Ward Churchill
Mtengo wa nkhanza izi mwadongosolo pa
chowonadi ndi chikumbukiro ndi iwo amene amatsutsa zapadera za Chiyuda
kuzunzidwa kwakhala kokulirapo kwa omwe akuvutika
motsatira kuchepetsedwa kapena kusungidwa m'mbiri yakale.
Izi sizikudetsa nkhawa okhawo amene akhudzidwa ndi zipolowe zambirimbiri
zikuchitika kunja kwa dongosolo la Nazism, koma omwe sanali Ayuda amayang'ana
kuti athetsedwe mkati mwa Holocaust yomwe. Lingalirani, chifukwa
Mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo cha anthu a Sinti ndi Aromani (Gypsies, nawonso
wotchedwa "Romani"), yemwe Lipstadt safuna kuvomereza
mochulukirachulukira m'buku lake- Kusiyidwa kwake mosakayikira kuli chifukwa cha
kukana konsekonse ndi kukana kolimba kwa Ayuda
maphunziro, chikhalidwe ndi ndale mabungwe m'mbuyomu
zaka makumi asanu ngakhale kuvomereza kuti Gypsies anali mbali ya Holocaust,
chochitika chowoneka mochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakuwona kwawo
kuchotsedwa ku United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ku
Washington, DC.
Mu changu chawo choletsa zomwe amazitcha a
"dilution" kapena "de-judaization" ya
Holocaust, Ayuda odzipatula akhala akugwiritsa ntchito aliyense
chipangizo chodziwika kwa otsutsa kuti chiwonetsere Parramjos (monga
Kuphedwa kwa Nazi kumadziwika m'chinenero cha Chiromani; chofanana ndi Chihebri
is Sho'ah) kukhala chinthu
"zosiyana kwambiri" ndi Holocaust palokha The
njira yoyamba yakhala yochepetsera Gypsy mosalekeza
imfa. Mwachitsanzo, Lucy Dawidowcz akamatchula za iwo
konse, sachedwa kubwereza nthano zomwe,
"Pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni a Gypsy m'maiko omwe adagwa
pansi pa ulamuliro wa Germany, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a iwo anali
kuphedwa." Mfundo yomwe ikunenedwa ndi yakuti, pamene Gypsy
kuvutika mosakayikira kunali โkosapiririka,โ kunalidi choncho
mocheperapo kuposa Ayudawo.โ
Kwenikweni, molondola kwambiri-kapena
Kafukufuku wowona za anthu akuwulula, kuchuluka kwa ma Gypsy a
Europe yomwe idalandidwa ndi Germany idabwera kwinakwake pafupi ndi anthu awiri
mu 1939. Mwa awa, zinali kudziwika pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu zapitazo kuti
pakati pa 500,000 ndi 750,000 anafera mโmisasa monga Buchenwald,
Neuengamme, Bergen-Belsen, Belzec, Chehmo, Majdanek, Sobib6r ndi
Auschwitz. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti pakhala ngati
ma Gypsies ena miliyoni miliyoni adawonongedwa pomwe misonkho idatengedwa
ndi Einsatzgruppen, ntchito za antipartisan kummawa
Europe ndi zochita za magulu a satelayiti a Nazi zimakhazikitsidwa
chifukwa cha kusamveka uku ponena za kuchuluka kwa ma Gypsy omwe adafera
manja a chipani cha chipani cha Nazi, kusiya kuwerengetsera koopsa kwa
chiwerengero chawo choyamba, ndi kuti akupha awo sanali
kaลตirikaลตiri ankaลตerengera akufa awo ndi chiลตerengero cha Ayuda
kuphedwa (motero kuyerekezera kwina kwachiwerengero cha Ayuda
pamene akuchepetsa za Asinti ndi Aromani). Mwachidule, ndi
zikuwonekeratu kuti kutayika kolingana kwa ma Gypsies panthawi ya
Kuphedwa kwa Nazi kunali kwakukulu ngati kwa Ayuda, ndipo ndithu
mwina chachikulu.
Ngakhale zivute zitani, exclusivists akadali
amatsutsa kuti a Gypsies amasiyana ndi Holocaust chifukwa,
mosiyana ndi Ayuda, iwo โsanadziลตikidwe amphumphu
chiwonongekoโฆโฆ Malinga ndi Richard Breitman,
"A Nazi sakudziwika kuti ali nawo
anayankhulidwa za Final Solution ya vuto la ku Poland kapena gypsy
vuto." Kapena, monga Yehuda Bauer anali ndi kulimba mtima kuziyika
tsamba lake lamasamba atatu pa "Gypsies" mu Encyclopedia
za Holocaust - ndizo malo onse a Sinti ndi Aromani
zomwe zidaperekedwa patsamba lino la 2,000, mkonzi wake adasowa
ulemu ngakhale kukhala ndi Gypsy kulemba zomwe zikudzaza-
"[Zochitika] za a Gypsy zinali zogwirizana ndi lingaliro la Nazi monga
chonse; Agypsy sanali Ayuda, choncho panalibe chifukwa
kuwapha onse.
Kukumbukira n-kuthekera kumeneko
nthawi zonse anali mauna osakwanira pakati pa zolankhula ndi
zenizeni za kuwonongedwa kwa Nazi muzochitika zonse, kuphatikizapo za
Ayuda, kusiyanitsa komwe kukupezeka apa kumaunikanso. Monga ife tidzatero
onani ponena za a Poles, zonena zoterezi ndizokayikitsa
kutsimikizika. Ponena za a Gypsy, amakhala olimba mtima
bodza. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa mosavuta ndi Himmler's "Decree for
Malamulo Oyambira Othetsera Funso la Gypsy Monga Amafunikira
Nature of Race" ya December 8, 1938, yomwe
adayambitsa zokonzekera za kuwonongedwa kwathunthu of
a Sinti ndi Aromani (kutsindika kwawonjezeredwa).โ Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, in
February 1939, nkhani yachidule inafalitsidwa ndi Johannes Behrendt wa mโbungweli
Nazi Office of Racial Hygiene momwe zidanenedwa kuti
"Ma Gypsies onse ayenera kuchitidwa ngati odwala obadwa nawo; the
njira yokhayo ndiyo kuthetsa. Cholinga chiyenera kukhala kuchotsa
mosazengereza za anthu opanda chilema awa."
Hitler mwiniyo akunenedwa kuti adalamula ndi mawu kuti "
kuthetsedwa kwa Ayuda onse, ma gypsies ndi ndale za chikomyunizimu
ogwira ntchito mu Soviet Union yonse" kumayambiriro kwa June
1940. Patapita chaka chimodzi, Obergruppenfiihrer Reinhard Heydrich, mkulu wa bungwe.
Reich Main Security Office, pambuyo pake ndi kuwalangiza ake Einsatzcommandos
"kupha Ayuda onse, ma Gypsy ndi odwala amisala" mu
madera olandidwa a Kummawa.
Heydrich, yemwe adapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira
"yankho lomaliza la funso lachiyuda" pa 31 Julayi
1941, atangoukira Germany ku USSR, nawonso
anaphatikiza a Gypsies mu "njira yomalizaโฆ The Senior SS
wapolisi ndi Chief of Police for the East, Dr. Landgraf, ku Riga,
adauza Rosenberg's Reich Commissioner for the East, Lohse, za
kuphatikizidwa kwa a Gypsies mu "njira yomaliza."
Pamenepo, Lohse adalamula, pa 24th December 1941, kuti
Ma Gypsies "ayenera kupatsidwa chithandizo chofanana ndi cha
Ayuda."
Pa nthawi yomweyo, "Adolf
Eichmann adalimbikitsa kuti 'Funso la Gypsy' likhale
kuthetsedwa nthawi imodzi ndi 'Funso lachiyuda'โฆ Himmler
adasaina lamulo lotumiza Sinti ndi Roma yaku Germany ku
Auschwitz pa 16 December 1942. The 'Final Solution' ya' Gypsy
Funso' linali litayamba" pafupifupi nthawi yomweyi
Adanenedwa kuti zachitikadi chifukwa cha Ayuda."
Achizungu
adangomvera chilichonse
malamulo ankagwira ntchito kwa Ayuda pa nthawi yonse ya Final
Solution, motsatira malangizo omwe Himmler adapereka pa Disembala
24,1941 (ie, miyezi inayi isanafike Msonkhano wa Wannsee womwe
khazikitsani pulogalamu yowononga kwathunthu). Chifukwa chake,
palibe njira yodzitetezera yomwe tsogolo la Gypsies lingakhale
wosiyana ndi wa Ayuda.
Imodzi mwa njira zonyansa kwambiri
Odzipatula achiyuda adayesabe kutero, komabe,
amakhudzidwa ndi kubwerezabwereza kwawo kwa nthano ya Nazi kuti,
kachiwiri motsutsana ndi Ayuda, Agypsy anaphedwa ndi misa, osati
makamaka chifukwa chaufuko, koma chifukwa monga gulu iwo anali
"asocials" (zigawenga) . Ndipo, ngati izi momveka
kunyoza tsankho sikunali koipa mokwanira, Rabbi Seymour Siegel, a
yemwe kale anali pulofesa wa zamakhalidwe pa Seminale ya Zaumulungu Yachiyuda ndi
panthaลตiyo mkulu wa bungwe la United States Holocaust Memorial
Council, adawonjezera chipongwecho pogwiritsa ntchito masamba a Washington
Tumizani ku poyera kukayikira ngati Gypsies angathe ngakhale
kunena zoona kuti pali anthu osiyana .
Zoneneratu, Yehuda Bauer, palibe mlendo
kudzitsutsa pamene akuthamanga, kumenyana ndi mbali zonse
pakati pa kuyesayesa kwake kosalekeza โkutsimikizira koposa zonse
mthunzi wa chikayikiro" wapadera wa mazunzo achiyuda,
amalingalira kukhala ndi mawu otsiriza osati kamodzi, koma kawiri, ndi mwa iye
fashoni yanthawi zonse yosiyana. Choyamba, kunyalanyaza kwathunthu
1935 Nuremberg Laws, omwe amatanthauzira ma Gypsies chimodzimodzi
mawu a fuko monga Ayuda, iye ananena mwadazi kuti "Agypsies
sanaphedwe chifukwa cha mafuko, koma monga otchedwa asocials
โฆ komanso chiwonongeko chawo sichinathe.โ Kenako, pafupifupi awiri
masamba pambuyo pake, amatembenuza gawo lonse, akutsutsa kuti Sinti
ndipo Aromani anali ndi mwayi pa Ayuda-ndipo anali osiyana nawo
"Zowona" Holocaust-chifukwa kagulu kakang'ono ka
"otetezedwa mwamtundu" Agypsies adamasulidwa kwakanthawi
imfa. Kuwonjezera pa kuyesa kukhala nazo mbali zonse ziwiri, zili ngati izi
otsogola odzipatula samadziwa za pafupifupi 6,000
Ayuda a Karait omwe adapulumutsidwa kotheratu motsatira
malingaliro odabwitsa amtundu wa Nazism.
Kunena chilungamo, pamenepo ndi pang'ono
kusiyana pakati pa zochitika zachiyuda ndi za Gypsy pansi
Nazism. Mwachitsanzo, Asinti ndi Aromani ali bwino kwambiri
chibadwa chodzinenera kukhala "osiyana mitundu" kuposa momwe amachitira
Ayuda a Ashkenazic aku Europe. Chotsatira chimodzi chinali chakuti mtundu
Magulu a Gypsy anali ovuta kwambiri komanso okhwima
zimamatirira kuposa za Ayuda. Pofika 1938, ngati pali awiri a
agogo asanu ndi atatu a munthu adatsimikiziridwa kukhala Gypsy
โmwa mwazi,โ ngakhale mbali ina, iye anali mwamwambo
m'gulu monga choncho. Izi ndizokhazikika kawiri kuposa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito
ndi chipani cha Nazi kuti afotokoze Chiyuda. Anali ndi miyezo ya
Mawu akuti "fuko" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Ayuda
Ponena za Asinti ndi Aromani, magawo asanu ndi anayi mwa magawo khumi a Gypsy a ku Germany a 1939
anthu akadapulumuka ku Nazi.
Zonse m'zaka za m'ma 1930, pamene Gypsies komanso
pamene Ayuda anali kugwidwa ndi mafuko mokulirakulira
kuponderezedwa, koyamba ku Germany, kenako ku Austria ndi Czechoslovakia;
kuchuluka kwa mkwiyo wapadziko lonse kunasonyezedwa kaamba ka
wa Ayuda. Kukakamizidwa kwa mayiko akunja ndi bizinesi kunali
molimbika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zochepa komanso zosakhalitsa
kuchepetsedwa muzochitika zachiyuda, ndikuthandizira Ayuda
kusamuka kupita ku digiri (I 50,000 yotsala ndi 193 8). Kuyambira pamenepo mpaka
kugwa kwa Third Reich, chipani cha Nazi chinawonetsa nthawi
kufunitsitsa kusintha miyoyo ya Ayuda pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, ndi
Akazembe ngati a Count Folke Bernadette waku Sweden adayesetsa
zimakhudza kupulumutsidwa kwawo. Palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chimagwira ntchito kwa Asinti ndi Aromani.
Ma demokalase aku Western akhala
mwaukali-ndi moyenerera-kudzudzulidwa chifukwa cholephera kulowererapo
mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti aletse kuphedwa kwa Ayuda, ngakhale mpaka
kulola othawa kwawo ambiri omwe sanali Ayuda kupeza malo opatulika
m'malire awo. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti palibe chilichonse
zidachitika kuti apulumutse a Gypsies ku tsogolo lawo lomwelo, ndi kulowa
kugwirizana kumeneku mabungwe achiyuda apadziko lonse alibe bwinoko
mbiri kuposa maboma a United States, Great
Britain ndi Canada. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, mosakayikira anali Ayuda
mabungwe omwe adakhala otsogolera
kubisa zomwe zinkachitika kwa a Gypsy ngakhale momwe zidachitikira,
momwe iwo sanasiyire konse. Monga wofufuza Ian Hancock
akufotokoza zotulukapo zake kuti: โNdi zochititsa mantha ndi zokhumudwitsa
kumverera kusankha [mabuku ngati Encyclopedia ya
Ulamuliro Wachitatu] ndikupeza kuyesa kupha anthu amtundu wako
zolembedwa kwathunthu kuchokera m'mbiri yakale. Mwina choyipa,
mโchinenero cha Chingelezi chomasulira osachepera buku limodzi, lolembedwa ndi
Lujan Dobroszycki wa Mbiri ya Lodz Ghetto, ndi
kufotokoza konse kwa kuthetsedwa kwa msasa wa gypsy kumeneko
(Nambala yolowera 22 ya Epulo 29 ndi 20, 1942, m'ntchito yoyambirira)
zachotsedwa mwadala. Ndauzidwa, koma sindinafike
kutsimikiziridwa, kuti matembenuzidwe a mabuku ena onena za kuphedwa kwa Nazi
adachotsanso zolemba za Aromani ndi Sinti. Komanso, ndimachita
sindikufuna kuwerenga zonena za Holocaust ya United States
Memorial Museum mu atolankhani dziko ndi kuphunzira yekha kuti ndi
chipilala cha "vuto la Ayuda aku Europe," monga yatsopano
York Times - inauza owerenga ake pa December 23, 1993. 1 ndikufuna
athe kuonera epics monga Mndandanda wa Schindler ndipo phunzirani
kuti Gypsies anali mbali yapakati pa Holocaust, nawonso; kapena zina
mafilimu, monga Thawani ku Sobib6r, msasa waku Poland komwe,
malinga ndi Kommandant Franz Stangl m'mabuku ake, zikwi zambiri
Aromani ndi Sinti anaphedwa, ndipo sanamve mawu
"Gypsy" kupatula kamodzi, ndiyeno kokha monga dzina la
galu wa winawake.
Kapena, kuti mutenge china chowawa kwambiri
Mwachitsanzo: National Public Radio (NPR) ku Washington, DC, yophimbidwa
kwambiri zaka makumi asanu za Auschwitz-Birkenau pa
Januware 26, 199t, koma ma Gypsies sanatchulidwepo kamodzi, ngakhale
kuimiridwa bwino pachikumbutsocho. Pakutseka kwake
lipoti pa "Weekend Edition" ya NPR pa Januware 28;
Michael Goldfarb adalongosola momwe "makandulo adayikamo
njanji zimene zinapereka Ayuda ndi anthu a ku Poland ku imfa yawo.โ
Koma sizinali zodabwitsa kuti a Gypsy sanatchulidwe; iwo
sanaloledwe kutenga nawo mbali pamwambo wa makandulo. An
Nkhani ya chikumbutso cha Auschwitz yomwe sinawonekere ya CS
press) anaphatikizapo gulu la Aromani akuyang'anitsitsa akuwerenga mwachisoni
'Colci-mapewa: "Agypsies, omwe makolo awo ankayenera kuyang'ana
mwambo wochokera kunja kwa bwalo." M'mawu ake adatero
kuti anthu achiyuda โanasankhidwira chiwonongeko
pa nthawi ya Holocaust."
Maganizo omwe amachokera ku manja otere ndi
kuwonetseredwa, osati mu kutsalika kwachiyuda kokhazikika ndi
kuyesetsa kuthetsa Parrajmo m'mbiri, koma, zambiri
mosalekeza, kupyolera mukukhala chete kwake kopitilira pakali pano
kuyambiranso kwa antigypsyism ya Nazi ku Europe. Mu 1992, a
boma la Republic of Germany lomwe linali latsopano lidakambirana za mgwirizano
momwe idalipira ma deutschmarks opitilira mamiliyoni zana
Romania-yodziwika bwino yodana ndi a Gypsies-posinthana nazo
dziko losauka kuvomereza kuchuluka kwa Sinti/Roma yaku Germany
chiwerengero cha anthu (gawo laling'ono laling'ono likukonzedwa ndi Poland kuti
landira zina zonse). Kuthamangitsidwa mwachidule kunayamba nthawi ya kugwa kwa
1993, ndi anthu oposa 20,000 anathamangitsidwa mpaka pano, popanda wina
chifukwa kuposa kuti iwo ndi Gypsy. Kulandilidwa kwawo atafika?
Nkhani ya mโnkhani ya December 1993 ikufotokoza bwino kwambiri nkhaniyi.
Chikondwerero cha anthu achiwawa ndi nyumba-bun-dng
ndi mgwirizano wa apolisi wasanduka chinthu choyipa kwambiri
kwa Aromani odedwa a Gypsy: chiyambi cha dziko lonse
kampeni. zoyambitsa zigawenga motsogozedwa ndi magulu omwe amadzipanga okha
Ku Klux Klanโฆ "Ndife ambiri, ndipo otsimikiza mtima. Ife%
kudwala khungu a Gypsy posachedwa. Tidzawatulutsa m'maso mwawo, phwanya
mano awo, ndi kudula mphuno zawo. Choyamba chidzakhala
atapachikidwa."
Boma la Germany linali ndi zifukwa zokwanira
dziwani kuti izi zikhala bwino asanayambe kuthamangitsidwa.
Kuzama ndi kuopsa kwa malingaliro a antigypsy a Romania anali
nkomwe chinsinsi cha mbiriyakale. Komanso, mtsogoleri wa Chiromania
gulu lachifasisti, lotsika mwachindunji kuchokera ku Arrow Cross
Mabungwe omwe adagwirizana ndi mfundo zachipani cha Nazi panthawiyi
Nkhondo Yadziko 11, inali italengeza poyera zomwe zidzachitike pafupifupi zisanu ndi chimodzi
miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomo: "Nkhondo yathu yolimbana ndi a Gypsies idzayamba
kugwa. Mpaka iwo, kukonzekera kudzapangidwa kuti apeze zida;
choyamba titenga mankhwala opopera mankhwala. Sitidzalekerera
ngakhalenso zaka."
Palibe kuwerengera kolondola kwa ma Gypsies angati
kuphedwa, kuzunzidwa, kulemala kapena kuzunzidwa mwanjira ina
Romania ikupezeka pano (malipoti osatsimikizika akulowa mu
mazana). Chodziwika ndichakuti pakhala nkhani yowona
kuyimitsa mutu, ndi zomwe zimachitika kuchokera kuzinthuzo za
bungwe lachiyuda lomwe limadzinenera kuti limagwira ntchito ngati
โchikumbumtima cha dzikoโ pa nkhani ngati zimenezi chakhala chovuta
zabwino kwambiri. Palibe zionetsero zazikulu zomwe zidabuka kuchokera m'gawo limenelo, ngakhale pamene
Atsogoleri achiroma, poyembekezera kupeลตa zomwe akudziwa kuti zichitike, adatenga
gulu lalikulu la anthu awo m'nyengo ya masika 1993 mpaka
kufunafuna malo opatulika mumsasa wachibalo wa Neuenganune komwe awo
abambo ndi amayi anaphedwa m'badwo kale.
Ndithudi, palibe Myuda womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu amene anaima
ndi iwo ngati mchitidwe wa mgwirizano.
Monga mwachizolowezi, anali Yehuda Bauer yemwe adapanga
zomwe mwina zinali kufotokozera bwino kwa malingaliro a exclusivist
pankhaniyi. Kumayambiriro kwa 1990, anali kudandaula poyera kuti
zoyesayesa zotere za a Gypsy kuti athetse vutoli
kusaoneka komwe iye mwini adathandizira kwambiri pakuyikapo
iwo anali akubwera mu "mpikisano" ndi mtundu wa
amangoyang'ana mozama pa "radical anti-Semitism" yomwe adawononga
moyo wake kuyesera kuchita. Palibe fanizo labwino la zomwe
Wolemba mbiri wotchuka wa Princeton wokhudza kuphedwa kwa Nazi Amo J. Mayer
walongosola kuti โkudzikuza mokokomezaโ kwa
Kudzipatula kwachiyuda ndi "kuyiwala kwake koopsa kwa
zazikulu zonse ndi ena onse ozunzidwa "tingaganizidwe.
Kubwezeretsa Kuphedwa kwa Nazi
Sipayenera kukhala chifukwa cholowa mu izi
tsatanetsatane wakugwirizananso ndi zokana zakupha anthu
adazunza anthu achisilavo mkati mwa dongosolo lonse
za Holocaust. Komabe, kutsatira ma contours
zimawoneka ngati zoyenera, kuyambira ndi mawu omwe amadziwika kuti
โanachitiridwa zinthu mosiyana ndi Ayuda, ndipo palibe amene anawachitira
zalembedwa kuti zitheretu.โ Monga Lucy Dawidowicz amanenera
"Zanenedwa kuti Ajeremani ... anakonza kutero
kupha anthu aku Poland ndi aku Russia pazifukwa zamitundu kuyambira,
malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha mafuko cha Hitler, Asilavo ankakhulupirira kukhala
anthu (Untermenschen). Koma palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti a
dongosolo kupha Asilavo ankaganizirapo kapena
kutukuka."
Pali zonse njere ya choonadi ndi a
zodzaza ndi zabodza zomwe zili m'mawu awa. Mu zina
mawu, ndizowona kuti Asilavo sanatchulidwe mu Endlosung (Yomaliza
Solution) yojambulidwa kwa a Gypsies ndi Ayuda mu 1942
Msonkhano wa Wannsee. Izi zikusonyeza kuti awiri otsiriza
magulu anapatsidwa patsogolo zinazake ponena za kutsirizitsa
za "machitidwe apadera" awo, koma sizili choncho
kunena kuti Asilavo sanali
"odziwika" kuti avutike
makamaka tsoka lomwelo pamapeto pake. Mwina, komaliza
magawo a kampeni yolimbana ndi chipani cha Nazi) akanatha
zikuchitika kamodzi zomwe zikutsutsana ndi Ayuda ochepa kwambiri ndi
Anthu a Gypsy anali atakulungidwa. Mulimonsemo, lingaliro
kuti "palibe dongosolo [la kuwonongedwa kwa Asilavo] lomwe linalipo
zoganiziridwa kapena kupangidwa" ndi zabodza chabe.
Monga zalembedwa zambiri, Hitlerian
masomphenya a lebensraumpolitik-the kugonjetsa matanthwe aakulu
gawo la Asilavo kum'mawa kwa Europe kwa
"Resettlement" ndi Germanic wokulitsidwa kwambiri
chiwerengero cha anthu chinali ndi ndondomeko yowerengedweratu yothetsa
okhala Asilavo. Mu USSR yekha, izi anakonza
"Depopulation" idapangidwa kuti izichepetse
m'dera lomwe adafuna kuti atsamunda aku Germany kuyambira pafupifupi 75
miliyoni mpaka XNUMX miliyoni. Izi zazikulu
"zotsalira" zinayenera kusungidwa kwa zomwe sizinatchulidwe
nthawi yogwira ntchito ngati dziwe laukapolo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga
zida zofunikira kuti zithandizire zomwe chipani cha Nazi chinkawona
"Aryan" makhalidwe moyo. 1 5 0 Anthu 45 miliyoni
zinthu zomwe zimapanga kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zilipo
chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kuchepa kwake kunayenera kuperekedwa
ndi kuphatikiza kwa kuthamangitsidwa kwakukulu-"kuwayendetsa
chakum'maลตa"-ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kupha."'
Mapulani a anthu akumadzulo a Asilavo monga
a Poles, Slovenes ndi Serbs anali oyipa kwambiri (kapena mwanjira ina iliyonse
panjira yothamanga). Kuyambira kale Mein Kampf, Hitler
analengeza momveka bwino kuti iwo, monga Ayuda, adzakhala
kuthetsedwa kwathunthu. Kwa Poles osachepera, izi ziyenera kukhala
kukwaniritsidwa m'magawo angapo omwe akuwoneka kuti atheka
adapangidwa ngati chitsanzo cha kuthetseratu kwa magawo omwewo
Anthu aku Ukraine ndi anthu ena kummawa: nthawi yomweyo
kugonjetsa, ma Poles "adzadulidwa" (ie, awo
utsogoleri wa chikhalidwe, ndale ndi luntha ukanakhala
kuwonongedwa, ndi toto),- chachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu
angasamutsidwe mwakuthupi mu kasinthidwe kalikonse
adatumikira zofuna za chuma cha Germany; chachitatu, Mapazi
adzaikidwa pa chakudya cha njala ndi kugwira ntchito mpaka kufa. 153
Kaya kapena ayi pakanakhala wachinayi ndi
"chomaliza" gawo la Auschwitz ndi losafunika, chifukwa
zotsatira, zonse zothandiza ndi zolinga, ndi zofanana.
Mosiyana ndi Agypsy ndi Ayuda, Asilavo anali
zambiri zakonzedwa m'njira yobwereketsa kukana zankhondo.
Chifukwa chake, kupanga kwawo kuyenera kukhala kofunikira
polimbana ndi nkhondo yankhondo ya Insofar monga Germany
njira ku East, mosiyana kwambiri ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsa
otsutsa akumadzulo omwe si aslavic, nthawi zonse amakhazikika pa lingaliro la
โnkhondo ya chiwonongeko,โ imfa yochuluka modabwitsa
mitengo yovutitsidwa ndi akaidi ankhondo aku Soviet siili kwenikweni
olekanitsidwa ndi dongosolo la chiwonongeko chonse. Mofananamo,
malinga ndi SS GruppenfWuer Eric von dern Bach-Zelewski, yemwe
analamula ntchito antipartisan kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, monga
m'mene nkhondo yoteroyo inali yomenyedwa mwachidziwitso osati cholinga chokha
kupondereza ntchito za zigawenga, koma kuthandiza "kukwaniritsa
Cholinga cha Himmler chochepetsa chiwerengero cha Asilavo kukhala 30
miliyoni."
Umboni womwe ulipo ukusonyeza kuti
Anthu amene anazunzidwa kwambiri pankhondo zachipani cha Nazi anali
anthu wamba. Mwachitsanzo, pamene 9,902 zigawenga anali
anaphedwa kapena kuphedwa pakati pa August ndi November 1942, nthawi yomweyo
Nthawi imene Ajeremani anapha anthu wamba 14,257 amene ankawakayikira
kuthandizira zigawengaโฆ Katswiri waku Poland, Ryszard Torzecki, amawona
kuphedwa kochuluka kwa anthu wamba monga kwakukulukulu
sewero la Ukraine pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Malinga ndi iye kumeneko
anali malo 250 akupha anthu ambiri ku Ukraine palimodzi
ndi ndende zomwe anthu masauzande ambiri adaphedwa .. In
milandu yambiri, kupha anthu ambiri kunali kokhudzana ndi nkhondo zamagulu.
H. Kuhnrich anayerekezera kuti chifukwa cha nkhondo yotsutsana ndi zigawenga
Anthu 5,909,225 anaphedwa. Popeza Ukraine anali likulu la
chipani ntchito, ngati panali kuti zomvetsa kwambiri
zachitika. Malinga ndi Kuhnrich anthu pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni, onse awiri
omenyana ndi anthu wamba, anataya miyoyo yawo ku Ukraine, monganso anachitira
1,409,225 ku Byelorussia.
Ndithudi, awa anapha anthu wamba
ziyenera kuphatikizidwa m'chiwonkhetso cha omwe adatengedwa ndi Nazi
ndondomeko zowononga, osatchulidwa kuti "imfa pankhondo."
Ndipo, ngati mchitidwe muyezo wa lumping imfa ya Ayuda
omenyera zigawenga mu okwana sikisi miliyoni Ayuda ananenera
Holocaust inagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana kwa Asilavo, ndiye momveka bwino
chiwerengero cha zigawenga chiyenera kukhalanso. Ndipo kachiwiri, kuyambira
Ayuda anaphedwa ndi amuna a SS a Bach-Zelewski mu 1943 Warsaw
kuwukira kwa ghetto akuphatikizidwa moyenerera pakati pa ozunzidwa achiyuda
Chipululutso cha Nazi, chomwechonso unyinji wa Asilavo wamba
idatsekedwa panthawi ya kulanda kwa Germany ku mizinda ngati Kiev,
Kharkov, Sebastopol ndi Mink awerengedwa. Pamene chiwerengero cha izo
dala anagwira ntchito mpaka imfa, amene anafa kukhudzana pa nthawi ya
njira yopititsira kummawa pansi pazifukwa zilizonse,
amene anafa ndi njala mwadala, ndipo anaferamo
miliri yomwe imafalikira ngati moto wolusa chifukwa cha chipani cha Nazi
mfundo yokana katemera, miyeso yeniyeni ya kupha anthu
a Asilavo anayamba kuonekera.
Pakati pa 1939 ndi 1945, Poland, woyamba
Mtundu wa Asilavo kuti ugwe kwa Ajeremani, udavutika 6,028,000
imfa zosakhala zankhondo, za ?? kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu (atatu
mamiliyoni a anthu a ku Poland amene anafa anali Ayuda, ndipo ena 200,000 kapena kuposa pamenepo
Ma Gypsies, kotero kuchepa kwa Asilavo kudzafika pafupifupi khumi ndi zinayi
peresenti). Pafupifupi membala aliyense wa Polish intelligentsia anali
kuphedwa. 164 Ku Yugoslavia, anthu wamba pafupifupi 1.2 miliyoni, kapena asanu ndi anayi
peresenti ya anthu, anaphedwa pakati pa 1941 ndi 1945
(izi zili pambali pa ophedwa pafupifupi 300,000 ankhondo
anazunzidwa ndi a Yugoslavia). 1 65 Zokhudza ena omwe si a Soviet
madera akum'mawa kwa Europe mwachitsanzo, Slovakia ndi Protectorate of
Bohemia ndi Moravia - zinali zochepa kwambiri, ngakhale zinali choncho
kwambiri.
USSR inali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri
za imfa. Pofika pa May 10, 1943, Ajeremani anali atatenga 5,405,616
akaidi ankhondo a Soviet; mwa awa, pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni anali
kufa ndi njala, kuzizira, kuwomberedwa, kuwomberedwa ndi mpweya, kunyongedwa, kuphedwa mosayangโaniridwa
mliri kapena kungogwira ntchito mpaka kufa. Anthu enanso mamiliyoni asanu
adathamangitsidwa ku Germany ngati akapolo - 2.2 miliyoni kuchokera ku
Ukraine yekhaโkumene pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu anafa chifukwa cha zimenezi
za mikhalidwe yodetsedwa mwadala yomwe iwo anali
kuchitiridwa. 168 Pofika nthawi imene Ajeremani potsiriza anathamangitsidwa
kwathunthu ku Ukraine mu 1944, anthu ake nkhondo isanayambe
pafupifupi 42 miliyoni anali atachepetsedwa kukhala 27.4 miliyoni, kusiyana
14.5 miliyoni. Mwa anthu amenewa, pafupifupi 169 miliyoni anafa. XNUMX
Ponseponse, Soviet Union inataya, osachepera, miliyoni khumi ndi chimodzi
anthu wamba kuti awononge chipani cha Nazi. Chiwerengero chenicheni chikhoza kuthamanga
okwera mpaka khumi ndi asanu miliyoni, omwe ayenera kuwonjezeredwa 3.5
miliyoni anapha akaidi ankhondo, ndipo mwina ochuluka monga a
Asilikali miliyoni omwe adangophedwa ndi Wehrmacht ndi Waffen
SS mayunitsi m'malo motengedwa akaidi poyamba. A
kuyerekezera kwakukulu kwa zotsatira za kuphedwa kwa chipani cha Nazi kwa Asilavo
kotero ikufika penapake pakati pa 15.5 ndi 19.5 miliyoni mu
USSR, pakati pa 19.7 ndi 23.9 miliyoni pamene a Poles, Slovenes,
Aserbs ndi ena akuwonjezedwa. Monga Simon Weisenthal, mwiniwake a
wopulumuka ku Auschwitz, ananena kalekale kuti, โKuphedwa kwa Nazi kunali
osati kokha nkhani ya kuphedwa kwa Ayuda mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi. Zinakhudzanso
kuphedwa kwa anthu XNUMX miliyoni, sikisi miliyoni mwa iwo anali
Ayuda.โ Weisenthal analankhula pamaziko a chimene chinali panthawiyo
umboni wabwino wopezeka. Lero, zaka makumi asanu pambuyo pake, okhawo
kuwongolera kuchitidwe ku mawu ake kwagona kuti ife
tsopano dziwani kuti kuyerekeza kwake miliyoni khumi ndi chimodzi kunali kotsika kwambiri. Zoona
mitengo ya anthu ya kupha fuko la Nazi inafika pa 26 miliyoni kapena kuposa, zisanu ndi chimodzi
mamiliyoni a iwo anali Ayuda, miliyoni kapena kuposa omwe anali
Gypsies, ndi ena ambiri Asilavo. Pokhapokha ndi mfundo izi momveka bwino
m'maganizo tinganene kuti tagwira zonse za
Holocaust, ndi kuti potero tadziyika tokha kuti tiyambe
kuzindikira tanthauzo lake lenileni.
Kuvumbula Zipululu Zobisika
Wolemba mbiri waku yunivesite ya Hawaii David
Stanard adafotokoza mwachidule njira zomwe anthu odzipatula amayesera kutero
kupewetsa kumvetsa koteroko. "Othandizira apadera amayamba
kufotokoza kuphedwa kwa mafuko (kapena Holocaust kapena Sho'ah) m'mawu
za zomwe amakhulupirira kale kuti ndizochitika zomwe zimangochitika
Ayuda. Pambuyo pofufuza movutikira kwambiri ndiye kuti
"kuzindikira" - chozizwitsa dictu - kuti Ayuda
zomwe zinachitikira zinali zapadera. Ngati, komabe, otsutsa anena pambuyo pa a
nthawi yomwe zochitikazo siziri zapadera, zina
Zokumana nazo zapadera zimapangidwa ndikulengezedwa. Ngati ayi
ziwerengero zaphedwa, nanga bwanji kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe awonongedwa? Ngati
osati kuchita bwino kapena njira yopha, nanga bwanji wolakwira
mwadala (kutsindika koyambirira)?" Zili ngati Stephen Jay
Gould wanenapo za gulu lina la anthu aluntha,
"Adayamba ndi zomaliza, kuyang'ana pazowona zawo,
ndipo ndinabwereranso mozungulira ku mfundo zomwezo.โ Monga
Stanard watsimikiza kuti, uku si maphunziro, ndiukadaulo.
Kuti tifotokoze mwanjira ina, monga momwe Gould amachitira, zili choncho
"kulengeza mochititsa chidwi." Kulumikizana
kupangidwa ndikofunikira monga momwe Gould akufotokozera
maphunziro a m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi za tsankho la sayansi lomwe
anapereka maziko a ziphunzitso za chipani cha Nazi
zimene Ayuda a Holocaust anavutika ndi kufa. Mutauzidwa kuti
Deborah Lipstadt, Yehuda Bauer, Steven Katz, Lucy Dawidowicz ndi
ena odzipatula ndi a anthu omwe adakumana nawo posachedwa
kuphana, chikhalidwe chachilengedwe ndikulumikizana nawo motsutsana nawo
omwe ali ngati Paul Rassinier, Austin App, Robert Faurisson ndi
Arthur Butz yemwe angatsutse olakwawo. Komabe, munthu sangathe.
'Mmodzi sangakhoze, chifukwa si bwino kwa
Lipstadt "kunyalanyaza" kunena kuti a Gypsies anali
kuphedwa mwanjira yomweyo monga Ayuda-kapena chifukwa
Dawidowicz ndi Bauer kuti apange mikangano kuti iwo sanali-kuposa
ndi kwa Rassinier kuchepetsa dala chiwerengero cha
Ayuda ozunzidwa ndi Nazism kapena Butz kukana kuphedwa kwa Nazi
palimodzi. C) sindingathe, chifukwa palibenso chowombola
za kuthamangitsidwa kwa Katz pakugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa
"kupha anthu" ku gulu lina lililonse kusiyapo ake omwewo kuposa pamenepo
ndi za mkangano wa Robert Faurisson wakuti palibe Ayuda omwe adakhalapo
mpweya. Munthu sangathe, chifukwa Yehuda Bauer's Holocaust mu
Mbiri Yakale, Steven Katz ndi Holocaust mu
Mbiri Yakale ndi Lucy Dawidowez Holocaust ndi
Olemba mbiri ndi zosiyana chabe za Arthur Butz's The
Chinyengo cha Zaka za zana la makumi awiri zolembedwa mโmbuyo. Zonse
iwo, mofanana, ndi ozindikira ntchito mu chiwonongeko cha
choonadi ndi kukumbukira.
Otsutsa Holocaust ayenera, ndithudi,
kukumana, kuwululidwa zomwe iwo ali, ndi kukankhidwira mkati
kuiwalika kotheratu kumene iwo akuyenera. Koma iwonso ayenera
amene amasankha kukana Holocauss zambiri zambiri, ndi amene amaumba awo
gwirani ntchito moyenera. Deborah Lipstadt akuwonetsa kukwiya komanso
nkhawa zomwe otsutsa a Holocaust ngati Bradley Smith ayamba
adalowa m'masukulu aku koleji m'ma 1990s. Iye amakhalabe
osalankhula, komabe, za tanthauzo lake
zomwe iye ndi anthu ena ambiri okana chiwonongeko adachita
professorial maudindo kwa zaka zambiri, akuchulukirachulukira chizindikiro aliyense
kutsutsa kusintha kwawo kwa logic
ndi umboni wa "anti-Semite" kapena a
"neo-Nazi," ndipo nthawi zambiri amadziyika okha
dziwani amene alipidwa ndi kusungidwa pa malonda. Mkhalidwewo
ndizosiyana pang'ono pamalamulo kuposa ngati, pokambirana,
mamembala a Institute for Historical Review analinso chimodzimodzi
ensconced (zomwe siziri, komanso, kupatulapo App
ndi Harry Elmer Barnes koyambirira m, sanakhalepo)."
Ndiye tikaona kuphedwa kwa Nazi
otsutsa kugawanika kwachiyuda akuimira okulirapo
ndi kuopseza kobisika kwa kumvetsa kusiyana ndi kuphedwa kwa Nazi
okana mitundu ya IHR. Izi ndi zoona makamaka ngati
nthano zotsatiridwa ndi odzipatula, mosiyana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi a
Faurisson kapena Richard Verrall, amalumikizana bwino ndi nthawi yayitali
kukana kokhazikitsidwa kwa zigawenga m'mbiri zawo zomwe zimayikidwa
ndi maboma a United States, Great Britain,
France, Turkey, Indonesia ndi ena ambiri. Inde, Lucy
Dawidowicz wadzudzula kwambiri omwe amati US
malonda a akapolo kudutsa nyanja ya Atlantic anali
kupha fuko-kapena, kuwonjezera, kampeni yowononga anthu aku US
motsutsana ndi Amwenye aku America anali ofanana-osati a anti-Semitism okha
koma za "zoipa zotsutsana ndi America." Iye ali chimodzimodzi
molunjika pakuyesetsa kwake kukhala ndi zomwe Robert Jay Lifton
ndi Robert Markusen adatcha "chiwonongeko
mentality" mkati mwa chi German mwapadera
makhalidwe." Steven Katz ndi James Axtell, wolamulira
Dean of American History apologism, atengera pafupifupi
kubwereza mikangano yosokonekera ya wina ndi mzake popanda
chidziwitso."
Mwachiwonekere, ngati tikufuna kubwezeretsa tanthauzo
za Holocaust m'miyeso yake yonse, malinga ndi ulemu wake
chimene chili choyenera ndi kupeza m'menemo kufotokoza kwake
mphamvu yomwe imatha kutulutsa, ndikofunikira kuti tithane nayo, tiwulule
ndikuchotsa awa "otsutsa omwe amafuna kutsimikizira ndi
sacralize" izo, kusandutsa kukhala osaya ndi
fanizo lopatulika la kufunikira kwake." Pokhapokha mu izi
momwe tingayembekezere kufika pa "universality" yoyitanidwa
ndi Michael Berenbaum, mkulu wa bungwe la United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, pamene adanena kuti "Holocaust ikhoza
kukhala chophiphiritsa lolowera chochitika m'mbiri ya anthu kuti angathe
kupewa kubwerezaโฆโฆ. Mosakayikira, izi zinali zomwe
mkulu wamkulu wa Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide
mu Yerusalemu, Israel Cbamy, anali kuganiza pamene iye anadzudzula
โatsogoleri ndi โansembe aakuluโ a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana amene
kuumirira pa kukhala wapadera, wapamwamba, wapamwamba, kapena wokulirapo
tanthauzo la kuphedwa kwamtundu wa anthu awo,"
kwina ndikuwonjezera kuti: "Ndimatsutsa mwamphamvu kwambiri
kuyesera kutchula kupha munthu aliyense anthu ngati
chochitika chimodzi, chomaliza, kapena ngati chochitika chofunikira kwambiri chotsutsana nacho
zomwe matsoka ena onse akupha anthu ambiri ayenera kukhala,
anayesedwa ndipo anapezeka osowaโฆ Kwa ine, chidwi chofuna kusiya izi
kapena kupha anthu ambiri kuchokera m'chilengedwe chonse chakupha anthu, nawonso
monga mpikisano kwambiri kukhazikitsa yekha
"kupambana" kapena mtundu wina uliwonse wakupha mtundu uliwonse, umatha
kuti apange chikhalidwe chamatsenga momwe !anthu ambiri 9
mabungwe omwe sakuyenera kutanthauzira tanthauzo la
kuphedwa kwa mafuko amaponyedwa mu dzenje lakuda, momwe iwo ali
kuyiwalika."
Pobwezeretsa anthu a Gypsies ndi Asilavo
ku Holocaust palokha, kumene iwo akhala nthawizonse, ife sitiri
amangowatulutsa mu dzenje lakuda momwe adalowamo
otayidwa mโmamiliyoni awo ndi kusapatula kwa Ayuda ndi neo-Nazism
mofanana, timadzikhazikitsa tokha methodologically ndi
m'maganizo kukumbukira zinthu zina. Osati kokha
Holocaust ku Armenia "choonadi" kupha anthu, kodziwika
kusowa kwakuyankhidwa ndi ma demokalase aku Western adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi
Adolf Hitler kuti atsimikizire nduna yake kuti sipadzakhala zosayenera
Zotsatira zake ngati Germany ikadachita kupha anthu ake.
Sikuti ndondomeko za Stalin ku Ukraine zinali zenizeni
holocaust, njira zomwe zidachitikira zinalidi
kuphatikiza mu General Plan ya Germany Ostjust zaka zingapo
pambuyo pake.โโ Sikuti kokha kunali lamulo la ku Spain lolemba usilikali
anthu onse m'dzikolo akugwira ntchito yokakamiza m'dziko lonselo
Caribbean komanso zambiri za South ndi Central America
holocaustal, idakhala ngati chitsanzo cha mfundo za chipani cha Nazi
kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Sikuti US inali "kuyeretsa"
ntchito zolimbana ndi anthu amtundu waku North
Kupha anthu ku America mwanjira iliyonse, mosakayikira adakhala ngati a
malingaliro / othandiza mooring omwe Hitlerian onse
kupereka kwa lebensraumpolitik anali womangidwa.
Muzochitika zilizonse, zenizeni za
zigawenga zam'mbuyozi - chilichonse mwachokhachokhachokha
kuti tidziwitse kumvetsetsa kwathu za Holocaust. Mobwerezabwereza, a
zenizeni za Holocaust zimathandizira kuwunikira chikhalidwe cha
holocauss zakale izi. Palibenso ndondomekoyi ikugwira ntchito pa
m'mene timafikira zipolowe zomwe zachitika kuyambira 1945
ku Katanga, Biafra, Bangladesh, Indochina, Paraguay, Guatemala,
Indonesia, Rwanda, Bosnia ndi kupitirira. Ntchito yathu ndi - iyenera kukhala
zonse zidutswa zosiyanasiyana pamodzi m'njira yoti
kupeza potsiriza kumvetsa zonse. Palibe wina
zikutanthauza kupezeka kwa ife. Tiyeneradi โkulingalira za
zosaganizirika," mozama komanso popanda chidwi, ngati
nthawi zonse tiyenera kuthetsa "khansa ya anthu" yomwe
zafalikira mochulukira m'magulu athu onse
zaka mazana asanu zapitazo. Kuti izi zitheke, kukana aliyense mawonekedwe
ndi anathema.