukwa limapangitsa ophunzira kuwerenga ndi kukambirana - komanso kuganiza mozama za chifukwa chake mbiri yakale ili yofunika komanso udindo wawo popanga, komanso kumvetsetsa mbiri yakale. Tangoganizani. Ndizosadabwitsanso kuti Zinn adakondedwa kwambiri ndi ophunzira, owerenga, omenyera ufulu, ndi ena.
Pali, zowona, zina zosiririka komanso zochititsa chidwi kutsutsa kwanga komwe kumapezeka m'madipatimenti a mbiri yakale komanso masukulu ena apamwamba ku US Koma ndi ochepa kwambiri.
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