Panali Kusiyana Kotani Kwa Tsiku Limene Linapanga
Patadutsa miyezi khumi ndi itatu chiwonongeko chimodzi choipitsitsa chachilendo chomwe chinakhalapo pa nthaka ya America, chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zonyansa za dzikolo ndikuti 9-11 ndi kutali ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chachitika ku George W. Bush White House. Miyezi khumi ndi itatu yokha ndi theka yapitayo, Bush anali akudzitchinjiriza. Chivomerezo chake chinali chochepa pakati pa kukayikira kwakukulu kwa anthu ponena za kuvomerezeka kwa "zisankho" zake, luso lake laluntha ndi nzeru, osatchula chilungamo cha zochitika zake zapakhomo.
Mfundo zake zakunja, zomwe zafotokozedwa zabodza kuti ndi "odzipatula" - Bush ndi alangizi ake sankayembekezera kuti achotse US pazochita zake zapadziko lonse lapansi - zimanenedwa kuti sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Koma kuti tifotokoze m'mawu omwe kale anali woimba wa jazi waku America Dinah Washington, oh tsiku limatanthauza kusiyana kotani. Kuukira kwa ndege za Seputembara 11, 2001 ndi mantha omwe adatulutsa zakhala vuto lalikulu kwa oyang'anira omwe cholinga chawo chofunikira ndikukulitsa kusalingana kwachuma ndi mphamvu kunyumba (m'dziko lomwe lili kale losagwirizana kwambiri m'maiko otukuka) ndi kukulitsa mphamvu yachifumu (ya dziko lomwe lili kale dziko lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi) kunja.
Ichi ndi chowonadi chosaneneka kumbuyo kwa mawu owulula a Bush, omwe adanenedwa patangopita masiku atatu pambuyo pa zochitika zomvetsa chisoni: "m'misozi," Bush adauza anthu aku America, adawona "mwayi."
Mwayi ndithu! Sikuti 9-11 idapatsa Bush ndi ogwirizana nawo mwayi wodzipatula ndikupondereza iwo omwe amakayikira zomwe akufuna kuchita zapakhomo komanso kuvomerezeka kwa utsogoleri wake. Chotsatira cha 9-11 chosangalatsa cha White House chikukhudzananso ndi ufulu womwe zigawenga zidapatsa gulu la Bush kuti likwaniritse zolinga zakutali komanso zosadzipatula kunja.
The Bush Doctrine
Ganizirani za National Security Strategy ya White House ya ku United States, chikalata chomwe mtsogoleri aliyense wa pulezidenti amalongosola ndondomeko yake ya "kuteteza" America. The Bush Plan, yomwe idatulutsidwa Seputembala watha, ndiye mtundu wolimba mtima komanso wowonekera bwino kwambiri wa chikalata chomwe sichinapangidwebe.
Kuti "ateteze dzikoli," imalengeza chiphunzitso "chatsopano" chapadziko lonse ndi chankhondo ku United States. US yasankha, chiphunzitsochi chikulengeza, kuti palibe boma kapena mgwirizano womwe udzaloledwe kutsutsa ukulu wa US.
Deterrence, ndondomeko yovomerezeka ya US kwa zaka zoposa 50, ndizosafunikira. Mu dongosolo la dziko latsopano, lofotokozedwa momveka bwino kuti "mfulu" ndi "demokalase" ndi akuluakulu a US, US yatsimikiza mtima kuphwanya aliyense amene amalota kuyesa kufanana ndi mphamvu zake. Kuvomereza mfundo zachipongwe zankhanza zakunja zochokera ku lingaliro lakuti "chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ndi mlandu wabwino" ndikuwonetsa kunyalanyaza malamulo ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse pamene malamulo ndi malingaliro otere sakugwirizana ndi zofuna za America, ndondomeko ya September 2002 Bush ikuvomereza mwalamulo kunyalanyaza malamulo ndi malingaliro a mayiko ena. kuwukira kwa adani omwe akuwaganizira. Imawona America ngati gendarme yodzipangira yokha padziko lonse lapansi, yoyenerera mwapadera kuyambitsa nkhondo "zodziletsa" zomwe ikufuna.
National Security Strategy ipititsa patsogolo ufulu wa America woukira mayiko ena โodziyimira pawokhaโ maboma akunja akalephera kukwaniritsa โudindo wawo wodziyimira pawokha,โ wotsimikiziridwa ndi dziko lapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse la United States. Imakondera kuchitapo kanthu kosagwirizana ndi US pachitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zoyeserera zingapo, upangiri wa US kuti achite nawo mgwirizano kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kosinthika koyenera kusintha zosowa pamavuto. Ikuvomereza njira yosagwira ntchito, yokwera mtengo, komanso yokhazikika yodzitchinjiriza ya Star Wars, kukana kuwongolera zida za nyukiliya kwazaka zambiri ndikuwuza mayiko ena a nyukiliya kuti US ikufuna kumenya koyamba. Ndi ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wathunthu wa US kupyolera muzochitika zopanda mgwirizano ndi kupambana kwa asilikali. Ndizovuta kulingalira njira yamaliseche ya Orwellian pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Njira "Yotenthetsera" ya Ulamuliro Wadziko Lonse
Seputembala atatu
Monga momwe Orwellian amanenera ku White House (zolembedwa m'maakaunti azama TV a "Post-9-11 mfundo zakunja" zaku America) ponena za kuyambika kwa chikalatacho, chomwe akuti chinachitika chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa Seputembara 2001. Omwe amavutikira kuyang'ana atha kupeza malingaliro omwewo omwe adanenedwa ndi White House mu Seputembala 2002 mu lipoti la Seputembala 2000 loperekedwa ndi Project for a New American Century. Chikalata cha PNAC chinalimbikitsa kusagwirizana kwachifumu, kukana kudalira kwa US pachitetezo chamagulu ndi migwirizano, kuthamangitsa asitikali aku US komwe "kofunikira," kukulitsa kwakukulu kwa ndalama zankhondo ndi maziko akunja, kukana chiphunzitso choletsa / kusunga, kuphwanya (kulikonse ndi ngati kuli kofunikira) za ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa dziko losagwirizana, komanso kupewa kuwonekera kwa boma lililonse kapena mgwirizano wa maboma omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsa ukulu wankhondo waku US.
Mndandanda wa omwe adalemba chikalata cholimba mtimachi, chomwe chidasindikizidwa miyezi itatu chigamulo chamilandu chomwe chinakhazikitsa Bush chisanachitike, chimawerengedwa ngati "Ndani ndani" wa bungwe la Bush la malamulo akunja. Akuphatikizapo woyambitsa nkhondo wodziwika bwino a Paul Wolfowitz (tsopano wachiwiri kwa mlembi wa chitetezo), a John Bolton (omwe tsopano ndi undersecretary of state), Stephen Cambone (mtsogoleri wa Pentagon's Office of Program, Analysis and Evlauation, Eliot Cohen (membala wa Defense Policy Board), Devon. Cross (membala wa Defense Policy Board), Lewis Libby (mkulu wa antchito kwa Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Dick Cheney), ndi Don Zakheim (woyang'anira Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo).
Choyambirira cha "Post-Cold War" Blueprint
Chikalatachi chimakhala ndi ngongole yodziwika poyera ku pulani yakale, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1992. Zaka zisanu ndi zinayi isanafike Seputembara 2001, pomwe akuluakulu aku America adanenetsa kuti, "zonse zidasintha," Wolfowitz, katswiri wodziwika bwino yemwe amagwira ntchito panthawiyo. Mlembi Dick Cheney, adalemba chikalata chodabwitsa chomwe chidatchedwa "Defense Planning Guidance." Mwa zina, pepala lofunikirali lidalimbikitsa kulamuliridwa kwathunthu kwa US padziko lonse lapansi komanso kupewa kuwonekera kwa omwe akupikisana nawo ku America.
Sizinatchulepo za zochitika zamagulu kapena mayiko ambiri, ndikungofuna kuti ku America kugwiritsire ntchito mwapang'onopang'ono m'magwirizano ad-hoc omwe sakhalitsa kupyola pazovuta zomwe zofuna za US zikuopsezedwa - kufotokozera bwino za kuyankha kwaposachedwa kwa Bush ku 9-11. Inaphatikizansopo zankhondo zokonzekeratu pamndandanda wake wa zosankha zomwe US โโโโilingalire poyesa "kuletsa kuwonekeranso kwa mdani watsopano [post-Soviet]."
Idatsitsidwa ku New York Times, pepala la Wolfowitz lidachotsedwa chifukwa chotsutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri omwe adayambitsa utsogoleri wawo. Pentagon idachichotsa ngati "ndondomeko yotsika" ndipo idanena zabodza kuti Cheney sanawerengepo.
Palibe kuchotsa koteroko kumafunika pambuyo pa 9-11. Monga a David Armstrong wa National Security News Service wanena posachedwapa mu Harpers 'Magazine, othirira ndemanga ambiri akungoyang'ana pa gawo lodzitchinjiriza komanso "latsopano" la Chiphunzitso cha Bush adaphonya kusasinthika kwachifumu pakati pa mapulani aposachedwa achitetezo cha dziko ndi Kukonzekera koyambirira kwa "Post-Cold War" kwa Cheney ndi Wolfowitz:
Zomwe zachitika ku mtundu waposachedwa wa Mapulani, mpaka pano, zangoyang'ana kwambiri zomwe zisanachitike. Othirira ndemanga amafotokozera za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kuti zikhale "zatsopano" zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi uchigawengaโฆKudziteteza [komabe]โฆ Ndi mtundu wotenthedwa wa njira ya Cheney ndi omwe adalemba nawo omwe adatulutsidwa mu 1992 ngati yankho kutha kwa Cold War.
Ndiye cholinga chinali kulamulira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo chinakumana ndi ndemanga zoipa. Tsopano ndi yankho ku uchigawenga. Kugogomezera ndikudziteteza, ndipo ndemanga zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosangalatsa. Kupyolera mu zonsezi, cholinga cholamulira chimakhalabe, ngakhale sichidziwika.
Tsoka Zatsopano Patsogolo: Malire a Mphamvu
Komabe, palibe chimene chimachititsa khungu kuposa kudzikuza kwa mfumu. Mchitidwe wolumikizana ndi anthu komanso zikhulupiriro za umembala wa olamulira m'boma lachifumu sizilola opanga malamulo a US kuzindikira malire a mphamvu zawo ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka za zochita zawo. Mogwirizana ndi mbiri yayitali yakulephera kwa mfundo zakunja zaku US kuwonetsa chikhulupiriro chopanda mphamvu pakuchita bwino kwanthawi yayitali kwa "zokonza" zankhondo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chiphunzitso cha Bush mu (chofunika kwambiri) Iraq ikulonjeza kubweretsa zoopsa zambiri. zotsatira. Zotsatirazi zitha kuphatikizanso ziwopsezo zatsopano za anthu aku America omwe sapanga ndale kunyumba ndi kunja.
Ndikosatheka kukhutitsidwa ndi mwayi woti Chiphunzitso cha Bush sichingapambane chifukwa kuseweredwa kwa zolephera zomwe zingachitike kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu kwa anthu wamba akunja komanso pano - m'nthawi yomwe ukadaulo ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko ziloleza kuukira koopsa kwa "dziko lakwawo". " - kunyumba.
Monga momwe wolemba mbiri wodziลตika kwambiri Gabriel Kolko amanenera mโbuku lake laposachedwapa la Another Century of War? (NY: The New Press, 2002), kudalira kwa America pa zida ndi mphamvu kwanthawi yayitali "kwakulitsa kapena kubweretsa mavuto ambiri ku United States kuposa momwe adathetsera [Vietnam ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri]. Pambuyo pa September 11,โ akutero Kolko, โsipangakhale chikayikiro chakuti zida sizinabweretse chitetezo ku America. Sizokomera dziko kokha kuti Amereka agwirizane ndi zenizeni za zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. Chatsopano ndi chakuti tsopano, kuposa kale lonse, mwa chidwi cha anthu a ku America omwe.
Ndikofunikira kuti dziko la United States livomereze malire a mphamvu zake - malire omwe ali m'malingaliro ake ankhondo komanso momwe dziko lapansi lilili lalikulu kwambiri komanso lovuta kuti chigawo chilichonse sichingaganize zowongolera. "
Kuti izi zitheke, anthu aku America ayenera, monga m'mbuyomu, kusokoneza kayendetsedwe kabwino kamene kali pansi pakupanga mfundo pamaso pa mfumu yamkuntho yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ayenera kutsutsa mphamvu ya "osankhika" odzikuza, odzikuza omwe amayamikira kukula kwa asilikali a US ndi mphamvu zachuma kuposa chitetezo cha anthu ake. Ayenera kukumana ndi olamulira owopsa, osasamala omwe amawona mwayi m'misozi yathu ndi omwe amatsogolera mavuto ochulukirapo kunja ndi kunyumba kudzera mu mphamvu zopanda malire komanso kufunafuna phindu kwaulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Paul Street ndi wofufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu, wolemba pawokha, komanso wolemba mbiri waku America ku Chicago, Illinois. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa].