Nditapereka umboni chaka chatha pamaso pa Komiti Yachigawo ya House Judiciary Committee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties za mfundo zofunsa mafunso a Bush, Congressman Trent Franks (R-Ariz) adati Mtsogoleri wakale wa CIA Michael Hayden adatsimikizira kuti olamulira a Bush adangotulutsa Khalid. Sheikh Mohammed, Abu Zubaydah, ndi Abd al-Rahim al-Nashirit kwa mphindi imodzi iliyonse. Ndinauza a Franks kuti sindimakhulupirira zimenezo. Zowonadi, imodzi mwama memos ozunzika omwe angotulutsidwa kumene ikuwonetsa kuti Mohammed adathiridwa madzi nthawi 183 ndipo Zubaydah adathiridwa madzi nthawi 83. Mmodzi mwa ma memos a Stephen Bradbury a 2005 adanenetsa kuti "njira zotsogola" pa Zubaydah zidapereka chizindikiritso cha Mohammed komanso chiwembu chomwe akuganiza kuti ndi bomba lopangidwa ndi ma radio ndi Jose Padilla. Koma woyang'anira wapadera wa FBI Ali Soufan, yemwe adafunsa Zubaydah kuyambira Marichi mpaka Juni 2002, adalemba New York Times kuti Zubaydah adatulutsa chidziwitsocho pansi pa njira zachikhalidwe zofunsa mafunso, njira zokhwima zisanagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Nangano nโchifukwa chiyani amuna awiriwa ankangokhalira kuthirira madzi? Zikuoneka kuti akuluakulu a Bush akukakamiza kwambiri ofunsa mafunso a Pentagon kuti Mohammed ndi Zubaydah awulule mgwirizano pakati pa Saddam Hussein ndi akuba a 9/11, kuti avomereze kuwukira kwa Bush ku Iraq mu 2003. adatulutsa lipoti la Senate Armed Services Committee. Ulalo umenewo sunakhazikitsidwe konse.
Purezidenti Obama adatulutsa ma memo anayi poyankha pempho la Freedom of Information Act ndi ACLU. Amalongosola njira zankhanza zosayerekezeka ndikupereka zifukwa "zalamulo" zomveka bwino zozunza anthu, zankhanza, zopanda umunthu kapena zonyozetsa. Poyang'anizana ndi kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kuchokera ku CIA kuti asunge chinsinsi, Obama adawonetsa kulimba mtima kwakukulu poganiza zopanga ma memos owopsa poyera. Komabe, panthawi imodzimodziyo, pofuna kukhazikitsira mtendere, Obama adati, "ndi cholinga chathu kutsimikizira omwe adagwira ntchito zawo modalira uphungu walamulo kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo kuti sadzakhala pansi. ku mlandu."
M'mawu odabwitsa azachipatala komanso opanda chidwi, olemba ma memos ozunzika omwe angotulutsidwa kumene amafotokoza komanso kufotokozera chifukwa chake njira zowononga zomwe CIA idafuna kugwiritsa ntchito pa anthu sizikuphwanya lamulo la Torture Statute (18 USC sec. 2340).
Ma memos amavomereza njira 10, kuphatikiza kugubuduza mitu m'makoma ka 30 motsatana, maliseche nthawi yayitali, kumenya mobwerezabwereza, kusokoneza zakudya, komanso kuthira madzi ozizira otsika mpaka madigiri 41. Amalola kumangidwa m'malo oima kwa maola 180, kugona kwa masiku 11, kutsekereza anthu m'mabokosi ang'onoang'ono amdima okhala ndi tizilombo kwa maola ambiri, komanso kulowa m'madzi kuti apangitse kuzindikira kuti akumira. Komanso, ma memos amalola kuti zambiri mwa njirazi zigwiritsidwe ntchito mophatikizana kwa masiku 30. Amapeza kuti palibe njira iliyonse imeneyi yomwe imapanga kuzunza kapena nkhanza, zankhanza kapena zonyozetsa.
Kutsikira m'madzi, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri mwa njirazi, zidapangidwa, malinga ndi Jay Bybee, kuti apangitse malingaliro a "kukomoka ndi mantha oyambitsa, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro akumira." Koma ngakhale Bybee apeza kuti "kugwiritsa ntchito bolodi lamadzi ndikuwopseza imfa yomwe yatsala pang'ono kufa," amavomereza zomwe CIA inanena kuti "sikuyembekezera kuti vuto lililonse lamalingaliro likhoza kuchitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito bolodi lamadzi." Chimodzi mwazolemba za Bradbury chimafuna kuti dokotala azigwira ntchito panthawi yopita kumadzi kuti apange tracheotomy ngati wovulalayo sangachire atabwezeretsedwa pomwe ali woongoka.
Monga momwe katswiri wa zamaganizo Jeffrey Kaye akunenera, CIA ndi Dipatimenti Yachilungamo "sananyalanyaze zambiri zofalitsidwa" zomwe zimasonyeza zizindikiro za dissociative, kusintha kwakukulu kuposa kwa odwala omwe akuchitidwa opaleshoni ya mtima, ndi kutsika kwa testosterone kumagulu otayika pambuyo pa kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira. kuti memos chilolezo.
The Torture Statute imalanga khalidwe, kapena chiwembu chochita, chomwe cholinga chake ndi kupweteketsa kwambiri thupi kapena maganizo kapena kuvutika. "Kupweteka kwambiri m'maganizo kapena kuzunzika" kumatanthauza kuvulala m'maganizo kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kuvulala mwadala kapena kuwopseza kupwetekedwa kwambiri m'thupi kapena kuzunzika, kapena kuwopseza imfa yomwe yatsala pang'ono kufa.
Bybee akunena kuti "ngati woimbidwa mlandu achita ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino kuti zochita zake sizingabweretse kuvutika koteroko, sanachitepo ndi cholinga chenicheni." Akunena kuti kukhalapo kwa ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi maphunziro azachipatala omwe angathe kuyimitsa mafunso ngati kuli kofunikira "kumasonyeza kuti si cholinga chanu chopweteka kwambiri."
Tsopano woweruza wa feduro wokhala ndi nthawi yonse ya moyo wake, Bybee atsimikiza kuti kukwera m'madzi sikutanthauza kuzunzidwa pansi pa Torture Statute. Komabe, akulemba kuti, "sitingathe kulosera ndi chidaliro ngati khoti lingagwirizane ndi mfundoyi."
Memo ya Bybee ikufotokoza chifukwa chake njira za 10 zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa Abu Zubaydah, yemwe ankawoneka kuti ndi mkulu wa Al Qaeda. "Zubaydah alibe vuto lililonse lamalingaliro kapena mavuto omwe adakhalapo kale omwe angamupangitse kuti avutike m'maganizo chifukwa cha njira [zofunsidwa ndi CIA]," CIA idauza Bybee. Koma Zubaydah anali wogwira ntchito ya Al Qaeda, malinga ndi katswiri wotsutsa zauchigawenga wa FBI Dan Coleman, yemwe adalangiza mkulu wa FBI kuti, "Mnyamata uyu ndi wamisala, wovomerezeka, wogawanika." Izi zidanenedwa ndi Ron Suskind m'buku lake, The One Percent Doctrine.
Pempho la CIA loti atseke Zubaydah m'bokosi locheperako lomwe lili ndi tizilombo lidavomerezedwa ndi Bybee, yemwe adauza CIA kuti ikhoza kuyika tizilombo topanda vuto m'bokosi ndikuwuza Zubaydah kuti imuluma koma sichimupha. Ngakhale a CIA ankadziwa kuti Zubaydah anali ndi mantha opanda nzeru a tizilombo, Bybee adapeza kuti sipangakhale chiopsezo cha ululu waukulu kapena kuvutika ngati atatsatira njirayi.
Cholinga cha Obama chopereka katemera kwa omwe adaphwanya malamulo athu oletsa kuzunzika ndi nkhanza zikuphwanya udindo wa Pulezidenti wa "Kusamalira kuti Malamulo aphedwe mokhulupirika."
Malamulo a dziko la United States amaletsa kuzunza anthu, nkhanza, nkhanza kapena zonyozetsa, ndipo amafuna kuti anthu amene amazunza anthuwa aziyimbidwa mlandu. Msonkhano Wotsutsa Chizunzo umatikakamiza kuti titumize milandu yonse yachizunzo kuti aimbidwe mlandu kapena kutumiza woimbidwayo kudziko lomwe lidzafufuze.
Obama wawerengera ndale kuti apemphe chikhululukiro kwa ozunza a CIA. Komabe, kudalira kwachikhulupiriro chabwino pa malamulo apamwamba kunakanidwa ngati chitetezo ku Nuremberg komanso mu mlandu wa Lt. Calley wa Vietnam pa My Lai Massacre. The Torture Convention imapereka mosakayikira, "Lamulo lochokera kwa mkulu wa boma kapena akuluakulu aboma silingapemphedwe ngati chifukwa chozunza."
Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti CIA ikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosaloledwa kuyambira Epulo 2002, miyezi itatu kapena inayi memo ya Ogasiti isanalembedwe. Izi zitha kuthetsa "chikhulupiriro chabwino" kudalira upangiri wa Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ngati "chitetezo" pakuimbidwa mlandu.
Senate IntelligenceCommittee idawulula kuti Condoleezza Rice adavomereza kuloza madzi pa Julayi 17, 2002 "malinga ndi kutsimikizika kwalamulo ndi OLC." Anazipeza patatha milungu iwiri kuchokera kwa Bybee ndi John Yoo. Mpunga, Dick Cheney, John Ashcroft, Alberto Gonzales ndi George Tenet adatsimikizira CIA m'chaka cha 2003 kuti njira zowonongeka zinali zovomerezeka.
Obama adauza a Jennifer Loven a AP ku Oval Office kuti: "Ponena za iwo omwe adapanga zigamulo zalamulo, ndinganene kuti izi zitha kukhala lingaliro la Attorney General malinga ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, ndipo sindikufuna. kuganiza choncho." Ngati Holder apitilizabe kuchita zandale za Obama pokana kufufuza ndi kuimbidwa mlandu, Congress ikhoza, ndipo iyenera, kuvomereza kusankhidwa kwa woyimira pamilandu wapadera kuti achite zomwe lamulo likufuna.
Mtsogoleli wadziko ayenela kugwila nchito yake yotsatila malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatiridwa mokhulupilika. Obama adanena kuti "palibe chomwe chidzapindule tikamawononga nthawi ndi mphamvu zathu ndikuimba mlandu wakale." Iye akulakwitsa. Pali zambiri zomwe mungapindule potsatira malamulo. Zidzapangitsa atsogoleri amtsogolo kuganiza kawiri asanavomereze nkhanza, zosaloledwa za anthu ena.
Marjorie Cohn ndi pulofesa ku Thomas Jefferson School of Law komanso Purezidenti wa National Lawyers Guild. Iye ndi wolemba Republic of Cowboy: Njira Zisanu ndi Imodzi Gulu Laku Bush Laphwanya Lamulo komanso wolemba nawo buku latsopanoli, Malamulo Otsutsa Magulu: Ndale ndi Ulemu Wotsutsana ndi Asilikali. Zolemba zake zasungidwa pa www.marjoriecohn.com.