Hyomwe ili kunja kwa St. Louis, Missouri, Monsanto Chemical Company inakhazikitsidwa mu 1901 ndi John Francis Queeny. Queeny, katswiri wamankhwala wodziphunzira yekha, adabweretsa luso lopanga saccharin, chotsekemera choyamba chopangira, kuchokera ku Germany kupita ku United States. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, Monsanto inakhala wopanga sulfuric acid ndi mankhwala ena ofunikira a mafakitale, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa makampani anayi okha omwe angatchulidwe pakati pa makampani khumi apamwamba a mankhwala a US m'zaka khumi zilizonse kuyambira 1940s. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1940, mapulasitiki ndi nsalu zopangira zidakhala maziko a bizinesi ya Monsanto. Mu 1947, sitima yapamtunda ya ku France yonyamula feteleza wa ammonium nitrate inaphulika pamtunda wa mamita 270 kuchokera ku pulasitiki ya Monsanto kunja kwa Galveston, Texas. Anthu oposa 500 anafa pa ngozi imene inadzaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa masoka oyambirira aakulu kwambiri mโmakampani a mankhwala. Chomeracho chinali kupanga mapulasitiki a styrene ndi polystyrene, omwe akadali ofunikira pakupakira zakudya komanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogula. M'zaka za m'ma 1980 bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) linatchula polystyrene pa nambala yachisanu pamndandanda wake wamankhwala omwe kupanga kwawo kumatulutsa zinyalala zowopsa kwambiri. Mu 1929, Swann Chemical Company, yomwe idagulidwa posachedwa ndi Monsanto, idapanga ma polychlorination biphenyls (PCBs), omwe adayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa chosapsa ndi kukhazikika kwawo kwamankhwala. Ntchito zofala kwambiri zinali m'makampani opanga zamagetsi, omwe adatengera ma PCB ngati choziziritsa chosayaka cham'badwo watsopano wa ma transfoma. Pofika m'ma 1960, banja lomwe likukula la Monsanto la PCBs linagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri monga mafuta odzola, madzi amadzimadzi, mafuta ocheka, zokutira zopanda madzi, ndi zosindikizira zamadzimadzi. Umboni wakupha kwa ma PCB udawoneka koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, ndipo asayansi aku Sweden omwe amaphunzira zachilengedwe za DDT adayamba kupeza kuchuluka kwa ma PCB m'magazi, tsitsi, ndi mafuta anyama zakuthengo m'ma 1960. Kafukufuku wazaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970 adavumbulutsa ma PCB ndi ma organochlorines ena onunkhira kukhala owopsa, ndipo adawatsata ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kubereka, kakulidwe, komanso chitetezo chamthupi. Kugwirizana kwawo kwakukulu kwamankhwala pazachilengedwe, makamaka minofu yamafuta, ndiyomwe imayambitsa kuchuluka kwawo kwachilengedwe, komanso kufalikira kwawo kudera lonse lazakudya zam'madzi kumpoto: Arctic cod, mwachitsanzo, imanyamula kuchuluka kwa PCB nthawi 48 miliyoni kuposa madzi ozungulira, ndi nyama zolusa monga zimbalangondo za polar zimatha kukhala ndi minofu ya PCBs kuposa nthawi ya 50 kuposa pamenepo. Ngakhale kupanga ma PCB kudaletsedwa ku United States mu 1976, zosokoneza zake zapoizoni ndi endocrine zikupitilira padziko lonse lapansi. Pakatikati pa dziko lonse lapansi opanga PCB anali chomera cha Monsanto kunja kwa East St. Louis, Illinois. East St. Louis ndi malo omwe ali ndi mavuto azachuma, kudutsa Mtsinje wa Mississippi kuchokera ku St. โKumโmaลตa kwa St. Louis,โ akusimba motero wolemba zamaphunziro Jonathan Kozol, โali ndi ana ena odwala kwambiri mu Amereka.โ A Kozol akuti mzindawu uli ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri cha kufa kwa ana obadwa kumene komanso kubadwa kwakhanda m'boma, chiwerengero chachitatu chakufa kwa makanda, komanso m'modzi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha mphumu ku United States.
Dioxin: Cholowa Chakuipitsidwa Tanthu a ku East St. Louis akupitiriza kukumana ndi zoopsa za mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri, umphawi, kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga m'tawuni, komanso kugwa kwa ntchito zoyambira mumzinda, koma tauni yapafupi ya Times Beach, Missouri inapezeka kuti ili choncho. inali yoipitsidwa kwambiri ndi dioxin yomwe boma la United States linalamula kuti atuluke mu 1982. Zikuoneka kuti tauniyo, komanso eni malo angapo, adalemba ntchito kontrakitala kuti azipopera mafuta otayira m'misewu yake yafumbi kuti fumbi lisagwe. Kontrakitala yemweyo adalembedwa ntchito ndi makampani am'deralo kuti azipopa matanki awo amatope okhala ndi dioxin. Mahatchi 50, ziลตeto zina, ndi mbalame zamโtchire mazanamazana zinafa mโbwalo la mโnyumba limene munapoperapo mafutawo, anafufuza ndipo mโkupita kwanthaลตi anapeza kuti anthu amene anafa ndi dioxin kuchokera mโmathanki amatope a mankhwalawo. Atsikana aangโono aลตiri omwe ankaseลตera mโbwaloli anadwala, mmodzi wa iwo anagonekedwa mโchipatala kwa milungu inayi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa impso, ndipo ana ena ambiri obadwa kwa amayi omwe anali ndi mafuta oipitsidwa ndi dioxin anasonyeza umboni wa kusokonekera kwa chitetezo cha mโthupi ndi ubongo wosokonekera kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti Monsanto yakhala ikukana kugwirizana kulikonse ndi zochitika za Times Beach, gulu la St. Louis-based Times Beach Action Group (TBAG) linapeza malipoti a labotale omwe amasonyeza kukhalapo kwa ma PCB akuluakulu opangidwa ndi Monsanto mu zitsanzo za nthaka zowonongeka kuchokera ku tawuni. "Malinga ndi momwe timaonera, Monsanto ili pamtima pavuto kuno ku Missouri," akufotokoza Steve Taylor wa TBAG. Taylor akuvomereza kuti mafunso ambiri okhudza Times Beach ndi malo ena okhudzidwa m'derali amakhalabe osayankhidwa, koma akuwonetsa umboni wakuti kufufuza kwapafupi kwa dothi lopopera mu Times Beach kunali kokha kuzinthu zomwe zingapezeke kumakampani ena kupatulapo Monsanto. Kubisala ku Times Beach kudafika pamiyeso yayikulu kwambiri yaulamuliro wa Reagan ku Washington. Mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe mdziko muno m'zaka za Reagan adadziwika chifukwa chochita zinthu mobwerezabwereza ndi akuluakulu amakampani, momwe makampani okondedwa adalonjezedwa kuti azitsatira mosasamala komanso kuchepetsa chindapusa. Woyang'anira wosankhidwa wa Reagan wa Environmental Protection Agency, Anne Gorsuch Burford, adakakamizika kusiya ntchito atakhala paudindo zaka ziwiri ndipo womuthandizira wapadera, Rita Lavelle, adatsekeredwa m'ndende miyezi isanu ndi umodzi chifukwa chabodza komanso kulepheretsa chilungamo. Pa chochitika chimodzi chodziwika bwino, a Reagan White House adalamula Burford kuti aletse zikalata pa Times Beach ndi malo ena owonongeka ku Missouri ndi Arkansas, kutchula "mwayi waukulu," ndipo Lavelle adatchulidwa pambuyo pake kuti aphwanye zikalata zofunika. Mtolankhani wofufuza za Philadelphia Funsani Nyuzipepala ya Monsanto inadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa makampani opanga mankhwala omwe akuluakulu awo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi misonkhano ya nkhomaliro ndi chakudya chamadzulo ndi Lavelle. Kusamutsidwa komwe anthu okhala ku Times Beach adafunsidwa kudachedwetsedwa mpaka 1982, patadutsa zaka 11 kuchokera pomwe matendawa adadziwika koyamba, ndipo patatha zaka 8 chomwe chidadziwika kuti dioxin. Kuyanjana kwa Monsanto ndi dioxin kungayambitsidwe ndi kupanga kwake kwa herbicide 2,4,5-T, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940. โPafupifupi nthaลตi yomweyo, antchito ake anayamba kudwala ndi zotupa pakhungu, kupweteka kosadziลตika mโmiyendo, mโmfundo ndi mโzigawo zina za thupi, kufooka, kupsa mtima, kunjenjemera ndi kutaya libido,โ akufotokoza motero Peter Sills, mlembi wa bukhu limene likudzalo lonena za dioxin. "Zolemba zamkati zikuwonetsa kuti kampaniyo idadziwa kuti amunawa akudwala monga amanenera, koma idabisa umboni wonsewo." Kuphulika komwe kunachitika ku Monsanto's Nitro, malo ophera udzu ku West Virginia mu 1949 kudawonetsa madandaulo awa. Choyipitsidwa chomwe chidayambitsa izi sichinadziwike kuti ndi dioxin mpaka 1957, koma a US Army Chemical Corps akuwoneka kuti adachita chidwi ndi mankhwalawa ngati othandizira pankhondo yamankhwala. Pempho loperekedwa ndi a St. Louis Journalism Review pansi pa US Freedom of Information Act idawulula pafupifupi masamba a 600 a malipoti ndi makalata pakati pa Monsanto ndi Army Chemical Corps pamutu wa mankhwala ophera udzu, kuyambira 1952. The herbicide Agent Orange, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali aku US kuwononga zachilengedwe zaku Vietnam m'zaka za m'ma 1960, inali yosakanikirana ya 2,4,5-T ndi 2,4-D yomwe imapezeka kuchokera kumadera angapo, koma Wothandizira wa Monsanto. Orange inali ndi dioxin yochulukira nthawi zambiri kuposa yomwe idapangidwa ndi Dow Chemical, wopanga wina wotsogola wa defoliant. Izi zidapangitsa Monsanto kukhala woimbidwa mlandu waukulu pamilandu yomwe idabweretsedwa ndi asitikali ankhondo aku Vietnam ku United States, omwe adakumana ndi zovuta zambiri zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha Agent Orange. Pamene mgwirizano wa $ 180 miliyoni unafikiridwa mu 1984 pakati pa makampani opanga mankhwala a 7 ndi maloya a asilikali ankhondo, woweruzayo adalamula Monsanto kulipira 45.5 peresenti ya chiwonkhetso. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, Monsanto idachita maphunziro angapo omwe adapangidwa kuti achepetse udindo wake, osati mu suti ya Agent Orange yokha, koma kupitiriza kuipitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito ku malo ake opangira West Virginia. Mlandu wamkhoti wazaka zitatu ndi theka womwe anthu ogwira ntchito m'njanji adakumana ndi dioxin atasokonekera panjanji adawulula njira ya data yosinthidwa komanso kuyeserera kolakwika m'maphunzirowa. Mkulu wina wa US EPA adatsimikiza kuti maphunzirowa adasinthidwa kuti athandizire zomwe Monsanto adanena kuti zotsatira za dioxin zidangokhala pakhungu la chloracne. Ofufuza a Greenpeace a Jed Greer ndi Kenny Bruno akufotokoza zotsatira zake: "Malinga ndi umboni wa mlanduwu, a Monsanto adalemba molakwika ogwira ntchito odziwika komanso omwe sanawonetserepo, adachotsa milandu ingapo yayikulu ya khansa, adalephera kutsimikizira gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi chloracne pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika bwino zamafakitale. kupereka chitsimikizo cha zolemba zosasinthika zomwe zimaperekedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alangizi, ndipo ananena zabodza ponena za kuipitsidwa kwa dioxin mu mankhwala a Monsanto. " Mlandu wa khothi, pomwe oweruza adapereka mphotho yowononga $ 16 miliyoni motsutsana ndi Monsanto, adawulula kuti zinthu zambiri za Monsanto, kuchokera ku mankhwala a herbicide apanyumba kupita ku Santophen germicide yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Lysol, adayipitsidwa mwadala ndi dioxin. "Umboni wa oyang'anira a Monsanto pamlanduwo udawonetsa chikhalidwe chamakampani pomwe kugulitsa ndi phindu zidaperekedwa patsogolo kuposa chitetezo chazinthu ndi antchito ake," idatero. Toronto Globe ndi Mail pambuyo pa kutha kwa mlandu. โIwo sanali kusamala za thanzi ndi chitetezo cha antchito awo,โ akufotokoza motero wolemba mabuku Peter Sills. "M'malo moyesa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino, adadalira kuwopseza ndikuwopseza kuti awachotsa ntchito kuti agwire ntchito." Ndemanga yomwe inatsatira ya Dr. Cate Jenkins wa EPA's Regulatory Development Branch inalemba mbiri yowonjezereka ya sayansi yachinyengo. "Monsanto yaperekadi zidziwitso zabodza ku EPA zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malamulo afooke pansi pa RCRA [Resources Conservation and Recovery Act] ndi FIFRA [Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act] ..." adatero Dr. Jenkins mu chikumbutso cha 1990 cholimbikitsa bungweli kuti fufuzani zaupandu pakampani. Jenkins adatchulapo zikalata zamkati za Monsanto zowulula kuti kampaniyo "idachita zamankhwala" zitsanzo za herbicides zomwe zidatumizidwa ku dipatimenti yaulimi ya US, zidabisala kumbuyo kwa "njira zamakina" kuti zisokoneze kuyesa kuwongolera 2,4-D ndi ma chlorophenols osiyanasiyana, kubisa umboni wokhudza kuipitsidwa kwa Lysol, ndikupatula mazana angapo omwe anali ogwira ntchito omwe anali odwala kwambiri ku maphunziro ake ofananiza azaumoyo: "Monsanto idaphimba kuipitsidwa kwa dioxin pazogulitsa zake zambiri. Monsanto mwina inalephera kufotokoza za kuipitsidwa, m'malo mwa zidziwitso zabodza zosonyeza kuti sizikuipitsidwa kapena kupereka zitsanzo ku boma kuti ziunike zomwe zidakonzedwa mwapadera kuti kuipitsidwa kwa dioxin kulibe."
Mankhwala a Herbicides a M'badwo Watsopano Today, glyphosate herbicides monga Roundup account for osachepera gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi la malonda onse a pachaka a Monsanto ndi theka la ndalama zomwe kampaniyo imapeza, mwinanso mokulirapo kuyambira pomwe kampaniyo idatulutsa magawano ake amakampani ndi nsalu zopangira ngati kampani yosiyana, yotchedwa Solutia, mu September 1997. Monsanto imalimbikitsa mwamphamvu Roundup ngati mankhwala otetezeka, opangira udzu kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa chirichonse kuchokera ku udzu ndi minda ya zipatso, kupita ku nkhalango zazikulu za coniferous nkhalango, kumene kupopera mankhwala kwa herbicide kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kukula kwa mbande ndi zitsamba ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwa mitengo yopindulitsa ya fir ndi spruce. Bungwe la Oregon-based Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP) lidawunikiranso kafukufuku wasayansi wopitilira 408 wokhudza zotsatira za glyphosate, komanso ma polyoxyethylene amines omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati surfactant mu Roundup, ndipo adatsimikiza kuti mankhwala a herbicide ndi ocheperako kuposa momwe amatsatsa a Monsanto: "Zizindikiro zakupha kwambiri mwa anthu pambuyo pomwa Roundup ndi monga kupweteka kwa m'mimba, kusanza, kutupa m'mapapo, chibayo, kusokonezeka maganizo, ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi. Kuyabwa kwamaso ndi khungu kwanenedwa ndi ogwira ntchito kusakaniza, kutsitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito glyphosate. EPA's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System inali ndi malipoti a 109 a zotsatira za thanzi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhudzana ndi glyphosate pakati pa 1966 ndi October, 1980. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuyabwa kwa maso kapena khungu, nseru, chizungulire, mutu, kutsegula m'mimba, kusawona bwino, kutentha thupi ndi kufooka. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti masiku a 1966-1980 akuyimira nthawi yomwe Roundup isanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kudzipha kotsatizana ndi kuyesa kudzipha ku Japan m'zaka za m'ma 1980 pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu a Roundup kunalola asayansi kuwerengera mlingo wakupha wa ma ounces asanu ndi limodzi. Mankhwala a herbicide ndi owopsa kwambiri ku nsomba nthawi 100 kuposa anthu, oopsa ku nyongolotsi, mabakiteriya am'nthaka komanso mafangasi opindulitsa, ndipo asayansi ayesa kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kwa Roundup mu nsomba ndi nyama zina zakuthengo, kuwonjezera pa zotsatira zachiwiri zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa masamba. nkhalango. Kuwonongeka kwa glyphosate kukhala N-nitrosoglyphosate ndi mankhwala ena ogwirizana nawo kwadzetsa nkhawa za kuthekera kwa carcinogenicity ya zinthu za Roundup. Kafukufuku wa 1993 ku yunivesite ya California ku Berkeley's School of Public Health anapeza kuti glyphosate ndiyomwe imayambitsa matenda okhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakati pa ogwira ntchito yokonza malo ku California, komanso chifukwa chachitatu pakati pa ogwira ntchito zaulimi. Ndemanga ya 1996 ya zolemba zasayansi zomwe mamembala a Vermont Citizens' Forest Roundtable - gulu lomwe lidalimbikitsa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Vermont kuti liletse dziko lonse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu m'nkhalango - lidawulula umboni watsopano wa kuwonongeka kwa mapapo, kugunda kwa mtima, nseru, kubereka. mavuto, kusokonekera kwa chromosome, ndi zina zambiri zobwera chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi Roundup herbicide. Mu 1997, Monsanto adayankha zaka zisanu za madandaulo a New York State Attorney General kuti malonda ake a Roundup anali osocheretsa; kampaniyo inasintha malonda ake kuti ifufute zonena kuti mankhwala a herbicides ndi "owononga zachilengedwe" komanso "okonda chilengedwe," ndipo adalipira $50,000 za ndalama zomwe boma lidawononga pamilandu. Mu Marichi 1998, a Monsanto adavomera kulipira chindapusa cha $225,000 chifukwa cholemba molakwika makontena a Roundup nthawi 75 zosiyana. Chilangocho chinali chigamulo chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chinaperekedwapo chifukwa chophwanya Malamulo a Chitetezo cha Worker of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Malinga ndi Wall Street Journal, Monsanto inagawira zitsulo za herbicide ndi malemba oletsa kulowa m'madera ochiritsidwa kwa maola 4 okha m'malo mwa maola 12 ofunikira. Izi ndi zaposachedwa kwambiri pamndandanda wa zilango zazikulu ndi zigamulo zotsutsana ndi Monsanto ku United States, kuphatikiza chiwongola dzanja cha $ 108 miliyoni pakufa kwa khansa ya m'magazi ya wogwira ntchito ku Texas mu 1986, kubweza $648,000 chifukwa cholephera kupereka lipoti lofunikira thanzi. deta ku EPA mu 1990, chindapusa cha $ 1 miliyoni choperekedwa ndi Attorney General wa Massachusetts mu 1991 pamlandu wakuthira madzi onyansa a galoni 200,000, kukhazikika kwa $ 39 miliyoni ku Houston, Texas mu 1992 kuphatikizira kuyika kwa mankhwala owopsa m'maenje opanda zingwe. , ndi ena ambiri. Mu 1995, Monsanto adakhala pachisanu mwa mabungwe aku US mu EPA's Toxic Release Inventory, atataya mapaundi okwana 37 miliyoni a mankhwala oopsa mumlengalenga, pamtunda, m'madzi, ndi pansi.
Dziko Latsopano Lolimba Mtima la Biotechnology MOnsanto akulimbikitsa mwamphamvu zaukadaulo wazomera, kuchokera ku Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH), kupita ku soya wa Roundup Ready ndi mbewu zina, mpaka ku thonje losamva tizilombo, ambiri amawona ngati kupitiriza kwa zaka makumi ambiri za machitidwe ake okayikitsa. . "Makampani ali ndi umunthu, ndipo Monsanto ndi imodzi mwa nkhanza kwambiri," akufotokoza motero wolemba Peter Sills. "Kuchokera ku mankhwala a herbicide a Monsanto kupita ku Santophen opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kupita ku BGH, akuwoneka kuti akuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuvulaza antchito awo komanso kuvulaza ana." Poyambirira, Monsanto inali imodzi mwa makampani anayi a mankhwala omwe akufuna kubweretsa Hormone ya Bovine Growth Hormone, yopangidwa mu E. coli mabakiteriya opangidwa mwachibadwa kuti apange mapuloteni a bovine, kumsika. Wina anali American Cyanamid, yomwe tsopano ili ndi American Home Products, yomwe ikuphatikizana ndi Monsanto. Khama la Monsanto la zaka 14 kuti alandire chilolezo kuchokera ku US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kuti abweretse BGH yophatikizanapo pamsika anali ndi mikangano, kuphatikizapo zonena za kuyesetsa kuti athetsere zambiri zokhudzana ndi zovuta za hormone. Katswiri wina wazanyama wa FDA, Richard Burroughs, adachotsedwa ntchito atadzudzula kampaniyo ndi bungwe lopondereza ndikusokoneza deta kuti abise zotsatira za jakisoni wa rBGH paumoyo wa ng'ombe zamkaka. Mu 1990, pamene chivomerezo cha FDA cha rBGH chinali chitayandikira, dokotala wofufuza zaulimi ku yunivesite ya Vermont adatulutsa zidziwitso zomwe zidasindikizidwa kale kwa aphungu awiri a boma omwe akulemba kuti kuchuluka kwa matenda a m'mawere kwa ng'ombe zomwe zinabayidwa ndi hormone ya Monsanto yoyesera panthawiyo. , komanso zochitika zachilendo zolemala kwambiri pa ana a ng'ombe zothandizidwa ndi rBGH. Kuwunika kodziyimira pawokha kwa data ya University ndi gulu lolimbikitsa mafamu amderali kunalemba zovuta zina zathanzi la ng'ombe zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi rBGH, kuphatikiza kuvulala kwamapazi ndi miyendo, zovuta zama metabolic ndi kubereka, komanso matenda am'mimba. Bungwe la US Congress 'General Accounting Office (GAO) linayesa kufufuza za nkhaniyi, koma silinathe kupeza zolemba zofunika kuchokera ku Monsanto ndi yunivesite kuti achite kafukufuku wake, makamaka ponena za zotsatira zokayikira za teratogenic ndi embryotoxic. Ofufuza a GAO adatsimikiza kuti ng'ombe zomwe zimabayidwa ndi rBGH zinali ndi mastitis (matenda a udder) amaposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kuposa ng'ombe zosachiritsidwa, ndipo adalimbikitsa kufufuza kwina pa chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa maantibayotiki mu mkaka wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito rBGH. RBGH ya Monsanto inavomerezedwa ndi FDA kuti igulitse malonda kuyambira 1994. Chaka chotsatira, Mark Kastel wa Wisconsin Farmers Union anatulutsa kafukufuku wokhudza zomwe alimi a Wisconsin adakumana nazo ndi mankhwalawa. Zomwe anapeza zinaposa mavuto a 21 omwe angayambitse matenda omwe Monsanto ankafunika kulemba pa chizindikiro chochenjeza cha mtundu wake wa Posilac wa rBGH. Kastel adapeza malipoti ofala a kufa mwadzidzidzi pakati pa ng'ombe zothandizidwa ndi rBGH, kuchuluka kwa matenda a m'mawere, zovuta zama metabolic ndi zovuta zoberekera, komanso nthawi zina kulephera kuyamwitsa ng'ombe zothandizidwa ndi mankhwalawa. Alimi ambiri amkaka odziwa zambiri omwe anayesa rBGH mwadzidzidzi anafunika kusintha gawo lalikulu la ng'ombe zawo. M'malo mothana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa madandaulo a alimi okhudzana ndi rBGH, Monsanto adapitilizabe, ndikuwopseza kuti aziimba mlandu makampani ang'onoang'ono a mkaka omwe amatsatsa malonda awo ngati opanda mahomoni opangira, komanso kutenga nawo gawo pamlandu wotsutsana ndi mabungwe angapo amakampani ogulitsa mkaka motsutsana ndi woyamba ndi lamulo lokhalo lovomerezeka la rBGH ku United States. Komabe, umboni wa zowononga za rBGH pa thanzi la ng'ombe ndi anthu zidapitilirabe. Zoyeserera zoletsa kulembedwa kwa soya ndi chimanga chotumizidwa kunja kuchokera ku United States zikuwonetsa kupitiriza kwa machitidwe omwe adapangidwa kuti athetse madandaulo okhudzana ndi mahomoni amkaka a Monsanto. Ngakhale Monsanto ikunena kuti soya wake wa โRoundup Readyโ adzachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu, kuvomereza kofala kwa mbewu zolekerera udzu kukuwoneka kuti kungawonjezere kudalira kwa alimi ku mankhwala ophera udzu. Udzu umene umamera mankhwala ophera udzuwo atabalalika kapena kuphwanyika nthawi zambiri amawathiranso mankhwala ophera udzu. "Zilimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso," mlimi wa soya ku Missouri a Bill Christison adauza Kenny Bruno wa Greenpeace International. Ngati pali malo ogulitsa RRS, ndiye kuti mutha kulima dera lomwe lili ndi udzu wambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otsala kuti muthane ndi vuto lanu, zomwe sizomwe aliyense ayenera kuchita. Christison akutsutsa zonena za Monsanto zoti mbewu zosamva mankhwala a herbicide ndizofunikira kuti nthaka isakokoloke chifukwa cholima mochuluka, ndipo akuti alimi a Kumadzulo kwamadzulo apanga njira zawo zambiri zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu. Monsanto, kumbali ina, yawonjezera kupanga Roundup m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndi patent ya Monsanto yaku US ya Roundup yomwe ikuyembekezeka kutha mchaka cha 2000, komanso mpikisano wochokera kuzinthu zamtundu wa glyphosate zomwe zikubwera kale padziko lonse lapansi, kuyika kwa mankhwala a herbicide a Roundup okhala ndi mbewu za "Roundup Ready" kwakhala gawo lalikulu la njira ya Monsanto yopitilira kukula kwa malonda a herbicide. Zotsatira zathanzi komanso zachilengedwe za mbewu zololera za Roundup sizinafufuzidwe mokwanira, kuphatikiza zotsatira za allergenic, kuwononga kapena udzu, komanso kuthekera kwa kukana kwa herbicide kusamutsidwa kudzera mungu kupita ku soya zina kapena zomera zina. Ngakhale kuti vuto lililonse la soya wosamva mankhwala a herbicides litha kuonedwa kuti ndi lalitali komanso longopeka, zomwe alimi a thonje aku US omwe ali ndi mbewu zopangidwa ndi chibadwa za Monsanto zikuwoneka kuti zikufotokoza nkhani yosiyana kwambiri. Monsanto yatulutsa mitundu iwiri ya thonje yopangidwa ndi chibadwa, kuyambira 1996. Imodzi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Roundup ndipo ina, yotchedwa "Bollgard," imatulutsa poizoni wa bakiteriya wofuna kuthetsa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda atatu. Poizoniyo, yochokera ku Bacillus thuringiensis, yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi a organic ngati kutsitsi kwachilengedwe kwa bakiteriya kuyambira koyambirira kwa 1970s. Koma ngakhale mabakiteriya a Bt amakhala ndi moyo waufupi, ndipo amatulutsa poizoni wawo m'njira yomwe imangoyamba kulowa m'matumbo am'mimba a mphutsi ndi mbozi, mbewu za Bt zopangidwa ndi majini zimatulutsa poizoni m'nthawi yonse ya moyo wa mbewu. Zambiri mwa chimanga chopangidwa ndi chibadwa chomwe chili pamsika, mwachitsanzo, ndi mtundu wa Bt wotulutsa, wopangidwa kuti uthamangitse mphutsi za chimanga ndi tizirombo tina tambiri. Vuto loyamba lomwe limayembekezeredwa kwambiri ndi mbewu zomwe zimatulutsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi loti kupezeka kwa poizoni nthawi yonse ya moyo wa mmera kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa tizirombo tambiri tomwe timamva. US EPA yatsimikiza kuti kukana kufalikira kwa Bt kungapangitse kuti mabakiteriya a Bt asagwire ntchito m'zaka zitatu kapena zisanu zokha ndipo amafuna kuti alimi abzale zothawirako mpaka 40 peresenti yopanda thonje poyesa kuletsa izi. Chachiwiri, poizoni wopangidwa ndi zomerazi akhoza kuvulaza tizilombo topindulitsa, njenjete, ndi agulugufe, kuwonjezera pa mitundu yomwe alimi akufuna kuchotsa. Koma zotsatira zowononga za thonje la "Bollgard" lopangidwa ndi Bt zakhala zikuchitika nthawi yomweyo, kotero kuti Monsanto ndi abwenzi ake atulutsa mapaundi mamiliyoni asanu a mbewu ya thonje yopangidwa ndi majini pamsika ndipo adagwirizana kuti akhazikitse madola mamiliyoni ambiri ndi alimi. kum'mwera kwa United States. Alimi atatu omwe anakana kukhazikika ndi Monsanto adapatsidwa pafupifupi $ 2 miliyoni ndi Mississippi Seed Arbitration Council. Sikuti zomera zokha zinagwidwa ndi thonje bollworm, zomwe Monsanto inanena kuti sizingagwirizane nazo, koma kumera kunali mawanga, zokolola zinali zochepa, ndipo zomera zinali zolakwika, malinga ndi nkhani zingapo zofalitsidwa. Alimi ena adanenanso kuti mbewu zawonongeka mpaka 50 peresenti. Alimi omwe adabzala thonje la Monsanto losamva Roundup adanenanso kuti mbewu zalephera kwambiri, kuphatikiza mabulosi opunduka komanso osapanga bwino omwe adagwa mwadzidzidzi pamitengo itatu mwa magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a njira yobzala. Ngakhale kuti pali mavutowa, Monsanto ikupita patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito ma genetic engineering paulimi poyang'anira makampani akuluakulu ambewu, okhazikika kwambiri ku United States. Monsanto tsopano ili ndi Holdens Foundation Seeds, omwe amapereka majeremusi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 25-35 peresenti ya maekala a chimanga ku US, ndi Asgrow Agronomics, yomwe imawafotokoza kuti ndi "omwe amaweta soya, oyambitsa ndi kugawa ku United States." Masika apitawa, Monsanto adamaliza kupeza De Kalb Genetics, kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri ku United States komanso yachisanu ndi chinayi padziko lonse lapansi, komanso Delta ndi Pine Land, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yaku US yambewu ya thonje. Ndi kugula kwake Delta ndi Pine, Monsanto tsopano ikulamulira 85 peresenti ya msika wa thonje wa US. Kampaniyo yakhala ikusakasaka kwambiri kugula kwamakampani ndikugulitsa zinthu m'maiko enanso. Mu 1997, Monsanto idagula Sementes Agroceres SA, yofotokozedwa ngati "kampani yotsogola ya chimanga ku Brazil," ndi gawo la 30 peresenti ya msika. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, Apolisi a Federal Police ku Brazil adafufuza za kutumizidwa kunja kwa matumba osachepera 200 a soya a transgenic, ena mwa iwo adachokera ku kampani ya ku Argentina ya Monsanto. Malinga ndi malamulo aku Brazil, zinthu zakunja zakunja zimatha kuyambitsidwa pakatha nthawi yokhala kwaokha komanso kuyezetsa kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa zomera zakomweko. Ku Canada, Monsanto anayenera kukumbukira matumba a 60,000 a kugwiriridwa kwa majini ("canola") mbeu mu 1997. Zikuoneka kuti kutumizidwa kwa mbewu yosagonjetsedwa ndi Roundup inali ndi jini yoyikidwa yosiyana ndi yomwe idavomerezedwa kuti idyedwe ndi anthu ndi ziweto. Ngakhale kuti mankhwala a herbicide a Monsanto ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi chibadwa akhala akukangana ndi anthu kwa zaka zambiri, mankhwala ake amakhalanso ndi mbiri yovuta. Chogulitsa chachikulu cha kampani ya Monsanto's GD Searle pharmaceuticals ndi aspartame yotsekemera, yogulitsidwa pansi pa mayina a Nutrasweet ndi Equal. Mu 1981, zaka zinayi Monsanto asanagule Searle, Bungwe la Food and Drug Administration Board of Inquiry lopangidwa ndi asayansi atatu odziyimira pawokha adatsimikizira malipoti omwe akhala akuzungulira kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kuti "aspartame ikhoza kuyambitsa zotupa muubongo." A FDA adalanda chiphaso cha Searle chogulitsa aspartame, koma chigamulo chake chidasinthidwa pansi pa Commissioner watsopano yemwe adasankhidwa ndi Purezidenti Ronald Reagan. Kafukufuku wa 1996 mu Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology adalimbikitsanso izi, kulumikiza aspartame ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa khansa ya muubongo patangotha โโkumene mankhwalawo. Dr. Erik Millstone wa pa yunivesite ya Sussex Science Policy Research Unit akutchula malipoti angapo ochokera m'ma 1980 omwe amagwirizanitsa aspartame ndi zovuta zambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ogula, kuphatikizapo kupweteka kwa mutu, kusawona bwino, dzanzi, kumva kumva, kupweteka kwa minofu, ndi kusonkhezeredwa. matenda a khunyu, pakati pa ena ambiri. Mu 1989, Searle adatsutsananso ndi FDA, yomwe inatsutsa kampaniyo kuti iwononge malonda pa nkhani ya mankhwala ake odana ndi chilonda, Cytotec. FDA idati zotsatsazo zidapangidwa kuti zizigulitsa mankhwalawa kwa anthu ochulukirapo komanso achichepere kuposa momwe bungweli lidalangizira. Searle/Monsanto amayenera kutulutsa zotsatsa m'mabuku angapo azachipatala, omwe anali ndi mutu wakuti "Osindikizidwa Kuti Awongolere Chilengezo Cham'mbuyo Chomwe Bungwe La Food and Drug Administration Limaona Kuti Ndi Losocheretsa."
Greenwash ya Monsanto Gngakhale mbiri yayitali komanso yovutayi, n'zosavuta kumvetsa chifukwa chake anthu odziwa bwino ku Ulaya ndi US akukayikira kukhulupirira Monsanto ndi tsogolo la chakudya chathu ndi thanzi lathu. Koma Monsanto ikuchita zonse zomwe ingathe kuti iwoneke yosadodometsedwa ndi kutsutsa kumeneku. Kupyolera mu zoyesayesa monga kampeni yawo yotsatsa ndalama zokwana ยฃ1 miliyoni ku Britain, thandizo lawo lachiwonetsero chatsopano chaukadaulo chapamwamba cha Biodiversity ku American Museum of Natural History ku New York, ndi ena ambiri, akuyesera kuoneka obiriwira, olungama, ndi zina zambiri. kuyang'ana kutsogolo kuposa ngakhale adani awo. Ku US akulimbikitsa chithunzi chawo, ndipo mwina akulimbikitsa mfundo, mothandizidwa ndi anthu apamwamba kwambiri a Clinton. Mu Meyi 1997, Mickey Kantor, womanga kampeni ya zisankho za Bill Clinton mu 1992 komanso Woyimira Zamalonda waku United States panthawi yoyamba ya Clinton, adasankhidwa kukhala pampando pa Board of Directors ya Monsanto. Marcia Hale, yemwe kale anali wothandizira pulezidenti, wakhala akugwira ntchito ngati mkulu wa bungwe la Monsanto ku Britain. Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Al Gore, yemwe amadziwika bwino ku US chifukwa cha zolemba zake komanso zolankhula zake pazachilengedwe, wakhala akuthandizira kwambiri sayansi yazachilengedwe kuyambira pomwe adakhala ku Senate ya US. Mlangizi wamkulu wa mfundo zapakhomo wa Gore, David W. Beier, anali Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Nkhani za Boma ku Genentech, Inc. Pansi pa CEO Robert Shapiro, Monsanto yatulutsa zoyimitsa zonse kuti isinthe mawonekedwe ake kuchokera kwa oyeretsa mankhwala owopsa kupita ku bungwe lowunikira, loyang'ana kutsogolo lomwe likufuna kudyetsa dziko lapansi. Shapiro, yemwe adapita kukagwira ntchito ku GD Searle mu 1979 ndipo adakhala Purezidenti wa Nutrasweet Gulu mu 1982, amakhala pa Komiti Yolangizira ya Purezidenti ya Zamalonda ndi Zokambirana ndipo adakhala membala wa White House Domestic Policy Review. Iye akudzifotokoza monga munthu wamasomphenya komanso wa Renaissance Man, yemwe ali ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito chuma cha kampaniyo kuti asinthe dziko. zofunika, "adauza wofunsayo Makhalidwe Abwino, magazini yodziwika bwino ya gulu la โmabizinesi odalirikaโ ku United States. Shapiro ali ndi malingaliro ochepa ponena za mbiri ya Monsanto ku United States, akufotokoza momvetsa chisoni vuto la antchito ambiri a Monsanto amene ana a anansi awo angalefuke akadziลตa kumene wogwira ntchitoyo amagwira. Ali ndi chidwi chowonetsa kuti akugwirizana ndi chikhumbo chofala cha kusintha kwadongosolo, ndipo atsimikiza mtima kuwongolera chikhumbochi kumakampani ake, monga adawonetsera poyankhulana posachedwa ndi a. Ndemanga ya Bizinesi ya Harvard: โSi funso la anyamata abwino ndi oipa. Palibe chifukwa chonena kuti, 'Ngati anthu oipawo akanatha ntchito, ndiye kuti dziko likanakhala bwino.' Dongosolo lonse liyenera kusintha; pali mwayi waukulu wokonzanso. " Zachidziwikire, njira yobwezeretsedwanso ya Shapiro ndi imodzi yomwe mabungwe akulu samapitilirabe kukhalapo, komanso amawongolera miyoyo yathu mosalekeza. Koma Monsanto yasintha, tikuuzidwa. Iwo asiya kugaลตikana kwawo kwa mankhwala mโmafakitale ndipo tsopano adzipereka mโmalo mwa mankhwala ndi โchidziลตitso,โ mโmawonekedwe a njere zopangidwa ndi majini ndi zinthu zina za sayansi ya zamoyo. Izi ndizodabwitsa kwa kampani yomwe mankhwala ake opindulitsa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, ndipo zomwe zowonjezera zake zazakudya zikuwoneka kuti zikudwalitsa anthu ena. Ndi udindo wokayikitsa kwa kampani yomwe ikufuna kuwopseza otsutsa ndi milandu komanso kuletsa kudzudzula kwa ofalitsa. Zaposachedwa za Monsanto Report Annual, komabe, ikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti yaphunzira mawu onse oyenera. Roundup si mankhwala a herbicide, ndi chida chochepetsera kulima komanso kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Zomera zopangidwa ndi chibadwa sizimangokhudza phindu la Monsanto, zikufuna kuthetsa vuto losasinthika la kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Biotechnology sikuchepetsa zonse zamoyo kukhala zamtengo wapatali - zinthu zogulidwa ndi kugulitsidwa, kugulitsidwa ndi zovomerezeka - koma kwenikweni ndi chizindikiro cha "decommoditization": kulowetsa m'malo mwa zinthu zopangidwa mochuluka ndi unyinji wa zida zapadera. , zinthu zopangidwa kuti zigulitsidwe. Iyi ndi Newspeak yapamwamba kwambiri. Pomaliza, tiyenera kukhulupirira kuti Monsanto amalimbikitsa mwamphamvu sayansi ya sayansi ya zachilengedwe si nkhani yodzikuza chabe yamakampani, koma kuzindikira zinthu zosavuta za chilengedwe. Owerenga a Monsanto Report Annual akuwonetsedwa ndi kufanana pakati pa kukula kwachangu kwamasiku ano kwa kuchuluka kwa ma DNA odziwika awiriawiri komanso kachulukidwe ka miniaturization mumakampani amagetsi, zomwe zidadziwika koyamba m'ma 1960s. Monsanto yatchula kukula kwachiwonekere kwa zomwe imatcha "chidziwitso chachilengedwe" kukhala "Chilamulo cha Monsanto." Monga lamulo lina lililonse lachirengedwe, munthu alibe chochita koma kuona maulosi ake akukwaniritsidwa ndipo, apa, kuneneratu sikuli kanthu kusiyana ndi kupitirizabe kukula kwa Monsanto kufika padziko lonse lapansi. Koma kukula kwa umisiri uliwonse si โlamulo la chilengedweโ chabe. Ukadaulo sizinthu zomwe zimangodzikakamiza okha, kapena "zida" zopanda ndale zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukhutiritsa chikhalidwe chilichonse chomwe tikufuna. M'malo mwake ndi zopangidwa ndi mabungwe ena azachuma komanso zokonda zachuma. Njira inayake yachitukuko chaukadaulo ikayamba, imatha kukhala ndi zotulukapo zokulirapo kuposa zomwe omwe adazipanga akadaneneratu: ukadaulo ukakhala wamphamvu kwambiri, zotsatira zake zimakhala zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimatchedwa Green Revolution pazaulimi m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970 zidachulukitsa zokolola kwakanthawi, komanso zidapangitsa alimi padziko lonse lapansi kudalira kwambiri zopangira mankhwala okwera mtengo. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu ambiri asamuke mโdzikolo, ndipo mโmayiko ambiri zawononga nthaka, madzi apansi panthaka, ndiponso malo amene anthu ankakhala nawo kwa zaka zambiri. Kusamuka kwakukulu kumeneku kwalimbikitsa kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kukwera kwa mizinda, ndi kulepheretsedwa kwa anthu, zomwe zadzetsanso umphawi ndi njala. "Kusintha kwa Green kwachiwiri" komwe a Monsanto ndi makampani ena asayansi yazachilengedwe akuwopseza kusokoneza kwakukulu paulimi wachikhalidwe komanso maubale. Pokana Monsanto ndi biotechnology yake, sikuti tikukana luso lamakono, koma tikufuna kusintha teknoloji yotsutsa moyo, kulamulira, ndi kupindula ndi teknoloji yeniyeni ya chilengedwe, yopangidwa kuti ilemekeze machitidwe a chilengedwe, kupititsa patsogolo umunthu ndi dera. thanzi, sungani madera okhala ndi nthaka, ndikugwira ntchito pamlingo wamunthu weniweni. Ngati timakhulupirira demokalase, ndikofunikira kuti tikhale ndi ufulu wosankha matekinoloje omwe ali abwino kwa madera athu, m'malo mokhala ndi mabungwe osawerengeka monga Monsanto kutisankhira. M'malo mwa matekinoloje opangidwira kuti anthu ochepa apitilize kulemerera, titha kukhazikitsa ukadaulo wathu ndi chiyembekezo cha mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa madera athu ndi chilengedwe. Thanzi lathu, chakudya chathu ndi tsogolo la moyo padziko lapansi zilidi mโdongosolo. Z Nkhaniyi ndi yosindikizanso nkhani yotsogola m'magazini ya ku England yomwe yatsala pang'ono kuponderezedwa Dokotala wazachilengedwe magazini (onani Z December 1998). Yasankhidwa ngati Nkhani Yapamwamba 25 Yofufuzidwa ndi Project Censored. Brian Tokar ndi mlembi wa Dziko Logulitsa (South End Press, 1997) ndi Njira Yobiriwira (Kusinthidwa: New Society Publishers, 1992). Amaphunzitsa ku Institute for Social Ecology ndi Goddard College.