'Wogwira ntchito siyani zida zanu, nthawi yakwana yovutikira' Nyimbo yotchuka ya anarchist yochokera ku Spanish Civil War
Nkhani ndi zochitika
Kuyambira Disembala 2001 mitundu yankhondo yodziwika bwino yasintha munjira yatsopano yotsutsa. Pambuyo pavuto la ndale ndi zachuma mu 2001 ndi chipwirikiti chodziwika bwino, magulu ambiri a anthu anayamba kukhala ndi chitetezo pamaso pa boma latsopano lomwe likufuna kubwezeretsa kuvomerezeka. Mavuto pakati pa mabungwe ogwira ntchito adakula kwambiri ndi boma la Purezidenti Néstor Kirchner. Purezidenti wakale wa Eduardo Duhalde ndi pulezidenti wamakono Kirchner anatenga njira ziwiri zazikulu kuti abwezeretsenso kuvomerezeka: kumenya antchito komanso nthawi yomweyo mabungwe ogwirizana.
Mabungwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka mabungwe ogwira ntchito omwe alibe ntchito adatha kugawikana kwambiri. Ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito osagwira ntchito omwe adagawanika ndipo ena adagwirizana, ngakhale zochitika zowonongeka kwambiri zinatseka zitseko zawo ku mitundu yotsutsa yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90: zochita zachindunji, misonkhano yotchuka ndi kutsekedwa kwa misewu.
Komabe pamene moyo ku Argentina ukupitirirabe kuipiraipira, ma compañeros ambiri adayamba kusonkhananso kuti amenyane ndi kampeni yomwe inali isanamvedwe m'ma 90, zaka khumi zakubizinesi ndi kusokoneza anthu ogwira ntchito. Zomwe zachitika ndikusonkhanitsanso ogwira ntchito omwe akumenyera chinyengo kuti anthu ogwira ntchito ku Argentina akupindula ndi chuma chomwe chikuyenda bwino komanso kuti boma la Kirchner likulemekeza ufulu wa anthu.
Njira zatsopano zokonzekera: Kupambana Kwatsopano
Ukapitalism wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. M'dziko lonse la Argentina, mafakitale masauzande ambiri atsekedwa ndipo ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri zatayika m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito yafika poipa. Ogwira ntchito ambiri omwe akadali ndi ntchito ayenera kugwira ntchito pansi pa tebulo popanda zoletsa kuti tsiku lantchito ndi litali bwanji, osalandira malipiro ochepa komanso malo osatetezeka. Ma compañero ambiri adayimilira kukana tsogolo ili. Dziko la Argentina likukhala mumphindi yakuyambiranso kulimbana mkati mwa malo ogwira ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe ogwira ntchito adataya mwayi wopeza: kumenyedwa, kuwononga ndi kulanda fakitale. Chofunika koposa, zovuta izi mumayendedwe apansi panthaka, zipatala zaboma ndi mabizinesi omwe achira zadzetsa masomphenya atsopano ndi kupambana kwa ogwira ntchito.
Ogwira ntchito zapansi panthaka: kunyanyala koopsa
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 ogwira ntchito mumsewu wapansi panthaka ya Buenos Aires anayamba kulimbana pang'onopang'ono kuti apange bungwe lamkati mkati mwa bungwe la UTA-Transport Workers Union. Mu 1994, mu nthawi ya boma la Purezidenti Carlos Menem, adagulitsa njanji yapansi panthaka ya Buenos Aires, ndikupereka chilolezo kwa MetrovÃas ngati bungwe loyang'anira mayiko.
Njira yapansi panthaka itangokhazikitsidwa, kampaniyo idakonzanso antchito. Anapangitsa kuti tsiku logwira ntchito la maola 8 likhale lovomerezeka ndipo anatsitsa malipiro ambiri kwa ogwira ntchito omwe sanachotsedwe. Chaka cha 1994 chisanafike, panali antchito oposa 4,600 m’njanji yapansi panthaka. Sitima yapansi panthaka itangopangidwa mwachinsinsi kampaniyo inalemba ntchito 1,500 okha, 800 mwa iwo anali antchito atsopano. Ogwira ntchito atsopanowa anali ambiri achichepere, amuna ndi akazi osakwatira opanda mbiri ya kulinganiza ntchito.
'Munthawi yaulamuliro wankhondo (1976-1983) ogwira ntchito panjanji adagwira ntchito maola 7, maboma am'mbuyomu a demokalase adagwira ntchito maola 6. Panthawi ya boma la Purezidenti Menem adagwira ntchito molimbika m'magawo onse ogwira ntchito ndipo tsiku lathu lantchito lidakwera mpaka maola 8. Chiyambire 1943 ogwira ntchito m'sitima yapansi panthaka sanagwire ntchito ya maola 8 tsiku,' anatero Roberto Pianelli, nthumwi yomwe ilipo panopa. Kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi Metrovias anachotsa antchito mosasankha.
Ogwira ntchito adayamba kuvotera nthumwi ku UTA kuti aletse kuwombera, mpaka bungwe lamkati litakhazikitsidwa. Komiti yamkati idakula, yodzaza ndi antchito achichepere ambiri omwe bungwe lawo lomenyera ufulu wawo linali kugwira ntchito ndi zipani zandale zosiya kumanzere. Ambiri anachokera m’zipani za ndale zomwe zinakhumudwitsidwa ndi machitidwe osagwirizana ndi demokalase. Ogwira ntchito zapansi panthaka apanga zizolowezi zambiri zomwe zimalemekeza demokalase yolunjika ndikukonzekera mozungulira: kugwira ntchito ngati msonkhano waukulu wokhala ndi makomiti apadera ndi nthumwi kuti zigwirizane zomwe zavoteredwa pamsonkhano.
Kupambana kwa ogwira ntchito kumayendedwe apansi panthaka kunali kubwereranso kumakampani azinsinsi 'omwe kwa zaka zopitilira khumi akuwononga miyezo yantchito. Makampaniwa adakhazikitsa ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito mopambanitsa, kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, kugwira ntchito zambiri, kunyonyotsoka kwa ntchito, malipiro ndi ulemu wa antchito. Mabungwe akuluakulu a anyamata a ku Argentina, Confederation of Labor kapena CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labour union), CTA Central of Argentine Workers kapena CTA (mgwirizano wa anthu ogwira ntchito kwambiri) ndi ATE (State Employees Union) onse adachita nawo ntchitoyo. za privatization ndi kuwonongedwa kwa miyezo ya ntchito yomwe idabwera pambuyo pake.
Njira ya nthumwi zapansi panthaka inali yokonzekera paokha mkati mwa UTA (transport workers' union). Monga msonkhano antchitowo adasankha zolinga ndi masomphenya awo. Pachiyambi iwo adatenga malo otetezera kwambiri, kuyesera kuti ateteze kuwombera. Pamene bungweli likukula zolinga zawo zidayamba kukhala ndi masomphenya apamwamba: kubwezerani maola 6 ogwira ntchito, kuwononga makina opangira matikiti ndikufunsa kuti awonjezere malipiro.
Mu 2004, nthumwi za sitima zapansi panthaka zinapambana maola 6 ogwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zochitika zodzidzimutsa. Ogwira ntchito zapansi panthaka anathandizira kupanga gulu lachitukuko kwa maola 6 ogwira ntchito ndi. Masomphenya a gulu ndikusintha malingaliro a capitalism. 'Munthawi ino ya capitalism ogwira ntchito akuthamangitsidwa pamsika wantchito ndipo omwe atha kukhalabe momwemo amadyeredwa mochulukira. Lingaliro lomwe ife kuchokera ku Movement kwa tsiku lantchito la maola 6 tikukankhira ndendende: gwirani ntchito mochepera kuti anthu ambiri azigwira ntchito,' akufotokoza Eduardo Lucita, katswiri wazachuma wochokera kumanzere. Kuphatikiza pa kufuna kupanga ntchito zambiri, gululi likufuna kukweza malipiro onse. Ili ndi gawo la masomphenya a ogwira ntchito panjanji. Chaka chino ndi sitiraka za amphaka, ogwira ntchito m'mayendedwe apansi panthaka adapeza malipiro owonjezera 44%. Ogwira ntchito pachipatala cha Garrahan: akufuna malipiro ndi ulemu
Kwa zaka zopitilira 14, malipiro adayimitsidwa mdziko lonse. Malipiro apakati ku Argentina ndi 600 pesos (madola 200). Komabe, mtengo wa zosowa zofunika zabanja ndi 1,800 pesos ndipo umphawi umayima pa 750 pesos. Omwe si azachipatala pachipatala cha ana cha Garrahan akhala akuchita sitiraka kwa miyezi yapitayi kuti afune kuti malipiro ochepera pamwezi akwezedwe mpaka 1,800 pesos (madola 600).
Boma likuti palibe ndalama zogulira malipiro kapena thanzi la anthu. Komabe, Purezidenti Nestor Kirchner wapereka ndalama zambiri ku International Monetary Fund kuposa purezidenti wina aliyense m'mbiri ya Argentina. Chaka chino adalipira madola 500 miliyoni. Pamsonkhano wa pulezidenti womwe ukubwera boma lidayika ndalama zokwana madola 200 miliyoni kuti litseke mzinda wa Mar del Plata womwe uli m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti mzindawu ukhale wotetezeka kuulendo wa Purezidenti George W. Bush.
Ngakhale kuti boma likuukira komanso kuwopseza, ogwira ntchitowo sanabwerere m'mbuyo. Ogwira ntchito pamsonkhanowu akumana ndi milandu yochita zigawenga, milandu yachigawenga komanso ma telegalamu omwe akuwopseza kuti awachotsa ntchito. Ndi mgwirizano wapagulu kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito m'zipatala zaboma, fakitale ya Zanon idapezanso zoumba, ogwira ntchito m'sitima, ogwira ntchito zapansi panthaka ndi aphunzitsi akusukulu zaboma akupita patsogolo ndi zomwe akufuna.
Anamwino pafupifupi 700, akatswili, ndi oyang'anira nyumba akonzedwa pamsonkhano wa ogwira ntchito womwe umagwira ntchito ngati bungwe lamkati la bungwe la ogwira ntchito m'boma la ATE. Msonkhanowo umalimbikitsa mfundo za demokalase yeniyeni ndi mabungwe omwe si a hierarchical amapangidwa ndi bungwe la Assembly ndiyeno ogwira ntchito amavotera zomwe akufuna.
Msonkhano wa ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo wadzudzula utsogoleri wa ATE chifukwa chokhala chete pamavuto antchito, nthawi zambiri amalankhula poyera motsutsana ndi zomwe ogwira ntchito amafuna komanso zochita zawo. Ngati ogwira ntchito ku Garrahan apambana peso 1,800, ogwira ntchito onse amapambana. Boma ndi mabungwe aboma akuopa kuti ngati ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo ku Garrahan akweza malipiro, kufunikira kwa malipiro amoyo kudzafalikira ngati moto wamoto limodzi ndi njira zamakomiti odziyimira pawokha omwe akupanga kunja kwa mabungwe azikhalidwe.
Kulimbana ndi malipiro amoyo kwalimbikitsa masomphenya a anthu ogwira ntchito kuti aziwongolera mitengo ndi kupanga. M'nyuzipepala yaposachedwa kwambiri ya ogwira ntchito panjanji yapansi panthaka iwo adafotokoza lingaliro lokweza malipiro a antchito ndi mikhalidwe. 'Ngakhale makampani ali ndi mphamvu zoonjezera mitengo ogwira ntchito sangafikire malipiro omwe angakhale nawo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuwongolera mitengo kuyenera kukhala gawo la kupanga antchito. Ngakhale izi zikuwoneka ngati utopia, tili ndi malire ang'onoang'ono oti tigwiritse ntchito masomphenyawa ndi mabizinesi ochira omwe akugwira ntchito pansi paulamuliro wa ogwira ntchito. Ngati makampani akuluakulu a 100 ku Argentina ankalamulidwa ndi ogwira ntchito (monga nkhani ya Zanon) tikhoza kuyamba kulamulira mitengo mkati mwa msika wa capitalist. Kapena kumanga msika wina kunja kwa capitalism.'
Mabizinesi obwezeretsedwa: kubwezeretsa chikhalidwe ndikusintha malingaliro a capitalism
Mafakitole ndi mabizinesi aku Argentina akuyimira kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zapamwamba zoteteza ogwira ntchito komanso kukana motsutsana ndi capitalism. Zochitika za ogwira ntchito kudziyang'anira okha/bungwe zatsutsana mwachindunji ndi machitidwe a capitalism pokayikira katundu wamba, kubweza chidziwitso cha ogwira ntchito, ndi kukonza zopanga pazolinga zina osati phindu.
Ku Argentina pakadali pano mabizinesi pafupifupi 180 omwe achira akuyenda. Bizinesi iliyonse imakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ake, si mabizinesi onse ochira omwe ali ofanana. Si onse omwe atenga maubwenzi atsopano muzochitikazo, kutengera masomphenya a momwe angapangire maubale atsopano kunja kwa capitalism. Pali zopatulapo monga momwe zinalili ndi fakitale ya Zanon ceramics ndi hotelo ya BAUEN. Komabe, onse ali ndi chinthu chofanana chomwe ndi kufunsa kwazinthu zachinsinsi. Ogwira ntchito akachira, kulanda ndikuyamba kupanga pansi pa kudziyang'anira okha, mfundo ya katundu waumwini imakhala pachiwopsezo.
Ngakhale zokumana nazo izi zimakakamizika kukhala limodzi mumsika wa capitalist iwo akupanga masomphenya atsopano a chikhalidwe chatsopano chogwirira ntchito. Lingaliro la ogwira ntchito kulanda mbewuzo pomwe eni ake ndi mabwana adaganiza zosiya bizinesi yawo idapangidwa mofunikira osati chifukwa chamalingaliro. Kufunika kodziwikiratu ndi kudera nkhawa za momwe angatetezere ntchito za ogwira ntchito zidalimbikitsa mchitidwe wolanda fakitale ndikuiyika kuti ipange popanda bwana kapena mwini wake.
Mwachiwonekere, palibe boma kapena msika zomwe zimapindula ndi kudziwongolera kwaogwira ntchito. Boma ndi msika wachepetsa zochitika za kudziyang'anira ogwira ntchito. Kudzilamulira kwaogwira ntchito kumatsutsana ndi malingaliro a capitalism. Ogwira ntchitowo adapeza kuti kutsimikizira kuti ogwira ntchito amatha kuwongolera kupanga sikunali kokwanira, adayeneranso kumenyera ufulu wawo. Mabizinesi ambiri adakhalanso opindulitsa pambuyo potsika mabwana ambiri akale adafuna kuti mafakitale abwerere. Nthaŵi zambiri ogwira ntchitowo anayenera kudzikonzekeretsa okha kuti adziteteze ku zoyesayesa zothamangitsidwa mwachiwawa ndi ziwawa zina za boma. Ogwira ntchito adayenera kusiya ntchito, kuyika mphamvu pankhondo yovomerezeka ndikumenyera malamulo mokomera mabizinesi omwe adachira.
Momwe mungakonzekere kupanga ndi nkhawa ina yayikulu. Sikuti mabizinesi onse ochira amapangidwa mwanjira yomweyo. Ngakhale kuti ena apanga njira zotsogola zopangira maubale atsopano mkati mwa malo ogwirira ntchito, ena agwira ntchito zakale zomwe zasiyidwa ndi mabwana. Ena apanga bungwe motsatira chitsanzo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito zamanja, ndondomeko yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Komabe, mabizinesi ena omwe adachira monga momwe adachitira Zanon, yomwe imagwira ntchito 'yoyang'aniridwa ndi ogwira ntchito', atengera msonkhanowo ngati gawo lokhalo pafakitale. Zanon ili ndi ogwirizanitsa ndi makomiti malinga ndi magawo kuti agwirizane ndi zochitika zenizeni pakupanga, koma zisankho pakupanga zimapangidwa potsatira zomwe zavoteredwa pamsonkhano.
M'mbiri ku Argentina, mabungwe ogwira ntchito ali ndi dzina loyipa. Nthawi zambiri ma cooperatives amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yobisalira kuchotsedwa kwachuma komanso kuwonjezereka kwa magwiridwe antchito. Mabizinesi omwe adachira akubweretsanso miyambo yokonzedwanso ya ma cooperatives a ogwira ntchito. Ena mwa malamulo omwe adaperekedwa mokomera mabizinesi omwe abwerera kwawo anali ozikidwa pa dictums ndi mabilu omwe amakhazikitsidwa m'mabungwe ogwira ntchito.
Zokumana nazo zambiri zowoneka bwino ndikupereka chitsanzo kuti ogwira ntchito atha kulinganiza zopanga komanso malo ogwirira ntchito mopanda mabwana kapena mamenejala. Ngakhale zili ndi malire omwe msika umayika pazochitika za kudziyang'anira ogwira ntchito, zochitika izi zapangitsa mgwirizano kukhala patsogolo. Mafakitole ambiri akuyembekeza kuti zinthu zomwe zidzatulutsidwe zizikhala za anthu ammudzi, osati za capitalist. Mwachitsanzo Zanon amagulitsa katundu wawo kutsogolo kwa chipata cha fakitale. Akupanga zinthu zapamwamba kwinaku akuchepetsa mitengo kuti anthu wamba athe kupeza matailosi a ceramic kukhitchini, mabafa ndi nyumba zawo. Zanon nthawi zonse amapereka matailosi a ceramic kuzipatala, malo ammudzi ndi ntchito zina zamdera. Hotelo ya BAUEN ndi malo ochitira misonkhano ya ogwira ntchito movutikira. Nthumwi za sitima zapansi panthaka, ogwira ntchito m'chipatala, kuyenda kwa maola 6 ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe amalimbikitsa kumasulidwa kwa akaidi a ndale amakumana kumeneko. Gawo lina la masomphenyawa likupangira anthu ammudzi, osati phindu komanso kupanga mgwirizano wamagulu.
Monga tanenera ndi ogwira ntchito zapansi panthaka, ndi mabizinesi ochira amatha kupanga malire odziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku msika wa capitalist (kuwongolera zomwe zimapangidwira ndi kwa ndani ndikuwongolera mtengo). Chodabwitsa chopanga maukonde ogwirizana komanso msika wamkati wazinthu zopangidwa mkati mwamabizinesi ochira ndi gawo lofunikira la masomphenya opanga njira ina yosinthira msika. Komabe, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu, kukulitsa bungwe komanso kufunitsitsa kupanga mtundu wogwira ntchito wamalonda pakati pa mabizinesi omwe achira.
Ngakhale kuti zochitika izi sizikutanthauza kusintha kowoneka bwino pakusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito, zikubzala mbewu za ubale watsopano ndi njira yokhazikitsira anthu. Mgwirizano, mgwirizano wosakakamizika, demokalase, kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji, kukhazikika, kudziyang'anira nokha ndikufunsanso dongosolo lakale la dziko lonse ndi njira ndi zochita zomwe zimatipititsa patsogolo kusintha mtsogolo. Marie Trigona ndi gawo la Grupo AlavÃo, www.alavio.org. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa]