ZOCHITIKA-MAGANIZO V. ZOCHITIKA
Post-Civil Rights America ndi gulu latsankho lomwe limakhulupirira kuti si choncho. Imatchula kutchuka kwa Oprah Winfrey, Tiger Woods, ndi Barack Obama (pakati pa ena mwalamulo ?wabwino? ndi anthu akuda ochita bwino) monga umboni wakuti ilibenso tsankho pomwe limapereka mamiliyoni akuda kwa anthu opatukana omwe ali osagwirizana kwambiri. fuko.
Imayamikira ma miliyoni a Oprah pomwe ikulamula kuti ana akuda miliyoni imodzi akhale moyo wosakwana theka la umphawi wa dziko lino. Imayamikira ziyeneretso za Obama pamene ikukankhira ndalama zapakati zakuda kuti zitsike kuchepera masenti 8 pa dollar ya chuma choyera. Imasangalatsa othamanga akuda omwe amalipidwa kwambiri pomwe imatumiza amuna akuda ambiri kundende kuposa ku koleji ndipo imadziwika kuti 1 mwa 3 achikulire amuna akuda omwe ali ndi mbiri ya moyo wawo wonse.
Ikuphatikiza zokopa za Martin Luther King's ?I Have a Dream? kulankhula m'magalimoto onyamula katundu kulengeza kuti ?ili ndi dziko lathu? pamene ikukhudza anthu akuda aku America m'madera atsankho komwe mabanja ambiri sangakwanitse kugula galimoto. Ambiri ake oyera amauza ofufuza za kufunitsitsa kwawo kukhala m'madera osagwirizana ndi mafuko koma nthawi zonse amathawa m'madera omwe amakhala akuda kwambiri. Imanyoza ndipo nthawi zina imachotsa akuluakulu aboma ndi anthu azungu omwe amanena zokomera anthu kusankhana mitundu pomwe imachotsa njira zoyambira zamalamulo ndi mfundo zomwe zimafunikira kuti akwaniritse zolinga zaufulu wachibadwidwe.
Pali kutsutsana kwakukulu pakati pa United States? chikhalidwe cha anthu osasankhana mitundu komanso chikhalidwe chake chatsankho komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu (Onani Street, 2002 ndi Street, 2005)
?MZINDA WA NEGRO WOLIMBITSA NDI MA SUBBBS AYELU?
Tengani, monga chitsanzo chaching'ono koma chodziwika bwino, masewera oyambirira a 2006 World Series, akumenyana ndi Detroit Tigers motsutsana ndi St. Louis Cardinals. Gulu la Fall Classic linatsegulidwa ku Detroit yomwe ili yosagwira ntchito mafakitale, yomwe imakhala 85 peresenti ya anthu akuda (American Community Survey [pano ?ACS?], 2005) komanso mzinda waukulu wosauka kwambiri. Oposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu okhala ku Detroit akukhala pansi pa umphawi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusowa kwa ntchito kwambiri (Bello, 2005).
Kodi ndimomwemonso wamaloto oopsa a King a ?Mizinda ya Negro yozunguliridwa ndi azungu? (King, 1967-B), Detroit ndi 22 peresenti yokha ya ?Detroit Urbanized Area?s? Chiwerengero cha anthu (3.8 miliyoni) koma 70 peresenti ya chigawocho ndi anthu akuda pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Lili ndi timapepala ta kalembera ndi midadada ku Detroit komwe opitilira theka la ana amakhala osakwana theka la umphawi (ACS, 2005). Mosiyana ndi izi, matawuni a Grosse Pointe ndi a Bloomfield Hills okhala ndi azungu ambiri ali ndi nyumba zochititsa chidwi komanso udindo pakati pa anthu olemera kwambiri mdziko muno.
Azungu apakati komanso ogwira ntchito akhala akuthawa umphawi ndi masautso a Detroit wakuda kwambiri kwazaka zopitilira makumi atatu (Hodgson, 2004). Pamene a Tigers (otsogoleredwa ndi Denny McClain, Mickey Lolich ndi Al Kaline adakumana ndi ma Cardinals (otsogoleredwa ndi Bob Gibson, Lou Brock ndi Orland Cepeda) mu 1968 World Series, mzindawu unali woyera ndi 56 peresenti ndipo unali ndi anthu oposa 838,000 a Caucasus. Chiwerengero cha azungu ku Detroit pakali pano ndi ochepera 93,000 (ACS, 2005) ndipo dera la Detroit tsopano ndi dera lomwe lili ndi tsankho kwambiri ku United States. aliyense wakuda wa 85 Detroit amayenera kusamuka kuti akakhale m'mathirakiti owerengera anthu omwe mitundu yawo imafanana ndi chigawo chonse cha metropolitan (Mumford Center, 85).
KHAMU WOYERA MU MZINDA WA BLACK
Masewera otsegulira asanachitike Loweruka lapitalo, FOX Sports idawulutsa vignette yopatsa chidwi pa tanthauzo lakuya la Matigers? buku lankhani 2006 nyengo ya anthu okhala mumzinda wakuda wosiyidwa. Yofotokozedwa ndi wofalitsa wodziwika bwino wa Tigers Ernie Harwell, vignette ya mphindi zisanu inali ndi zithunzi zambiri za Detroiters wakuda.
Mpikisano wa baseball, Harwell anati, sungathe kuthetsa mavuto aakulu azachuma komanso azachuma mumzindawu. Koma iye anati, zingathandize kuti anthu okhala mumzindawo akhale pamodzi komanso kuti azikhala bwino โpoona ena mwa iwo okha? pakupambana kwa timu ya mzinda wawo. (Chodabwitsa nโchakuti FOX sinatchulepo za udindo umene a Tigers? Mpikisano wa World Series wa 1968 umayenera kuti udasewera pothandiza mzindawu kuthana ndi magawano amitundu omwe adawonetsa panthawi ya chipolowe chachikulu ku Detroit mu 1967). Zinachitidwa bwino.
Koma masewerowa atangoyamba, anthu akuda a mumzindawu akuwoneka kuti asowa m'mabwalo amagetsi. Kupatula osakanizika mitundu ? wakuda, woyera, waku Asia (ma Cardinals ali ndi osewera waku Japan) komanso (makamaka) Latino ? osewera, Detroit?s mtawuni Comerica Park ankawoneka pafupifupi kwathunthu Caucasian. Pazithunzi zambiri za gulu lomwe ndidawapenda pamasewera otsegulira, ndidazindikira anthu asanu aku Africa-America, atatu mwa iwo anali ogulitsa mowa kapena agalu otentha. Pagulu la anthu omwe adawomberedwa pambuyo powomberedwa, zikuwoneka kuti pafupifupi aliyense yemwe adachita nawo World Series mu Black Detroit anali oyera. Ambiri mwa Matigari? opezeka nawo mafani, zikuwoneka, adabwera kuchokera kumalo ngati Grosse Pointe ndi Bloomfield Hills. Sanachokere kumzinda weniweni umene Matigari amaseลตera mโdzina lake.
?CHIPANI CHA ANTHU [OYERA]?
Kusapezeka kwa anthu akuda pamasewera a Game One kumapereka chithunzithunzi chochititsa chidwi cha mtolankhani wa New York Times Selena Roberts ndi Meya wakuda wa Neoliberal wa Detroit Kwame Kirkpatrick. Mu ndime ya Sunday Times ya Motani akambuku? akuyenera ?wogwira ntchito kufakitale? manejala Jim Leyland ndi ?chizindikiro cha Kubadwanso Kwatsopano kwa Detroit? Wochokera kwa Roberts adayerekeza zowoneka bwino pakati pa Fall Classic ndi zomwe mzindawu udachita ndi Super Bowl m'nyengo yozizira yatha. ?Ogulitsa chiyembekezo akumzindawu,? adalemba kuti, ?anakhala nawo ku Super Bowl mu February, koma chimenecho chinali phwando la wina aliyense. Super Bowl ndi squatter yodzikongoletsera, yodumphira pansi, osasuntha kwa sabata, kotero kuti mlendo aliyense wa limo akhoza kukoka kuti asangalale. World Series,? mosiyanitsa, ?kodi m'deralo, si padziko lonse, ndipo ndi phwando la anthu? (Roberts, 2006).
Ngati Detroit?s World Series ndi ?phwando la anthu,? Zikuoneka kuti anthu ochokera m'gulu la anthu oponderezedwa mu mzindawu ali kunja kwa tanthauzo loti ?ife anthu.? Anthu omwe ali pakati pa ?phwando? akuwoneka kuti akuchokera kudera la azungu ngakhale ?chipani? malo ali pakati pa mzinda wakuda.
ZOKHUDZA CHIDWI ?KUYAMBIRASO?
Polankhula za kuchuluka kwa anthu akumidzi omwe adayendera madera omwe atsitsimutsidwa ku Comerica Park ndi madera ozungulira malo ano mchaka ndi chilimwe, Kirckpatrick adauza a Roberts kuti "tabweretsanso mzindawu kwa anthu omwe amakhala pamtunda wamakilomita 5 mpaka 10.? Ananenanso kuti Matigari? anali kulenga ?mzimu wokhoza kuchita? ndi ?chitsanzo cha chiyembekezo cha mzindawo,? kuuza anthu okhala ku Detroit kuti ?mutha kusintha chikhalidwe. Mutha kuchita chilichonse.? Ndemanga zake zachisangalalo zinawonekera m'mawu a Roberts akuti Matigari anali kuyesera "kutulutsa [Detroit] kuchoka ku kulephera? (Roberts, 2006).
Komabe, ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu mu Game One kukuonetsa, ?Tigers? malungo? wathandizira chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri komanso chochepa cha ?kuyambitsanso? pakati pa mzinda wakuda ndi midzi yoyera. Ndi kulumikizana kwachiphamaso kumene azungu ochokera kumalo otsiriza amasonkhana mwachidule monga gulu losiyana mitundu mu gawo laling'ono komanso lotetezeka la malo oyambirira, koma kubwereranso kumalo osungira azungu akamaliza mpikisano.
Izi siziri ndendende zomwe King anali kuganiza pamene adanena kuti Achimereka sayenera kukhala osakhutitsidwa mpaka makoma owopsa omwe amalekanitsa mzinda wakunja wa chuma ndi chitonthozo ndi mzinda wamkati waumphawi ndi kukhumudwa udzaphwanyidwa ndi kumenyedwa kwa mphamvu zankhondo. chilungamo? (Mfumu, 1967-A). Kukumbatirana kosalunjika kwa Kilpatrick kwa anthu omwe akumuimba mlandu ?chikhalidwe? Kufotokozera za umphawi wakuda wamtawuni pambali, gulu la kakombo la Comerica Park likuwonetsa kuti chikhalidwe chozungulira komanso zotulukapo za utsogoleri wa azungu (Mills, 2003) zimakhalabe zolimba, ndikuyika malire pazosankha zakuda ndi chiyembekezo mkati ndi kuposa Detroit.
KUCHOKERA PANTHAWI YONSE
Major League Baseball yakhala ikugulitsa matikiti ake mopambanitsa kotero kuti anthu ambiri akuda pakati pa tawuni amachotsedwa pa mafani ake omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi. Ku?U.S. Munda wa Mafoni? ku South Side komwe kumakhala anthu akuda kwambiri ku Chicago komanso ku Yankee Stadium yakuda komanso ku Latino South Bronx, ambiri mwa anthu achikuda aku America omwe mumawaona akungochita bwinja kunja kwa mabwalo a mpira. Khamu la anthu limatengedwa kuchokera kumadera oyera, ozungulira komanso madera.
Izi sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Pamene ndinali wokonda kusukulu ku South Side m'zaka za m'ma 1960, nthawi zambiri ndinkawona anthu ambiri akuda ku Chicago White Sox?s Comiskey Park (zinthu zinali zosiyana kunyumba ya White North Side's Wrigley Field. wa Ana oseka). Pofika zaka za m'ma 1990 (nditabwerera ku Chicago), anthu aku Africa-America anali atasowa kuchokera kumagulu a Sox.
World Series ikafika mtawuni, zotchinga zachuma zamtundu wa ballpark zimangokwera. Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Comerica chinayenderana bwino kwambiri ndi kusiyana kwa ndalama za dera ndi mayiko chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mitundu ndi chuma. Matikiti a Game One oyima mchipindacho amagulitsidwa mpaka $500 pamasamba ena. Matigari? Kusinthana kwa matikiti a nyengo ngakhale kutchulidwa mipando inayi kumbuyo kwa mbale yakunyumba pa $8,000. (Kowalksi. 2006)
Akuda? kutchulidwa kuti palibe ku Fall Classic ku Detroit mwina ndi zambiri kuposa kusalingana kwachuma. Mpikisano wa basketball wochita bwino mu mzindawu wa Piston umakopa anthu ambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa mafani akuda kuposa a Tigers. Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zolepheretsa achinyamata kutenga nawo mbali pamasewerawa, mpira wa basketball ndiwokopa kwambiri kuposa baseball wakuda waku America.
Komabe, pali osewera abwino akuda pamndandanda wapano wa Tigers. Anthu akuda aku America ali ndi miyambo yochititsa chidwi ya baseball yomwe imaphatikizapo mayina odziwika bwino monga Satchel Paige, Cool Papa Bell, Josh Gibson, Henry Aaron, Willie Mays, Maury Wills, Lou Brock, Bob Gibson, Ricky Henderson, Jackie Robinson ndi Frank Robinson. Wozembera wa ku Africa-America wotchedwa Barry Bonds (yemwe sindimukonda) pakali pano akuthamangitsa Aaron? Ngwazi zakale za Tigers zakuda ndi Gates Brown, Ron Leflore, ndi Lou Whitaker.
Kutchuka kwa baseball pakati pa anthu akuda sikunyalanyazidwa kotero kuti Matigers sakanatha kupeza masauzande ambiri a ?m'deralo, osati padziko lonse lapansi? Anthu aku Africa aku America ndani angasangalale kulowa nawo ?chipani cha anthu? ngati akanakhala ndi ndalama ndi maulumikizidwe kuti apeze matikiti a World Series.
Baseball akadali Sewero lofunika kwambiri la ku America ndipo Fall Classic ikadali chiwonetsero chake chachikulu. Kodi ikuti chiyani za momwe America idalemekezera kuphatikizika kwa Mfumu komanso cholowa chofanana pa World Series? Khamu la anthu limakhala loyera ngakhale likaseweredwa pakati pa mzinda womwe pafupifupi anthu 9 mwa 10 alionse ndi akuda?
Paul Street ([imelo ndiotetezedwa]) ndi wolemba mabuku ambiri ndi maphunziro a polojekiti ndi mazana a zolemba. Iye ndi wofufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu, wolemba mbiri, komanso wolankhula pagulu ku Iowa City, IA. Bukhu lake lotsatira ndi Kuponderezedwa kwa Mitundu mu Global Metropolis: A Living Black Chicago History (2007). Magwero Osankhidwa
American Community Survey (2005). U.S. Current Population Survey (2005) deta yamtundu ndi zachuma ya dera la Detroit ndi Detroit inapezedwa pa October 21, 2006 pa www.factfinder.org.
Marisel Bello (2005). ?Mavuto a Pagalimoto Awonjezera Mavuto a Bajeti ya City.? Detroit Free Press, 30 December 2005.
Godfrey Hodgson (2004). Ofanana Kwambiri Kuposa Ena: America kuchokera ku Nixon kupita ku New Century (Princeton, NJ, 2004), pp. 177, 212.
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1967-A). ?Tikupita Kuti?,? p.251 mu James M. Washington, ed.., A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King,, Jr. (San Francisco, CA: Harpercollins, 1991);
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1967-B). Zolankhula ku Ohio Northern University (1967), zopezeka pa intaneti pa http://www/onu.edu/library/onuhistory.king/king.htm.
Bob Kowalski (2006). ?Tikiti Yovuta Kwambiri Padziko Lonse?,? Fort Worth Star Telegraph, 21 October 2006.
Charles W. Mills (2003). Kuchokera Mkalasi kupita ku Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), pp. 177-218.
Selena Roberts (2006). ?Wogwira ntchito ku Factory ku Cleats,? New York Times, 22 October 2006, gawo 8, p.1).
Paul Street (2002). ?Zambiri Zikusowa: Miyambo Yoyeretsedwa ndi Kukaniza Tsankho Kwambiri,? The Black Commentator (December 22, 2002), pa www.blackcommentator.com ndi http://www. nationalinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=258.
Paul Street (2005). ?Mawonekedwe Athunthu a Oprah: Kuganizira za Mtundu, Maphunziro, ndi Tsankho la Nyengo Yatsopano,? Black Commentator (February 27, 2005), ikupezeka pa intaneti pa http://www.blackcommentator.com/127/127_oprah.html Lewis Mumford Center (2002). Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research, Metropolitan Racial and Ethnic Change ? Census 2000 (http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen 2000/ WholePop/WPSegdata/ 1600msa.htm).