Kampeni yauchigawenga yapadziko lonse ya Obama sikungodalira pulogalamu yake yopha anthu ndi ma drone, koma idalira kutumizidwa kwa magulu ankhondo a Special Operations m'maiko padziko lonse lapansi - akuti pakati pa mayiko 70 ndi 120 nthawi iliyonse. Monga Obama adafuna kutsitsa maiko ambiri (monga momwe Bush adathamangira ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq), wachulukitsa dziko lonse lankhondo zobisika, makamaka kunja kwa kuyang'aniridwa ndi Congress ndi anthu. Mmodzi mwa mabungwe ofunikira kwambiri pankhondo yachinsinsi yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC).
JSOC idakhazikitsidwa mu 1980 kutsatira kulephera kupulumutsidwa kwa akazembe aku America ku ofesi ya kazembe wa US ku Iran monga "malo obisika komanso obisika a gulu lankhondo," adatero. Atlantic. Zinakhala "kukula mwachangu" pansi pa utsogoleri wa Bush ndipo, kuyambira pomwe a Obama adalowa m'malo, "zikuwoneka kuti zikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha dziko" komanso "kuthana ndi uchigawenga," m'malo omwe "nthawi zonse anali ndi CIA. โ Chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri pakati pa nkhondo zobisikazi zomwe zikuchitidwa ndi JSOC m'malo mwa CIA ndikuti CIA iyenera kukanena ku Congress, pomwe JSOC imangonena za ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri ku National Security Council ya Purezidenti.
Panthawi ya utsogoleri wa Bush, JSOC "idanena mwachindunji" kwa Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Dick Cheney, malinga ndi mtolankhani wofufuza yemwe adapambana mphoto Seymour Hersh latsopano Yorker), yemwe adalongosola kuti, "Ndizomveka zopha anthu akuluakulu ndipo zakhala zikuchitika mobwerezabwereza .... Motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Bush, akhala akupita kumayiko, osalankhula ndi kazembe kapena wamkulu wa CIA, ndikupeza anthu pamndandanda ndikuwapha ndikuchoka. Izi zakhala zikuchitika mโdzina la tonsefe.โ
Mu 2005, a Dick Cheney adatcha Asitikali Apadera aku US kuti "akatswiri osalankhula" omwe akuyimira "mtundu wa mphamvu zomwe tikufuna kupanga zamtsogolo ... Ndipo mosadabwitsa, Cheney anati: โPalibe aliyense wa ife amene amafuna kugaลตira tsogolo la anthu kwa timagulu tingโonotingโono ta otengeka maganizo ochita kuphana kopanda tsankho ndi kupanga chiwembu chowopsa.โ Osati pokhapokha ngati "otengeka" aja atavala yunifolomu ya asilikali a US, ndithudi, pamene "kupha mwachisankho ndi kukonza zigawenga zazikulu" si nkhani.
Mtsogoleri wa JSOC panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Bush - pamene adagwira ntchito ngati "mphete yakupha" ya Cheney - anali General Stanley McChrystal, yemwe Obama adamusankha kukhala mkulu wa asilikali ku Afghanistan. Mosadabwitsa, JSOC idayamba kuchita gawo lalikulu ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan. Kumayambiriro kwa 2009, mtsogoleri watsopano wa JSOC, Wachiwiri kwa Admiral William H. McRaven, adalamula kuti kuimitsidwa kwa milungu iwiri ku ntchito zapadera za Afghanistan, pambuyo poti zigawenga zingapo za JSOC m'miyezi yapitayi zidapha azimayi ndi ana angapo, ndikuwonjezera "kukwiya" komwe kukukula. mkati mwa Afghanistan za imfa za anthu wamba zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha zigawenga zaku US ndi kuwukira kwa ndege, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu wamba afa mu 2008.
JSOC yakhala ikuchita nawo nkhondo yachinsinsi mkati mwa Pakistan, kuyambira 2006, koma ikukwera mwachangu pansi pa ulamuliro wa Obama. Nkhondo yachinsinsi idachitika mogwirizana ndi CIA komanso wochita zankhondo wodziwika bwino, a Blackwater, adadziwika chifukwa chopha anthu wamba aku Iraq, pambuyo pake adaletsedwa kugwira ntchito mdzikolo.
Woyambitsa Blackwater, Erik Prince, adalembedwanso ngati chuma cha CIA ku 2004 ndipo, m'zaka zotsatira, adapeza ndalama zokwana $ 1.5 biliyoni m'mapangano kuchokera ku Pentagon ndi CIA. Kuphatikizidwa pakati pa utsogoleri wake angapo akuluakulu apamwamba a CIA. Blackwater, yomwe makamaka imalemba ntchito asilikali omwe kale anali a Gulu Lankhondo Lapadera, wakhala akugwira ntchito ngati asilikali a CIA ndi akuluakulu a Dipatimenti ya Boma kunja kwa nyanja. kunja kwa Congression kapena kuyang'anira pagulu (linali bungwe lachinsinsi).
CIA inalemba ntchito Blackwater kuti ithandize pulogalamu yakupha mwachinsinsi, yomwe inabisidwa ku Congress kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Izi zitha kuyang'aniridwa ndi CIA kapena Special Forces ogwira ntchito. Blackwater adachitanso mgwirizano wogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo m'malo obisika ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan pa pulogalamu yopha a Obama, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi CIA. Mizere yogawa asitikali, CIA, ndi Blackwater inali "yosawoneka bwino." Monga momwe mkulu wina wakale wa CIA adanenanso, "Unakhala ubale waubale .... Panali kumverera kuti Blackwater ikhala yowonjezera bungwe. โ
Nkhondo yachinsinsi ku Pakistan mwina idayamba pansi pa Bush, koma idakula mwachangu m'zaka zotsatira zaulamuliro wa Obama. Zingwe za Wikileaks zidatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa magulu ankhondo a JSOC mkati mwa Pakistan, pomwe Prime Minister waku Pakistani Yousaf Raza Gillani adauza kazembe wa US ku Pakistan, Anne Patterson (yemwe pambuyo pake adzasankhidwa kukhala kazembe ku Egypt), kuti, "Sindisamala ngati angatero. bola ngati apeza anthu oyenera. Tichita zionetsero ku National Assembly kenako ndikunyalanyaza. "
M'miyezi isanu yoyambirira ya utsogoleri wa Obama ku 2009, adavomereza "kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ntchito zankhondo ndi zanzeru padziko lonse lapansi," kupatsa akuluakulu ankhondo a Pentagon "ulamuliro watsopano" pazochitika zobisika ngati izi. Lamuloli lidachokera kwa General Petraeus, wamkulu wa CENTCOM, kulola asitikali a Special Forces kuti atumizidwe "kumayiko aubwenzi komanso ankhanza ku Middle East, Central Asia, ndi Horn of Africa." Kutumizidwa kwa akupha ophunzitsidwa bwino m'maiko ambiri kudayenera kukhala "kwanthawi yayitali komanso kwanthawi yayitali," opangidwa kuti "alowe, kusokoneza, kugonjetsa, kapena kuwononga" adani a boma, mopanda lamulo, osazengedwa mlandu kapena kunyezimira. Amakonzekeretsanso "malo" kuti aziwukira zazikulu zomwe mayiko a US kapena NATO angakonzekere. Mosiyana ndi CIA, izi sizipereka malipoti ku Congress kapena zimafuna "kuvomerezedwa ndi Purezidenti." Koma pazochita zazikuluzikulu, amalandila chilolezo cha National Security Council (NSC), yomwe imaphatikizapo Purezidenti, komanso atsogoleri ena akuluakulu a nduna za Pentagon, CIA, State Department, ndi zina zambiri.
Malamulo atsopanowa adapatsa akuluakulu a madera - monga Petraeus yemwe adatsogolera CENTCOM, kapena General Ward wa AFRICOM yomwe idangopangidwa kumene - ulamuliro pamagulu apadera m'dera la malamulo awo, ndikukhazikitsa mphamvu zotumiza anthu opha anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. kuchita ntchito zachinsinsi popanda kuyang'anira kalikonse. Ulamuliro watsopanowu waperekedwa kwa akuluakulu angapo akuluakulu ankhondo, omwe akwera pamwamba pa bungwe lopanda demokalase. Mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi pulezidenti ndani, "ulamuliro" umenewu umakhalabe mu "malamulo omenyana," omwe akuphatikizapo:
ยท AFRICOM ku Africa (est. 2007)
ยท CENTCOM ku Middle East ndi Central Asia (est. 1983)
ยท EUCOM ku Europe (est. 1947)
ยท NORTHCOM ku North America (est. 2002)
ยท PACOM over the Pacific rim and Asia (est. 1947)
ยท SOUTHCOM kudera la Central ndi South America ndi ku Caribbean (est. 1963)
ยท SOCOM ngati Special Operations Command (est. 1987)
ยท STRATCOM monga Strategic Command pazochitika zankhondo zokhudzana ndi mlengalenga, nzeru, ndi zida (est. 1992)
ยท TRANSCOM yosamalira mayendedwe onse a Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo
Dipatimenti Yaboma idapatsidwa "kuyang'anira" kuti ichotse ntchito ku ofesi ya kazembe aliyense, kuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense ali "munjira," mosiyana ndi zaka za Bush pomwe idachotsedwa muofesi ya Cheney osauza wina aliyense.
Mu 2010, adanenedwa ndi a Washington Post kuti US yakulitsa ntchito za Gulu Lankhondo Lapadera padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira kutumizidwa m'maiko pafupifupi 60 pansi pa Bush mpaka pafupifupi mayiko 75 mu 2010 pansi pa Obama, akugwira ntchito m'malo odziwika bwino monga Philippines ndi Colombia, komanso Yemen, kudutsa. ku Middle East, Africa, ndi Central Asia. Kutumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi kwa Special Forces - limodzi ndi pulogalamu yankhondo yapadziko lonse ya CIA - inali mbali ziwiri za "chiphunzitso cha chitetezo cha dziko la Obama pakuchitapo kanthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso zomwe zili m'nyumba," m'mawu a Washington Post, ngakhale kuti nkhaniyo sinadziwike kuti ndi mbali iti yomenya nkhondo zachinsinsi mโmayiko 75 imene inali โmakhalidweโ a Obama. Oyang'anira a Gulu Lankhondo Zapadera akhala "opezeka pafupipafupi ku White House" pansi pa a Obama kuposa a George Bush, ndi mkulu wina woteroyo akunena kuti, "Tili ndi mwayi wochulukirapoโฆ. Akulankhula poyera mocheperapo koma akuchita zambiri. Iwo ndi okonzeka kuchita zinthu mwaukali mofulumira kwambiri.โ Kutumiza kwa Special Operations koteroko "kupitilira kumenyedwa ndi mayiko ena ndipo kumaphatikizapo kuphunzitsa magulu ankhondo am'deralo ndikuchita nawo limodzi."
Chifukwa chake sikuti asitikali aku US akumenya nkhondo zachinsinsi m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma amaphunzitsa asitikali ankhondo am'mayiko ambiri mwamayikowa kuti achite nkhondo zachinsinsi mkati, komanso mokomera ufumu wa United States wa Mafia.
Mkulu wina wankhondo adakhazikitsanso gulu lamagulu ankhondo achinsinsi omwe adalemba ganyu akale a Gulu Lankhondo Lapadera ndi CIA kuti asonkhanitse zidziwitso ndikuchita zachinsinsi m'maiko akunja kuti athandizire "kupha": kupereka ndalama zothandizira anthu, kuyankha pagulu. Mabungwe oterowo โankaonedwa kuti ndi oletsedwaโ ndipo โankapanda ndalama mosayenera.โ Nkhani za maukondewa zitatuluka, Pentagon idati idatseka ndikutsegula "kufufuza kwamilandu." Zinapezeka kuti sanapeze chilichonse "cholakwa," chifukwa miyezi iwiri pambuyo pake, ntchitozo zinali kupitilira ndipo "zidakhala gwero lofunikira lanzeru." Maukonde amakampani obisika "akuyendetsedwa" ndi Lockheed Martin, m'modzi mwa makontrakitala akuluakulu ankhondo padziko lapansi, pomwe "akuyang'aniridwa" ndi Pentagon's Special Operations Command.
Admiral Eric T. Olson anali mtsogoleri wa Special Operations Command kuchokera ku 2007 mpaka 2011 ndipo, m'chaka chimenecho, Olson adatsogolera njira yopambana-yovomerezedwa ndi Wapampando wa Joint Chiefs Mike Mullen ndi Mlembi wa Chitetezo Robert Gates-kulimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo akuluakulu apamwamba a ntchito zapadera ku maudindo apamwamba mu dongosolo lonse la asilikali. "Mchitidwe" uyenera kupitiriza pansi pa Mlembi wa Chitetezo Leon Panetta, yemwe adatsogolera CIA kuchokera ku 2009 mpaka 2011. Olson atasiya udindo wake monga mkulu wa Special Operations Command, adasinthidwa ndi Admiral William McRaven, yemwe anali mkulu wa bungwe. JSOC kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2011, atatsatira Stanley McChrystal.
Pofika Januwale 2012, a Obama adafuna kuchoka kunkhondo zazikulu zapadziko lapansi monga ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, ndikuganiziranso za "gulu lankhondo laling'ono, lotha kuyenda ku Asia, Pacific ndi Middle East." Atazunguliridwa ndi Joint Chiefs of Staff ovala yunifolomu yathunthu yokongoletsedwa ndi mendulo, pamodzi ndi akuluakulu ena apamwamba a Pentagon, Purezidenti Obama adapereka nkhani yachilendo ya atolankhani ku Pentagon komwe adanena kuti, "asilikali athu adzakhala ochepa, koma dziko liyenera kudziwa United States. Mayiko apitiliza kukhala ndi gulu lathu lankhondo. โ Zofunika kwambiri munjira imeneyi zikanakhala "ndalama zothandizira chitetezo ndi zolakwa pa intaneti, zamagulu a Special Operations ndi malo ambiri anzeru, kuyang'anira ndi kufufuza."
Mu February 2012, Admiral William H. McRaven, mkulu wa Special Operations Command, "anali kukakamiza magulu ake osankhika omwe mwachizolowezi akugwira ntchito mumdima wa ndondomeko zakunja za America," kulimbikitsa ndondomeko yomwe "ingapereke. iye ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira woika magulu ake ankhondo ndi zida zawo zomenyera nkhondo kumene nzeru ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse zimasonyeza kuti nโzofunika kwambiri,โ makamaka poganizira za kufutukuka ku Asia, Africa, ndi Latin America. McRaven adanena kuti, "Sizikunena za Socom [Special Operations Command] yomwe ikuyendetsa nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi uchigawengaโฆ. Sindikuganiza kuti ndife okonzeka kuchita zimenezo. Zomwe zili ndi momwe ndingathandizire bwino" magulu akuluakulu ankhondo amchigawo.
M'zaka khumi zapitazo, pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya asilikali a US Special Operations adatumizidwa ku Middle East, koma McRaven ankafuna kuti afalikire kumadera ena, komanso kuti athe "kusuntha mayunitsi ake mwamsanga kumalo otentha popanda kudutsa. njira yokhazikika ya Pentagon yomwe imayang'anira ntchito zotumizidwa kunja. โ Lamulo la Special Operations Command lili ndi anthu pafupifupi 66,000, kuchuluka kwawiri kuyambira 2001, ndipo bajeti yake idafika $ 10.5 biliyoni, kuchokera $ 4.2 biliyoni mu 2001.
Mu Marichi 2012, McRaven adapanga mapulani okulitsa magawo apadera ogwirira ntchito, kuwapanga kukhala "mphamvu yosankha" motsutsana ndi "zowopsa zomwe zikubwera" pazaka khumi zotsatira. McRaven's Special Operations Command imayang'anira asitikali ndi anthu wamba opitilira 60,000, akunena m'makalata olembedwa ku Pentagon kuti: "Tili pankhondo yolimbana .... M'tsogolomu, dziko la United States liyenera kuthana ndi ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana zachiwawa choopsa. Kuti tigwire ntchito mokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi, ntchito zathu zapadera ziyenera kusintha. โ McRaven adati Special Forces ikugwira ntchito m'maiko opitilira 71 padziko lonse lapansi.
Kukula kwa ntchito zapadera zapadziko lonse lapansi kudachitika makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zoyika magulu ankhondo akulu padziko lonse lapansi ndikuchita nkhondo zazikulu ndi ntchito, zomwe palibe chithandizo chochepa cha anthu kunyumba kapena kunja. Mu 2013, Special Operations Command inali ndi mphamvu zomwe zikugwira ntchito m'maiko osiyanasiyana a 92 padziko lonse lapansi, ndi wotsutsa m'modzi wa Congressional akuimba McRaven kuti akugwira ntchito "yomanga ufumu." Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchitozi ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikuthandizira "kusokoneza" padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka m'madera akuluakulu ankhondo monga Pakistan.
Mu 2013, a McRaven's Special Operations Command adapeza maulamuliro atsopano komanso bajeti yokulirapo pomwe McRaven akuchitira umboni pamaso pa Senate Armed Services Committee kuti, "Tsiku lililonse pachaka mupeza magulu ochita ntchito zapadera [ku] kwinakwake pakati pa 70 ndi mayiko 90 padziko lonse lapansi. .โ Mโchaka cha 2012, zinanenedwa kuti pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, asilikali oterowo adzakhala akugwira ntchito mโmayiko 120.
Mu Disembala 2012, zidalengezedwa kuti US ikutumiza asitikali a 4,000 kumayiko 35 osiyanasiyana aku Africa ngati "gawo lamphamvu la Pentagon yophunzitsa mayiko kuti amenyane ndi zigawenga ndikupatsa US mphamvu yokonzeka komanso yophunzitsidwa kuti itumize ku Africa ngati pakakhala zovuta zomwe zikufunika. Asitikali aku US atuluka, "akugwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi Pentagon, AFRICOM.
Pofika September 2013, asilikali a US anali akugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ku Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, ndi Zambia, pakati pa ena. maziko, kupanga "zochita zachitetezo chachitetezo, masewera olimbitsa thupi, kutumiza upangiri, ntchito zapadera, ndi ma network omwe akukula."
Mwachidule, nkhondo yachigawenga yapadziko lonse ya Obama yakula mpaka kumayiko pafupifupi 100 padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuthetsa ziwawa zazikulu zankhondo ndi ntchito monga za ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, ndikuwonjezera "nkhondo zazing'ono" za Special Forces, kupitirira malamulo, kunja kwa Congression ndi kuyang'anira anthu, kuchititsa ntchito za "kulanda ndi kulanda", kuphunzitsa magulu ankhondo opondereza m'mayiko ambiri omwe amayendetsedwa ndi olamulira ankhanza kuti achite ntchito zawo m'malo mwa "Global Godfather."
Musalakwitse: iyi ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Tangoganizani pang'ono kudandaula kwa mayiko komwe kungabwere chifukwa cha nkhani za dziko la China kapena Russia lomwe likuchita nkhondo zachinsinsi m'mayiko pafupifupi 100 padziko lonse lapansi. Koma America ikatero, sizikutchulidwanso, kupatula ndemanga zomwe zikupita mu New York Times kapena Washington Post kuwonetsa kampeni yachigawenga yomwe sinachitikepo padziko lonse lapansi ngati woyimira "makhalidwe" a Obama. Zowonadi, America idakhala nthawi yayitali Global Godfather ikugwiritsa ntchito Mfundo ya Mafia ya ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi potseka ndi zigawenga zake zaku Western lackey "Capo" monga Great Britain ndi France. Komabe, pansi pa Obama, pulezidenti yemwe adapambana mphoto zamakampani okhudzana ndi anthu chifukwa cha ntchito yake yotsatsira bwino pulezidenti akulonjeza "chiyembekezo" ndi "kusintha," ufumuwo wadzipeza ukuchita nkhondo m'mayiko pafupifupi 100, ndikuchita zachiwawa zomwe sizinachitikepo padziko lonse lapansi, kukulitsa kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe, milandu yankhondo ndi milandu yolimbana ndi anthu, zonsezo motsogozedwa ndi Barack Obama, wopambana Mphotho ya Mtendere wa Nobel.
Kaya purezidenti ndi Clinton, Bush, kapena Obama, ufumu wa zigawenga zomwe zimalipidwa pa kampeni yake yapadziko lonse yolamulira ndi kugonjetsera, kuwononga anthu onse, pulumutsani zomwe zili pamwamba paulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndizokomera akuluakulu olamulira kuti America iteteze ndikukonza mapangidwe ake achifumu padziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, nโkothandiza anthu onse kuti ufumuwo utsutsidwe, ndipo pamapeto pake umangidwenso. Ndi ufumu umene ukulamulira ndi ufumu umene umawononga ndi ufumu umenewo uyenera kuwonongedwa.
Dziko lonse likuvutika ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri a ufumu wa Mafia akumadzulo: umphaลตi wadzaoneni, kuponderezedwa, kuwononga chilengedwe, nkhondo ndi chiwonongeko. Kulimbana ndi ufumu sikungatheke ndikupambana kuchokera kunja kokha. Dziko lonse lapansi lakhala likuvutika kuti lipulumuke polimbana ndi Ufumu wa Kumadzulo kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo zoona zake, zaka mazana ambiri. Kuti kulimbanako kupambane (ndipo kungapambane), gulu lamphamvu lolimbana ndi ufumu liyenera kukula mkati mwa mphamvu zachifumu komanso makamaka ku United States. Tsogolo la anthu limadalira izi.
Kapena ... tonse titha kungogula ndikuwonera TV, osawona bwino kampeni yapadziko lonse yazachigawenga ndi nkhondo yomwe ikuchitikira m'maina athu padziko lonse lapansi. Ndithudi, kusankha koteroko kungakhale kosangalatsa, koma pamapeto pake, nkhondo za mโmayiko akunja zimafika poipa. Monga mmene George Orwell analemberapo nthaลตi ina kuti: โNkhondoyo sinalinganize kupambanidwa, imayenera kukhala yosalekeza. Gulu la Hierarchical limatheka chifukwa cha umphawi ndi umbuli. Mtundu watsopanowu ndi wakale ndipo palibe m'mbuyomu wina womwe ungakhalepo. Mโchenicheni zoyesayesa zankhondo nthaลตi zonse zimalinganizidwira kusunga anthu pachiwopsezo cha njala. Nkhondo imamenyedwa ndi gulu lolamulira motsutsana ndi nzika zake ndipo cholinga chake sikupambana ku Eurasia kapena East Asia, koma kusungitsa dongosolo lenileni la anthu. "
Z
Andrew Gavin Marshall ndi wofufuza komanso wolemba yemwe amakhala ku Montreal, Canada. Ndi manejala wa projekiti ya The People's Book Project, wapampando wa Geopolitics Division ya The Hampton Institute, wotsogolera kafukufuku wa Occupy.com's Global Power Project, komanso amakhala ndi podcast sabata iliyonse ndi Boiling FrogsPost.