Pomwe asitikali aku US adaphulitsa bomba, kupha ndi kuvulaza njira yawo yopita ku "ufulu" ndi "demokalase" ku Falluja ndi kudutsa Iraq, George Bush adabwereza masomphenya ake a Middle East kwa anthu aku US pa Epulo 13, 2004:
"Bola nditakhala Purezidenti, ndidzakakamiza kuti ndikhale ndi ufulu. Ndimakhulupirira kwambiri mphamvu ya ufuluรขโฌยฆ.Ndilinso ndi chikhulupiriro ichi, chikhulupiriro champhamvu, kuti ufulu si mphatso ya dziko lino lapansi; ufulu ndi mphatso ya Wamphamvuzonse kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi aliyense padziko lapansi pano. Ndipo monga mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, tili ndi udindo wothandiza kufalitsa ufuluโ.
Ku Middle East, monga kwina kulikonse, ku boma la US, "ufulu" umatanthauza misika yaulere, malonda aulere ndi ndalama, komanso ufulu wa likulu la US kuti lichite zomwe limakonda, komwe limakonda, nthawi iliyonse yomwe imakonda. Pomwe magulu ake ankhondo akumenya nkhondo yankhanza ya atsamunda, kukonzanso dziko la Iraq kukhala bwalo lamasewera la neoliberal la mabungwe aku US, gehena yamoyo kwa ma Iraqi, komanso chiwonetsero chamisika chamayiko ena aku Middle East kuti atsanzire, mfundo zake zamalonda zikuyenda mwankhondo mdera lonselo. .
Mu May 2003, Bush adalengeza mapulani a US-Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) pofika chaka cha 2013. Ndondomeko ya malonda a US ku Middle East ndi "njira ya sitepe ndi sitepe" yopita "kuzama malonda ndi mgwirizano wachuma" ndi. ku US. Dziko la US likukonzekera kuphatikizira mgwirizano wamgwirizano wamalonda waulere (FTAs) kukhala gawo lazamalonda laulere m'chigawo chonse.
Katswiri watsopano wodzipangira yekha ku Middle East, Woimira Zamalonda ku US, Bob Zoellick, adauza msonkhano wapadera wa World Economic Forum ku Jordan mu June 2003, kuti Chisilamu ndi mbiri ndi zikhalidwe zaku Middle East zimagwirizana kwathunthu ndi chuma chandale, koma chigawocho chataya mphamvu zake. njira.
Tsopano - tamandani Ambuye (ndipo perekani zida) - asilikali okwera pamahatchi aku US abwera kudzapulumutsa, "kudzutsa zakale". Zoellick adati: "Kumangidwanso ndi kutsegulidwanso kwa Iraq kumapereka mwayi wosintha - mwayi woti anthu a mayiko achiarabu afunse chifukwa chomwe dera lawo, lomwe linali gawo lalikulu lazamalonda, silinatchulidwe pazopindula zamasiku ano a kudalirana kwa mayiko. .โ
Chifukwa chake kumbukirani, pamene ma Iraqi ambiri akuphedwa, kulemala, kuzunzidwa ndi kuzunzidwa ndi magulu ankhondo otsogozedwa ndi US, ndipo nyumba zawo, mizikiti ndi madera oyandikana nawo asanduka bwinja, iyi ndi gawo la "mwayi wosintha".
Ndondomeko yamalonda yaku US kuderali ikuphatikiza:
- kuthandiza umembala wa WTO kumayiko "amtendere" m'dera lomwe akufuna;
- kupereka zokambirana za Trade and Investment Framework Agreements (TIFAs) zomwe zimakhazikitsa ndondomeko yowonjezera malonda ndi kuthetsa mavuto omwe atsala. Ma TIFA amayala maziko a ma FTA ovuta kwambiri. Izi "zidzalimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali kwa mabungwe apadera kudzera m'mabungwe amalonda omwe amayendetsa ndondomeko zamalonda ndi kutithandiza kuthana ndi zovuta zamalonda";
- kupereka zokambirana za Bilateral Investment Treaty (BITs);
- kupereka zokambirana ndi ma FTA athunthu. Izi "zidzachotsa zotchinga zonse zolepheretsa malonda m'magawo onse - ndi cholinga chokulitsa ma FTA a mayiko awiriwa kukhala ma FTA "achigawo chapakati" polimbikitsa mayiko ena omwe ali ndi chidwi komanso oyenerera kuti akhale ndi chitetezo cha mapangano amalonda aulere omwe alipo kale". Morocco idzakhala likulu la Maghreb, Bahrain ku Gulf;
- kuphatikiza izi kukhala MEFTA;
- kuonjezera thandizo la ndalama ndi luso logwirizana ndi zomwe mayiko achita pakusintha kwachuma ndi malonda.
"Potsatira njira zingapo zamalonda zaulere, US ikupanga "mpikisano womasula" womwe umapereka mwayi womasuka pazokambirana zonse, imakhazikitsa njira zopambana zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zambiri, ndikukhazikitsa ndale zatsopano zomwe zimayika malonda aulere. zokhumudwitsa, โadatero Zoellick Marichi.
Njira zamalonda zaku US zapadziko lonse lapansi ku Middle East zikufanana ndi zokhumudwitsa. Mwezi wa February, Washington idamaliza TIFA ndi maboma a Yemen ndi Kuwait. Mu Marichi, a US adasaina TIFAs ndi United Arab Emirates (UAE) ndi Qatar, komanso kumaliza zokambirana ndi Morocco pa FTA, ndikuchita gawo lachiwiri la zokambirana za FTA ndi Bahrain.
Washington ili kale ndi TIFAs ndi Algeria (July 2001), Bahrain (June 2002), Egypt (July 1999), Saudi Arabia (July 2003), ndi Tunisia (October 2002). Ili ndi ma BIT ndi Egypt, Morocco ndi Tunisia omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito koyambirira kwa 1990s, ndi BIT ndi Bahrain kuyambira 2001.
US idasaina FTA ndi Israel mu 1985 (pamene Ariel Sharon anali Nduna ya Zamakampani ndi Zamalonda), komanso ili ndi FTA ndi BIT ndi Jordan.
M'bwalo lamalonda la mayiko awiriwa, pali mpikisano wina m'derali kuti akope chidwi cha US. Kuwait ikufuna kukhala malo opangira ndalama m'chigawo cha Bahrain ndi Dubai. Nduna ya Zamalonda ndi Zamakampani ku Kuwait Abdullah Abdul Rahman Al-Taweel adalankhula ndi oyimira bizinesi aku US mu February akugulitsa Kuwait ngati malo abwino oti US atengepo gawo ku Iraq. Kuwait yakhalanso nthumwi ya USA ku OPEC, kutsutsa lingaliro laposachedwa lochepetsa kupanga mafuta, ndipo posachedwapa yakhazikitsa lamulo lazachuma lakunja lolola osunga ndalama akunja kukhala ndi 100% yamabizinesi awo ku Kuwait.
Mayiko ena a mโderali atsegula mwayi wopeza ndalama zakunja, ndipo agulitsa mabizinesi aboma mosiyanasiyana, koma osatsutsidwa kapena mikangano. Purezidenti wa Algeria yemwe adasankhidwanso posachedwa, AbdelAziz Bouteflika, adalonjeza kuti apanga mgwirizano wambiri, ponena kuti dziko la Algeria liyenera "kuyamba kukonzekera" chuma cha mafuta "pambuyo pa kukula kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi." Mabungwe aku Algeria akutsutsana ndi mfundozi komanso chinsinsi chomwe chawazungulira, kuphatikizapo kunyanyala kwa masiku awiri komwe kudatsekereza dzikolo mu February 2003.
Mabungwe aku US akufuna mabizinesi omwe amatsegula misika ndikupangitsa maboma kuti achepetse malamulo, ndikupangira chinsinsi. Ndipo, inde, akufuna zitsimikizo za NAFTA-plus - kuphatikiza njira zotsutsana ndi maboma kuti agwiritse ntchito motsutsana ndi maboma pazochita zilizonse kapena zomwe anena kuti zimakhudza ndalama zawo.
Akufuna kutsegulidwa kwa magawo a ntchito, zogula ndi boma, komanso kukhwimitsa zinthu zaluntha kuposa mu WTO. Mgwirizano wa FTA wa US-Bahrain umatsogozedwa ndi Lionel Johnson waku Citigroup ndi William Rice wa ALCOA, pomwe US-Morocco FTA Coalition Coalition ndi George Pickart wa CMS Energy ndi Laura Lane wa Time Warner Inc. CMS ndi Investor wamkulu pamsika wamagetsi waku Morocco, pomwe ALCOA ili ndi gawo lalikulu mu Aluminium Bahrain Company (ALBA).
Komabe ndondomeko yamalonda ya US ku Middle East imayendetsedwa makamaka ndi zofuna za geopolitical, osati zamalonda ndi zachuma. Nambala sizimawonjezera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2002 dziko la US linatumiza katundu wa US $ 366 miliyoni ku Yemen, pamene akuitanitsa katundu wa $ 246 miliyoni kuchokera ku Yemen.
Chaka chimenecho, katundu wa US ku Bahrain adakwana $ 419.2 miliyoni, pamene katundu wa Bahrain ku US adayima pa $ 395.1 miliyoni.
TIFA, BIT, kapena FTA ndi US ndizodziwikiratu kuti Washington imawona kuti boma lake ndi mnzake.
Mu 2002, boma la Algeria litalonjeza kuti lithandizira "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" US idalengeza kuti ikuwonjezera thandizo lankhondo ndikugulitsa zida ku Algeria chifukwa cholimbana ndi uchigawenga. Kuyambira mchaka cha 1981, Egypt yakhala ikuchititsa msonkhano wa Operation Bright Star - womwe wakhala gulu lalikulu kwambiri lankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza US ndi magulu ena ankhondo.
Kuwait, yomwe posachedwapa idapatsidwa udindo waukulu womwe si a NATO ndi Washington, inali njira yoyambira kuwukira ku Iraq. US Navy Fifth Fleet ili ku Bahrain. Qatar idachita nawo msonkhano wa Ministerial Doha WTO mu Novembala 2001, ndipo ndi kwawo kwa US Armed Forces Central Command.
Chofunikira pa zokambirana za FTA ndi US ndikusatenga nawo gawo pakunyanyala chuma cha Israeli. US yadzudzula zotsutsa kukhala membala wa WTO m'maiko omwe akupitilirabe kunyalanya Israeli.
A Timothy Deal, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa US Council for International Business (USCIB) adauza Komiti Yazachuma ya Senate mu Marichi 2001, kuti chokopa chachikulu cha US-Jordan FTA chinali "chothandizira chomwe chingathandizire ku Middle East mtendere".
Mu chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha miyezo yake iwiri pazamalonda padziko lonse lapansi, pa msonkhano wa February WTO General Council ku Geneva, US idathandizira kuti Iraq ikhale yowonera ku WTO, pomwe ikutsutsana - kwa nthawi yakhumi ndi chisanu - kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Iran mu gawo lomwelo. Pansi pa malamulo a WTO, gawo lililonse la kasitomu "lokhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma zakunja" litha kulembetsa kulowa nawo. Iraq sizikugwirizana ndi mayesowa, chifukwa chakuwongolera kwa US pazachuma komanso ndale zathupi - koma izi zikuwoneka kuti sizodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ku WTO.
Ndiye pali Igupto. Zoellick adalankhula mokweza mu May 2003, ponena kuti "Igupto mwachiwonekere ndi mtima wa maiko a ArabuรขโฌยฆSizidzakhala zophweka koma tidzagwiritsa ntchito chilimbikitso cha mgwirizano wa malonda aulere kuyesa kulimbikitsa kusintha kwawo." Patatha milungu ingapo - Egypt itachoka ku madandaulo a WTO motsogozedwa ndi US motsutsana ndi EU de facto kuimitsidwa kwa zamoyo zosinthidwa ma genetic - Zoellick adalengeza molimba mtima kuti US sikhala ikukambirana za FTA ndi Egypt yomwe "ili ndi ntchito yoti ichite".
Ngakhale kukana kuti WTO / GMO yaku Egypt yokhudzana ndi nkhope ndi chifukwa chake, US idapereka chitsanzo cha dziko lalikulu kwambiri mderali - chenjezo kwa ena kuti asakhumudwitse Washington. Ahmed Ghoneim, katswiri wamaphunziro pa yunivesite ya Cairo anachenjeza kuti โnyerereโ ngati Igupto ayesetse kupeลตa โkulimbana kwa njovu pakati pa US/EU kuyambira pachiyambi. Njovu zonse ziwiri zinapsa mtima.โ Mkulu wina wa ku Egypt adauza mtolankhani kuti ndi EU yomwe imapanga 40% ya malonda aku Egypt, Egypt siyingapite "kunkhondo" nayo chifukwa cha chiletso cha GMO.
Boma la ku Ulaya komanso zofuna zamakampani, zamalonda ndi ndale m'derali zimakhalabe zolimba, ndipo EU yakhala ikukakamiza maboma kuti akonzenso ndikutsegula chuma chawo. Koma ambiri akuwona kuti zomwe EU yakwaniritsa "ndondomeko ya Barcelona" yomwe ikufuna kuchita nawo mayiko aku Mediterranean pakusintha kwachuma ndi ndale ndikumanga mgwirizano wamalonda ndi madera ndi chithandizo kwakhala kusowa.
M'dera lomwe limadalira kwambiri mafuta ndi gasi, kugulitsa anthu wamba m'gawoli - makamaka kupanga kumtunda - kwakhala kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kokangana, ngakhale pakati pa maboma omwe akuwoneka kuti akufunitsitsa kusintha msika.
US ikuyembekeza kuti kukonzanso kwachiwawa kwa Iraq kukhala bwalo lamasewera la neoliberal kwa mabungwe aku US kumapanga chitsanzo cha mtundu wa chikhalidwe chomwe akufuna kuti chikhalepo mderali. Kukakamizidwa kwabizinesi yamafuta aku Iraq, kuyengedwa, ndi zomangamanga zamapaipi, zitha kukhala chitsanzo chokhazikika ndi mamembala ena a OPEC, potero kufooketsa mphamvu zama cartel pamisika yamagetsi. Zikawonjezeranso kukakamiza maboma aku Middle East kuti atsegule gawoli kumakampani akunja.
Pakadali pano, pofotokoza Morocco ngati "bwenzi labwino", FTA yomwe yangomalizidwa posachedwa ya US-Morocco, atero Zoellick, akuwonetsa kuti Washington "yadzipereka kwambiri kuthandizira magulu achisilamu olekerera, omasuka komanso otukuka." Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizanowu ndi chitsanzo cha zokambirana ndi mayiko ena ku Middle East ndi North Africa, ndikulimbikitsa kusintha kwa msika waulere wapakhomo.
Gawo laulimi ku Morocco silinaphatikizidwe mumgwirizano waulere ndi EU. Koma pansi pa FTA ndi Washington, bizinesi yazaulimi yaku US ipeza mwayi wopanda msonkho, kuwopseza moyo wa alimi aku Moroccan, 40 % ya omwe apulumuka ndi ulimi wongongolerera. Chimanga cha US ndi soya zalowa kale ku Morocco.
US-Morocco FTA itsegula gawo lazantchito ku Morocco kwa osunga ndalama aku US. Izi ndi monga mauthenga a pa telefoni, makompyuta ndi ntchito zina zofananira nazo, zokopa alendo, za magetsi, zoyendera, zandalama, inshuwalansi, ndi zosangalatsa.
Ndi mfundo zokhwimitsa zinthu kuposa za WTO, FTA ya US-Morocco ikhoza kuwopseza mwayi wopeza mankhwala. Mgwirizanowu umawonjezera nthawi yachitetezo cha patent kuyambira zaka 20 mpaka 30. FTA ikuwopseza kupulumuka kwa makampani opanga ma generic ku Morocco omwe amapereka ntchito masauzande ambiri ndikuthandizira kupulumutsa Unduna wa Zaumoyo mamiliyoni a ma dirham chaka chilichonse.
Bungwe lomenyera ufulu wa Edzi ku Morocco, Association de Lutte contre le SIDA (ALCS) linachenjeza kuti FTA ikhazikitsa "chitsanzo chachikulu chomwe mayiko akumwera adzaimbidwa mlandu ku Morocco, koma mayikowa apitiliza kumenyera ufulu wopeza mankhwala amtundu uliwonse."
Komiti ya US Administration's Industry Functional Advisory Committee on Intellectual Property Rights for Trade Policy Matters (yomwe ili ndi nthumwi zochokera ku US biotech, pharmaceutical and infotainment corporations), inanena mokondwera kuti US-Morocco FTA ili ndi "mutu wapamwamba kwambiri [zaluntha] mu FTA iliyonse yomwe yakambirana. pakadali pano."
Chadwane Bensalmia, polemba m'magazini ya Casablanca ya Tel Quel, akuda nkhawa kuti kuwonjezera pa zomwe zingakhudze ulimi ndi mafakitale a mankhwala ku Morocco, anthu aku America adzafafaniza chikhalidwe cha Morocco. Kuvomereza panganolo, iye akukhulupirira kuti, kumatanthauza โkusiya kudziwika kwathu.โ
Ndondomeko ya malonda ya Bush ku Middle East ikufuna kusangalatsa kuukira ndi kulandidwa kwa Iraq ndikupitirizabe thandizo la US ku Israeli - yomwe idakali mphamvu ya nyukiliya m'derali, komanso olanda maiko a Palestina. Mosasamala kanthu kuti chilichonse mwazochita chidzadutsa Congress isanafike Novembala, Bush adzauza ovota aku America kuti nkhondo ndi malonda aulere zipangitsa dziko kukhala malo otetezeka. Komabe dziko lake ndi-ife-kapena-motsutsa-ife limapereka kukonzanso ndi likulu la US kwa onse - mwa nkhanza zankhondo motsutsana ndi "adani" kapena kudzera mu mgwirizano wamalonda ndi malonda ndi "abwenzi abwino".