Praful Bidwai ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha waku India, katswiri wa ndale, komanso wotsutsa. Anakhala mkonzi wa Times waku India pakati pa 1981 ndi 1993, pambuyo pake adakhala mkonzi wake wamkulu. Panopa akulembera gulu la Hindustan Times, ndi Tribune, Kutsogolo, ndi KashmirTimes, ndi manyuzipepala ndi magazini ena ambiri. Ndime yake yanthawi zonse, "Kuchokera Malo Oopsa Kwambiri Padziko Lonse" ili pa www.Antiwar.com. Iye ndi wolemba nawo Nukes Zatsopano: India, Pakistan ndi Global Nuclear Disarmament. Iye ndi wolandila Mphotho ya Sean McBride International Peace. Ndidalankhula naye ku New Delhi mu Epulo 2008.
Mtengo wa magawo BARSAMIAN: Mwalemba posachedwa nkhani yotchedwa “Indian Left at a Crossroads.” Mukutanthauza chiyani ponena za mphambano?
BIDWAI: Pali zipani ziwiri zazikulu za chikomyunizimu zomwe zili ndi umembala wambiri zomwe lero zikuyimiridwa bwino ndi nyumba yamalamulo. Ali ndi aphungu oposera 10 pa 60 aliwonse a Nyumba ya Malamulo, aphungu 1964, omwe ndi aphungu ochuluka kwambiri chichokereni ufulu wodzilamulira. Izi ndi Communist Party of India (CPI) ndi Communist Party of India (Marxist) CP(M), zomwe zidasiyana ndi CPI mu XNUMX, mwa zina chifukwa cha kusiyana kwamalingaliro komwe kunalipo pakati pa Soviet Union wakale ndi China. . A CP (M) anali achifundo ndi malingaliro aku China pomwe CPI idakhalabe pafupi kwambiri ndi malingaliro a Soviet Union. Amaonedwa kuti ndi maphwando aukhondo.
Pamenepa mukutanthauza kuti simunachite katangale?
Inde. Iwo akufunitsitsa kuchita ndale. Ali ndi mfundo, ali ndi mapulogalamu, ali ndi ndondomeko zomveka bwino, amakomera osauka. Anthu osauka akumidzi ndi akumidzi ndi omwe ali ambiri mwa anthu aku India. Iwo akhala ndi mbiri yabwino yaulamuliro—mpaka posachedwapa,. CPI chinali chipani choyamba cha chikomyunizimu padziko lonse kupambana pa chisankho chademokalase n’kuyamba kulamulira m’chigawo chilichonse kapena m’chigawo chilichonse. Zimenezi zinachitika mu 1957 ku Kerala.
Kuonjezera apo, muli ndi zipani zing'onozing'ono zanyumba yamalamulo ndi mabungwe ambiri achiwawa, makamaka gulu lonse lamagulu otchedwa Naxalites, omwe amakhulupirira kumenyana ndi zida pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachiwawa komanso omwe amagwira ntchito mobisa. A Naxalites posachedwapa adasonkhananso ndipo tsopano amadzitcha kuti Chipani cha Communist cha India (Maoist). Sapikisana nawo masankho. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti zisankho ndi mbali ya dongosolo la bourgeois lomwe akufuna kuti asalowemo ndikutsutsa. Koma chisonkhezero chawo chafalikira ku madera oposa 100 mwa zigawo 600 za India kumene mikhalidwe ya unyinji wa anthu ili yosapiririka.
Koma nkhani yomwe ndidalemba idali ya CPI ndi CP(M) ndi zipani zina zamalamulo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ali pamphambano m’lingaliro lakuti ali pampanipani—monga mbali ya nyumba yamalamulo—kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zazachuma zolondola. Kumbali ina, umembala wawo, makadi awo, sakufuna konse kutsata. Ayenera kusankha njira yoti apite.
West Bengal ndi amodzi mwa mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri ku India. Mtsogoleri wamkulu akuti pali "kuthamanga kwamisala" ku India kukhazikitsa zomwe zimatchedwa SEZs, Special Economic Zones. Iye ndi gulu lake anagwidwa ndi kuphana m'dera la Nandigram ku West Bengal, mu March 2007. Kodi ma SEZ ndi chiyani? Kodi ali ngati maquiladoras?
Chiwonetsero cha West Bengal- chithunzi chochokera www.all4all.org |
Zina mwa izo zikukonzedwabe, kotero sitikudziwa kuti pamapeto pake zidzawoneka bwanji. Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa iwo ndi madera okhudzana ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso. Enawo, inde, maquiladora angakhale kufotokoza koyenera. Koma cholinga chake ndikukhazikitsa malo omwe ali ngati gawo lakunja malinga ndi malamulo adzikolo komanso malamulo otumiza ndi kutumiza kunja. Amapeza kuchotsera kwakukulu kwamisonkho ndi kuchotsera msonkho. Choncho kwa zaka khumi zoyambirira, palibe msonkho wa ndalama kapena msonkho wa kampani umene uyenera kulipidwa ndipo kwa zaka zisanu zotsatira ndi theka la mtengowo. Komanso, atha kuitanitsa zinthu kuchokera kunja popanda msonkho. Atha kugulitsanso kumsika wapakhomo, kotero kuti sangagulitsidwenso kunja.
Boma lidzatha kutaya ndalama pa dongosolo la kasanu ndi kawiri kapena kakhumi ndalama zomwe zikuchitika lero, zomwe zachitika kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipotu unduna wa zachuma wawatsutsa. Ngakhale Banki Yadziko Lonse imanena kuti ndi zonyansa. Raghuram Rajan, yemwe anali mkulu wazachuma wa International Monetary Fund, akuti palibe chifukwa chilichonse chokhalira ndi chuma cha SEZ.
West Bengal ili ndi pafupifupi theka la SEZs zomwe zakonzedwa. Mmodzi wa iwo anali kukakhala ku Nandigram, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 100 kuchokera ku Calcutta. Izi zikanaphatikizapo kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu ochuluka kwambiri. Iyi ikhala gawo lopangira mankhwala omwe amathandizidwa ndi gulu la Salim ochokera ku Indonesia. Ndilo kutsogolo kwa banja lachinyengo la Suharto, lomwe lalanda Indonesia kwazaka zambiri. Choyipa kwambiri ndichakuti West Bengal, yomwe ili ndi boma lakumanzere, iyenera kukhala ndi galimoto iliyonse yokhala ndi anthu ngati amenewo.
Komabe, chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Nandigram, chofalikira m'midzi ingapo, chakana kulandidwa malo. Boma lidayenera kuchitapo kanthu pa izi. Padakali pano mkangano pakati pa otsatira chipani cha CP(M) ndi anthu ena unayambika ndipo apolisi adawombera m’mwezi wa Marichi chaka chatha ndikupha anthu khumi ndi anayi. Pali umboni wokwanira wochokera ku makomiti odziimira okha omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi nzika, komanso kuchokera ku zolemba zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa ndi Central Bureau of Investigation, bungwe la apolisi lamphamvu kwambiri, kuti CP (M) ndi apolisi adagwirizana. Achipani cha CP(M) anayesa kudzibisa ndi zovala za apolisi ndipo boma lidawalimbikitsa kuchita izi.
Amenewo sanali mapeto a nkhaniyi. Apanso chaka chatha, mu October ndi November, panali mikangano yoopsa kwambiri. Chipani cha CP(M) chidachotsa dala apolisi kuti makadi awo atha kulandanso derali pochita zinthu zankhanza kwambiri monga kugwiririra, kupha komanso kuwotcha. Nandigram ndi chotupa choyipa m'buku lolemba kumanzere. Mfundo yakuti boma la mapiko a kumanzere linawombera anthu wamba, alimi omwe anali mbali ya chigawo chawo choyambirira ndi amene amati amalankhula m’dzina lawo, inadabwitsa kwambiri chikumbumtima cha anthu omasuka komanso ochirikiza kumanzere.
Buku latsopano lotchedwa Nandigram: Zomwe Zidachitikadi atero a Nandigram akuwonetsa "boma la apolisi lomwe likukula pang'onopang'ono ku India ndi mabungwe, zipani zandale, mabungwe aboma, ndi zigawenga zikugwirana manja kuti athetse kukana kulikonse ...."
Ndiko kulongosola kolondola kwa zomwe zikuchitika, makamaka m'maiko olemera kwambiri, monga Chhattisgarh ndi Jharkhand m'chigawo chapakati cha India ndi Orissa kum'mawa - komanso ku Andhra Pradesh ndi Karnataka kumwera. Kulikonse kumene ma SEZ akukhazikitsidwa, pali kukana kwakukulu. Boma ndiye limatsika kwambiri kumbali ya olimbikitsa likulu ndikuzunza anthu.
Ku Orissa pali dera lalikulu la migodi lomwe likutsegulidwa kwa gulu lalikulu kwambiri lamakampani opanga zitsulo padziko lonse lapansi ndi lina la Mittals, anthu amalonda ochokera ku India, opanga zitsulo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Akufuna kukhazikitsa zitsulo pokhapokha atha kutumiza zitsulo zonse ndi chitsulo pamitengo yotaya. Imeneyi ndi mitundu ya zipsinjo zomwe zikukulirakulira maboma a maboma, omwe sangathe kukana, omwe alibe malingaliro okhudzana ndi kupanga ndondomeko zachuma zina zamitundu iyi yowononga ndi kulanditsa mafakitale.
Mtsutso wakuti izi zidzapanga ntchito ndizoseketsa. Ku Nandigram munali kuŵerengera komwe kunapangidwa ponena za gulu la Tata—limodzi la magulu a maindasitale aakulu kwambiri ku India—omwe anali kukhazikitsa fakitale ya magalimoto kuti apange galimoto yotsika mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse, yongogula madola 2,500 okha. Koma, ndithudi, sichimakwaniritsa ngakhale mfundo zoyambirira za chitetezo kapena mpweya. Malo opangira magalimotowa adasamutsa mabanja opitilira 1,000 komanso anthu 15,000 omwe amadalira chuma cha dera lotukuka kwambiri ku Singur. M'malo mwa anthu 15,000 omwe moyo wawo wawonongeka, apanga ntchito 600, theka la zomwe mwina zidzapita kwa anthu akunja chifukwa anthu am'deralo alibe luso la mafakitale.
Mbali ina yavuto lalikulu la damu ku Tehri ndi kusowa kwa madzi akumwa m'derali. Anthu anali kundidandaulira za izo. Mtolankhani wina anandiuza kuti panopa akusamba ndi ndowa imodzi yokha yomwe ankasambamo anayi. Damboli likubweretsa madzi ku Delhi, koma likusowetsa madzi kwa anthu okhala mderali.
Ndicho chithunzi chimene mudzachiwona mmalo ndi malo. Posachedwapa, gulu lonse la midzi pafupi ndi ntchito yamagetsi ku Bihar anali ndi zionetsero zazikulu chifukwa patatha zaka 20 kuchokera pamene siteshoni yaikuluyi imamangidwa, oyandikana nawo sapeza magetsi. Ndi mtundu womwewo wa zinthu. Zonse zimatumizidwa ku mizinda ikuluikulu, zimatumizidwa ku mafakitale, zimatumizidwa kwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu, kaya ndi ulimi kapena mafakitale kapena ntchito.
Kodi nchiyani chinachititsa dziko la India kulowa m’dongosolo lotchedwa New World Economic Order?
Zinthu zingapo zinachitika. Soviet Union inali itagwa panthawiyo ndipo ena mwa opanga malamulo athu adaganiza kuti masewera okhawo mtawuniyi anali aku America. Iwalani za kusakhazikika, palibe mabulogu omwe atsala pano. Choncho tinayamba kusintha ndondomeko yathu.
Chachiwiri, gulu latsopano la akuluakulu a boma ndi oyang'anira zachuma adatulukira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 akunena kuti tsogolo lenileni liri pamsika waulere, mu malamulo opumula, kulola kulowa kwa ndalama zakunja, kuchotsa malamulo odana ndi kulamulira ndi kukhulupilira, ndi kulola makampani apadera kuti azitukuka. Anagwiritsa ntchito vuto lachuma lakanthawi kochepa lokhudzana ndi vuto la kusinthanitsa kwamayiko akunja panthawiyo. New Delhi idalephera kubweza ngongole ndipo idagulitsa golide wake kuti ipeze ndalama. Pofuna kupeza yankho, adakankhira njira yotakata yomasula, kuchotsa malamulo, ndi kubisa - zinthu zomwe Washington amagwirizana.
P. Sainath, yemwe amalemba mu Chihindu, akuti tsopano kuli Amwenye aŵiri.
Izi ndizovuta kwambiri m'mbali zina, koma makamaka ndizowona kuti akuluakulu aku India atembenukira m'mbuyo anthu ambiri. Amayang'ana ku India monga momwe ma capitalist opanda nzeru ochokera kulikonse padziko lapansi angayang'anire India, ngati malo opangira ndalama ndi msika komanso ngati dziwe lalikulu la antchito otsika mtengo. Sakuvutitsidwa ndi unyinji wa Amwenye omwe akuchita zoyipa kapena chilichonse. Akhoza kufa ndi njala chifukwa cha zonse zomwe amawasamalira. Choncho m’lingaliro limenelo ndi zoona.
Koma ndikukhulupiriranso kuti pali mtundu wa gawo lowunikiridwa mkati mwa olemera omwe amamvetsetsa kuti izi sizingapitirire mpaka kalekale. Kusiyana kwakukulu komanso kusalinganizika kwa zigawo kukukulirakulira ku India. Theka la magawo khumi ndi awiri mwa zigawo 28 ndi madera 7 a mgwirizano amapeza magawo awiri pa atatu a ndalama zonse ndipo ena amapita kwa agalu. Izi ndizovuta, zosavomerezeka, zomwe palibe dziko lomwe limadzinenera kuti ndi lademokalase lomwe lingalole kupitiriza.
Mwalemba posachedwa za ubale watsopano ndi United States komanso Israel, womwe sudziwika bwino. India idakhazikitsa satellite ya akazitape ku Israeli koyambirira kwa 2008.
Tsopano tapanga zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa ngati ubale wokhazikika pakungotsala pang'ono kugwirizanitsa usilikali ndi United States ndi Israel. US ndi India adasaina mapanganowa pa mgwirizano wanzeru komanso mgwirizano wa nyukiliya, pomwe United States idzachepetsa malamulo ake apakhomo ndikuyambiranso malonda anyukiliya wamba ndi India ngakhale India ali ndi zida za nyukiliya ndipo sanasainenso Non-Proliferation Treaty. kapena mgwirizano wina uliwonse woletsa zida zanyukiliya.
General Pace ku India- chithunzi chochokera www.defenselink.mil |
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pakati pa 2005, awiriwa adasainanso mgwirizano watsopano wokhudzana ndi chitetezo chomwe chimafuna kusinthana kwa anthu, masewera ankhondo, kukambirana pamodzi, masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amatsogolera kusagwirizana kwa ntchito zawo zosiyanasiyana ndi kayendetsedwe kawo - mafupipafupi ndi zinthu zomwezo. monga choncho-zomwe ziri zofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe United States imachita ndi ogwirizana nawo a NATO. Chifukwa chake ndi ubale wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wopanda malire. Ndizosavomerezeka kwambiri ku India.
Ndiroleni ine ndinene pang'ono za ubale wa Israeli, chifukwa kwenikweni ndi wopotoka kwambiri, woyendetsedwa ndi malingaliro ankhondo okhudzana ndi kuphwanya kwathunthu kudzipereka kwa India kwazaka makumi ambiri chifukwa cha dziko la Palestine. Zimayendetsedwa ndi malonda ankhondo ndi mgwirizano mu zomwe zimatchedwa uchigawenga. India tsopano ndiye wogula wamkulu wa zida zankhondo za Israeli ndi mapulogalamu. Israel ndi yachiwiri pamakampani ogulitsa zida ku India pambuyo pa Russia. Sitinakhale ndi ubale wamphamvu wogulitsa zankhondo ndi United States, koma tsopano ukukula. United States ikufuna kwambiri kugulitsa mulu wonse wa ndege zankhondo zatsopano ku India, magulu angapo aiwo: omenyera nkhondo, ma helikoputala, ndege zowonera, ndi ndege zoyendera. M'malo mwake, India adasaina mgwirizano wa $ 3 biliyoni wa ndege zoyendera za Hercules.
Kodi palinso masewera olimbitsa thupi ankhondo?
Zazikuluzikulu. N’zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa tinali ndi chotchedwa Pangano la Mtendere ndi Ubwenzi ndi Soviet Union mu 1971. Sitinachitepo nawo masewera ankhondo ngakhale limodzi ndi a Soviet Union. Pano muli ndi United States zolimbitsa thupi zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zidachitikapo padziko lonse lapansi, zophatikiza zombo 40 ndi ndege mazanamazana ndi asitikali masauzande ambiri ochokera kugombe lakum'mawa kwa India. Zochita ziwiri zoterezi zidachitika chaka chatha chokhudza kuwongolera kophatikizana ndikuyesa kugwirizana ndi zina zotero.
United States yanena kuti ikufuna India kuti alowe nawo gulu lankhondo m'maiko achitatu. Zakhala zikukakamiza India, mwachitsanzo, kutumiza asitikali ku Iraq kuti akhazikitse ntchitoyo. BJP, Bharatiya Janata Party, boma lakumanja, lomwe lidalamulira mpaka 2004, lidayandikira kwambiri kutumiza asitikali 17,000, kuposa kuchuluka kwa asitikali omwe, mwachitsanzo, Britain idakhalapo nawo ku Iraq. Koma zinali pansi pa chitsenderezo cha anthu ndi zionetsero zazikulu za zipani za ndale kotero kuti pomalizira pake sichinatumize asilikali alionse. Momwemonso, boma lomwe lidatsatira, United Progressive Alliance la Manmohan Singh, nalonso lidakumana ndi mavuto, koma silinadzipereke. Chofunikira pa ubalewu chikukhudzana ndi maulendo ophatikizana m'maiko achitatu, kotero India idzakhala nawo pamayendedwe aukali aku US m'maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Izi zili ndi zoyipa, zikuwoneka kwa ine.
Pali lingaliro lalikulu la mapaipi a gasi, gasi akufunika kwambiri kuno ku India, kuchokera ku Iran kudzera ku Pakistan. US yachenjeza India kuti ikhoza kukumana ndi zilango ngati ingapitirire ndi mgwirizano.
India yapita pang'onopang'ono pamapaipi, zomwe sizipanga phindu lililonse pazachuma. Mapaipiwa alidi pazachuma cha India, ndipo amatha kubweretsa gasi pamtengo wotsika kwambiri kuposa mafuta otengedwa ndi sitima kapena mapaipi ochokera kumayiko ngati Turkmenistan. Koma, inde, United States yakhala ikukakamiza India ku Iran. Ndipo India, ndikuganiza zamanyazi ake osatha, adavota kawiri motsutsana ndi Iran ku International Atomic Energy Agency ndipo adagwirizana ndi United States potumiza Iran ku Security Council kuti akalandire chilango, ngakhale kuti India ali ndi malingaliro akuti Iran sikuphwanya chilichonse. za zomwe adalonjeza pansi pa Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty kapena charter ya IAEA.
The Guardian Adanenanso za kuchuluka kwa ndalama zodzitetezera ku India, zomwe zimawononga ndalama zochepa pamaphunziro ndi zaumoyo ndipo zatsutsidwa kwambiri kunyumba.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zovutitsa kwambiri zomwe timayika patsogolo pazachuma zomwe tili nazo ku India. Zimagwira ntchito ngati $30 biliyoni, zomwe ndi zazikulu kuwirikiza katatu kuposa momwe zinalili zaka 10 zapitazo, pamene India adayesa nyukiliya.
Woimbidwa mlandu wina wa zida za nyukiliya ananena kuti zithandiza dziko la India kuchepetsa ndalama zake pa zida wamba, ndipo ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo zidzakhazikika. Tidakayikira izi ngati zopanda pake, chifukwa mbiri ya Cold War ndikuti mayiko omwe adagulitsa zida zanyukiliya adawonanso kuti ndalama zawo zankhondo zikukwera kukwera, ndiye mudali ndi mpikisano wa zida zanyukiliya komanso wamba.
Izi ndi zomwe zikuchitika pakati pa India ndi Pakistan komanso, mowopsa kwambiri, pakati pa India ndi China. Ichi ndi chiyambi cha mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya. Pamene ikuwonjezeka, dziko la India lidzawononga mabiliyoni ochulukirapo chifukwa cha kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa mapulogalamu ake a chitetezo cha chakudya, madzi akumwa, zosowa zochepa za anthu, makamaka thanzi. Ndalama zachuma ndizochepa kwambiri, ndizochititsa manyazi.
Lankhulani zambiri zomwe Prime Minister Manmohan Singh amachitcha "chiwopsezo chachikulu chachitetezo chamkati mdziko muno." The Hindustan Timesamatanthauza "njira yofiira ya Naxal" kuchokera ku Andhra Pradesh kupita ku Jharkhand. A Naxalites amatchulidwa kuti mudzi wa Bengal, Naxalbari, kumene gulu lawo linayambira mu 1967. Koma zikuwoneka tsopano kuti mawu akuti Maoist ndi Naxalite ndi zigawenga akugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana.
Tsoka ilo, ndi zoona. Chatsopano n'chakuti akunenedwa kuti ndi zigawenga ndipo akulamulidwa ndi malamulo omwe akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi zigawenga kapena zigawenga. Uku ndikugwiritsira ntchito molakwika mawu akuti uchigawenga, zikuwoneka kwa ine. Boma likunena kuti izi ndizowopseza kwambiri chitetezo chamkati ndipo nduna yayikulu, idapitilira ndipo idati chiwopsezochi chiyenera kuthetsedwa mopanda chifundo komanso kuti India sipumula pokhapokha ngati mliri wa mapiko amanzere ugonjetsedwe.
Ntchito yochotsa anti-Naxalite- chithunzi chochokera www.all4all.org |
Sananenepo izi zokhuza anthu ochita monyanyira, musaganize. Sananenepo izi za zigawenga za Vishva Hindu Parishad ndi Bajrang Dal, zomwe zapha anthu ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, gulu lachigawenga la ku Gujarat mu 2002 linathandizidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi boma lomwe silinachitepo kanthu, pamene anthu pafupifupi 2,000, makamaka Asilamu, anaphedwa.
Pali ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso zida za apolisi m'maboma awa ndikusintha zida zawo zamakono, kuwapatsa zida zowonera usiku - zili ngati nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu anu.
M'malo mwake, zomwe adachita m'boma la Chhattisgarh ndikukhazikitsa gulu la zigawenga la Contra-style, Salva Judum, yemwe udindo wake ndikupha Naxalites. Chotero boma linapanga zida zankhondo zimenezi, mofanana ndi mmene Reagan anapangira zida za Contras ku Nicaragua m’ma 1980 ndi kuwapatsa mfuti ndi malipiro ndi kuwauza kuti, “Pitani mukaphe ndipo tidzakutetezani.” Anthu a ku Salva Judum—mukunena za ena 13,000 a iwo amene amalipidwa ndi boma—achita chipwirikiti chachikulu ndi kuyambitsa chiwonongeko m’dera limenelo. Pafupifupi anthu 100,000 athawa kwawo, 50,000 akukhala m'misasa, osatha kupeza zofunika pamoyo. Iwo sangakhoze kubwerera ku maiko awo ndi kuwalima iwo. Sangachite chilichonse chomwe chingawapezere ndalama.
David Barsamian ndi director of Alternative Radio komanso wolemba mabuku ambiri, kuphatikiza Zomwe Tikunena Zikupita: Zokambirana ndi Noam Chomsky.