By
Jeremy Brecher
A
Zoseketsa zidachitika panjira yopita ku Zakachikwi Zatsopano: Zakachikwi Zakale zidagwa.
Malinga ndi katswiri wa zachuma Paul Krugman, "Sitiyenera kuwononga chuma
zochitika - ngakhale m'zaka zoyambirira za Kukhumudwa - zili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri
za chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi zidatsika kwambiri pachisomo. "
If
mumawerenganso zolemba za akatswiri azachuma komanso akatswiri azama TV
mโzaka khumi zapitazi, mudzazindikira kuti kusokonekera kwachuma kwapadziko lonse koteroko
sizikanakhoza kuchitika; kuti sizinali kuchitika; kuti sizinali zoipa monga momwe anthu amanenera;
kuti mwina chinali chinthu chabwino pakapita nthawi; ndipo izo, mulimonse, izo zatha.
Ngati mukufuna kuthawa miasma iyi yakukana, werengani Malamulo a Panic a Robin Hahnel!
Haneli,
mwiniwake wazachuma, akutsutsa chiphunzitso cha zachuma chomwe misika yosayendetsedwa bwino,
malonda aulere, ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chachuma padziko lonse lapansi,
ngakhale kuti ziyenera kubweretsa phindu kwa onse. Popeza msika sutero
amalipira makampani chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chomwe amawononga, mosayendetsedwa ndi malamulo
misika imawapatsa chilimbikitso chotaya zinyalala zawo motchipa momwe angathere komanso
kuthamangitsa alimi ang'onoang'ono m'munda ngakhale atakhala m'malo osowa
mizinda yophulika kale. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, msika supereka makampani payekha
kulimbikitsa kuyika ndalama mu maphunziro kapena chisamaliro chaumoyo, ngakhale izi zili zochulukirapo
"ogwira mtima" amatanthauza kupanga moyo wabwino kwa anthu onse kuposa
kupanga magalimoto othandizira masewera.
Liti
mabungwe ndi chuma chachinsinsi chikhoza kuyenda popanda kulamulidwa ndi ufulu wapadziko lonse lapansi
msika, ogwira ntchito, madera, ndi mayiko akukakamizika kupikisana kuti akope
capital capital. Chotsatiracho chatchedwa "mpikisano wopita pansi,"
momwe miyezo ya chilengedwe, chitetezo cha anthu, ndi ndalama zimatsitsidwa
kwa omwe ali osauka kwambiri ndi osimidwa kwambiri. Hahnel akuwonetsa kuti izi zinali
zikuchitika - ngakhale mu gawo lachitukuko cha kudalirana kwa mayiko.
chinachake
chinanso chinali kuchitika - kukula kofulumira kwa likulu lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi
kugwirizana pang'ono ndi kupanga katundu ndi ntchito. Zatsopano
kubwereketsa padziko lonse lapansi kudakwera kuwirikiza kawiri kuyambira 1983 mpaka 1998 pomwe kupanga kokha
katatu. Kugulitsa tsiku ndi tsiku m'misika yandalama kudakula kuchokera pa $ 0.2 thililiyoni mu 1986 mpaka
$1.5 thililiyoni mu 1998. Zochepera ziwiri pa zana za $1.5 thililiyoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito
perekani ndalama zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi kapena kuyika ndalama pazomera ndi kuthekera; chodabwitsa
98 peresenti ndi yongopeka chabe.
Akuluakulu
kuchokera ku US ndi IMF (International Monetary Fund) adayendayenda padziko lonse lapansi,
kulimbikitsa mayiko "kumasula" chuma chawo - kutsegulira
kukuyenda mopanda malire kwa katundu, ntchito, ndi ndalama. Capital yongoyerekeza
kutsanuliridwa m'misika yomwe imatuluka: Kuyika ndalama mwa ndalama zomwe zikubwera
Mwachitsanzo, misika inakwera kuchoka pa $1 biliyoni mu 1991 kufika pa $32 biliyoni mu 1996.
Mavuto
anali, ndalama zikanakhoza kutuluka mofulumira kuposa momwe zimathiramo. Hahnel amafufuza momwe
mwachiwonekere vuto la ku Thailand linafalikira mofulumira padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1998,
GDP yaku Thailand idatsika ndi 8 peresenti; ku Indonesia idachepa ndi 14%; zinali zachilendo
kutsika kofananako ku South Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, ndi Russia. Mu
Indonesia, anthu 20 miliyoni adachotsedwa ntchito mchaka chimodzi monga kuchuluka kwa ulova
chakwera kuchoka pa 5 peresenti kufika pa 13 peresenti, ndi chiลตerengero cha anthu okhalamo
umphawi wathunthu unawirikiza kanayi kufika pa 100 miliyoni.
Kungowerenga
ndi zomwe zikuwopseza kukhala kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi, IMF idakwera
"kupulumutsa." Tsoka kwa amene anachezeredwa ndi opulumutsa oterowo! Posinthanitsa
pangongole zina, idakhazikitsa "zoyenera" zowononga zomwe
maiko adayenera kukweza chiwongola dzanja, kubisa ndalama zapagulu, kutsegula zawo
chuma kukhala umwini wopanda malire wakunja, kudula zachitukuko, ndikulembanso zawo
malamulo a ntchito kuti athetse ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. Cholinga chinali kutembenuza aliyense amene wamenyedwa
dziko lomwe Hahnel amachitcha "makina obweza ngongole."
Haneli
mawu, mwa anthu onse, katswiri wazachuma Milton Friedman akunena kuti "IMF
kubweza ndalama kumawononga maiko omwe akubwereketsa, ndikupindula nawo
alendo amene amawakongoletsa. . . . Uwu ndi mtundu wina wa thandizo lakunja. Iwo
zimangodutsa m'mayiko monga Thailand kupita ku Bankers Trust." Chitsanzo chimodzi cha
kuzunzika koyambitsidwa ndi IMF "conditionalities": Oxfam International
akuyerekeza kuti, ku Philippines kokha, kudulidwa kokhazikitsidwa ndi IMF pachitetezo
mapologalamu azaumoyo adzapha anthu 29,000 chifukwa cha malungo komanso kuwonjezeka
a 90,000 mwa chiwerengero cha odwala chifuwa chachikulu cha chifuwa chachikulu. Makhoti akufufuza
"Zolakwa motsutsana ndi anthu": Zindikirani!
Business
mitu yamasamba imalengeza kuti masheya abwereranso, ndalama zachira,
ndipo vuto latha. Zowona, misika ina yamasheya ndi ndalama zina
zachulukanso, koma 40 peresenti ya dziko lapansi lidakali mโmavuto azachuma ndi umphaลตi
akupitiriza kukula. Ndipo kuyambira mafunde ongoyerekeza capital sloshing
padziko lonse lapansi sikunachedwe, kusungunuka kwapadziko lonse kumakhalabe tsoka
ndikungoyembekezera kuti zichitike.
nthawiyi,
Mabungwe apadziko lonse omwe ali ku US ndi Europe akukweza chuma
chuma chamayiko omwe atha zaka zana zapitazi akuvutikira kuthawa
kuchokera ku chitsamunda. Nkhani ya Washington Post kumapeto kwa 1998 ikufotokoza momwe
"Magulu ambiri amalonda akunja akubwerera ku Thailand, malo olimbikitsa
mitengo m'mahotela apamwamba ku Bangkok ngakhale kuchepa kwachuma. Ogulitsa akunja apita
pa $6.7 biliyoni yogula zinthu chaka chino, ndikudula zitsulo zapansi
mphero, makampani achitetezo, masitolo akuluakulu ndi zinthu zina." Ndi IMF
"zoyenera" zimafuna kuti mayiko athetse malamulo omwe angathe
kupewa kulandidwa kwa chuma cha neocolonial. Mwina ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa kuti
anthu 200 olemera kwambiri padziko lonse achulukitsa chuma chawo kuwirikiza kawiri mโzaka zinayi zapitazi.
The
chuma chachikulu chagawika pa zomwe tingachite kuti tipewe kusokonezeka kwamtsogolo. Chani
Hahnel amatcha "A Team" - amalonda aulere a AKA, globalizers, kapena
Washington Consensus - ikufuna kumasula kwambiri komanso kuchepera
"kusokoneza" ndi ntchito za msika. Wolemba "B
Team," mosiyana, ikusintha malingaliro azachuma a John Maynard Keynes
kukhazikitsidwa mu Great Depression ponena za kufunikira kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi
kuwongolera ndi kugwirizanitsa ndondomeko zachuma ndi zachuma padziko lonse lapansi kuti
kuletsa kusokonekera kwachuma m'tsogolomu.
The
Mayendedwe a Gulu, malinga ndi Hahnel, ndizomwe zidatifikitsa pamavuto apadziko lonse lapansi
poyamba. Zina mwamalingaliro a Gulu B zitha kuthandiza kukhazikika
dongosolo, koma popanda njira zowonjezera, zowonjezereka, zidzapitirizabe
kulimbikitsa chuma chapadziko lonse kukulitsa kusalingana ndi chilengedwe
kunyozeka. Amangoyenera kuthandizidwa ngati ataphatikizidwa ndi miyeso ina
zomwe zingachepetse kusagwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe - monga choncho
monga mpumulo waukulu wa ngongole kwa mayiko osauka ndi chithandizo chamtengo wachitatu
zotumiza kunja.
Liti
Hahnel akupereka njira zakezake, ndizodabwitsa kumumva, akumveka ngati
akatswiri ambiri azachuma, akuyitanitsa "kuchita bwino kwapadziko lonse."
Koma amafotokoza momveka bwino kuti "kuchita bwino" sikuyenera kufananizidwa ndi
"phindu" - chifukwa phindu lachinsinsi limasiya zonsezo
"zakunja" ndalama ndi zopindulitsa zomwe zimapeza anthu onse m'malo mwake
kuposa eni chuma. Ndipo amafotokoza momveka bwino kuti kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndiko
mtundu wowonekera kwambiri wa kusachita bwino. M'malo mwake, kuchita bwino kwenikweni kumafuna zimenezo
mabungwe omwe siamalonda amalipira zokondera "zosakwanira" za
msika kuti "apeze mitengo moyenera." Ananenanso kuti, mu
masiku ano chuma padziko lonse, chilungamo amafuna mgwirizano mayiko kukhazikitsa
ziwongola dzanja zosakhala zamsika komanso mawu amalonda kuti agawire zopindulitsa zambiri
za kudalirana kwa mayiko ku mayiko osauka. Ndipo Hahnel akuwonetsa kuti
"Kuchita bwino" sikuyenera kutsatiridwa motengera zinthu zina monga
chilungamo, demokalase, kusiyana, mgwirizano, kapena kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe.
Bwanji
kodi zolinga zimenezi ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa? Hahnel akufotokoza zomwe zatchedwa "Lilliput
Strategy," momwe mabungwe, mabungwe, ndi odziyimira pawokha
mabungwe ndi mabungwe amagwirizana kudutsa malire a mayiko kuti apikisane nawo
zinthu zoipa za kudalirana kwa mayiko. Iye akusonyeza kuti njira imeneyi kale
adapambana zipambano zofunika - monga kampeni yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe
posachedwapa analetsa zokambirana za MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment),
kutengera zomwe zatchedwa Magna Carta kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Pamene a
Cholinga cha Lilliput Strategy, Hahnel akutsutsa, chiyenera kukhala kusiya
kudalirana kwa mayiko komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi makampani m'mayendedwe ake, kungathe ndipo kuyeneranso kuyamba
ndondomeko yomanga dongosolo la mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pokhapokha
dongosolo loterolo lingathe kudalirana kwa mayiko kupereka phindu limene lero likulonjeza koma
kwenikweni amakana.
pambuyo
kufotokoza zachuma "A Team" ndi "B Team", Hahnel
akuti "gulu la C lomwe lili ndi ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko zosiyana kwambiri
zofunika." Panic Rules! imapereka buku lamasewera la "C Team".