Bwanamkubwa wa Wisconsin a Scott Walker ndi othandizana nawo aku Republican ku nyumba yamalamulo ku Wisconsin atha kukhala gulu la zigawenga zothandizidwa ndi a Koch koma muyenera kuwapatsa - ali ndi mphamvu. Nanga bwanji ngati kuchoka kwa maseneta khumi ndi anayi aku Wisconsin kudatsatiridwa ndi zipolowe zodziwika bwino komanso zantchito mkati ndi mozungulira Madison Capital Rotunda, zomwe zidabweretsa mazana masauzande a mamembala ndi omuthandizira kuyambira tsiku lina kupita kwina kutsutsa kusamuka kwa Walker. โkubweza kupita patsogolo kwa anthu apakati pazaka zapakati pa zaka 11 mโboma mwa kuchotseratu ufulu wokambirana nawo za anthu ogwira ntchito mโbomaโ (olemba a New York Times lero [Lachisanu, March XNUMX]) mโdzina loipa la โkukonza bajetiโ? Nanga bwanji ngati zikuwonekeratu kwa aliyense wowona kwambiri kuti kuyesa kwa Walker ndi a Wisconsin Republicans kusokoneza mgwirizano wa anthu - cholinga chanthawi yayitali cha Republican Party ndi ambiri omwe amawathandiza mabizinesi akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, Koch Industries) - alibe chochita ndi kukonza vuto la bajeti ya boma lomwe Walker wadzudzula ndikudyetsa ndi misonkho kwa olemera ndi makampani Ochepa? Nanga bwanji ngati kafukufuku waposachedwa waposachedwa wa anthu (USA Today, Wall Street Journal, New York Times) akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri aku America amachirikiza maufulu okambirana kwa ogwira ntchito aboma (ndi mabungwe aboma)? Nanga bwanji ngati nzika zambiri za dzikolo zikana nkhondo ya Walker (komanso ya abwanamkubwa ndi okonza malamulo) pa ogwira ntchito m'boma - nkhondo yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu pazachuma komanso ndale m'mbiri yaposachedwa yaku America?
โIno Ndi Nthawi Yathuโ
Walker sakanatha kusamala. Iye ndi wodzipatulira wodzipatulira wa chikapitalisti wotengeka ndi lingaliro la cholinga chake chowononga kwamuyaya komanso mbiri yakale pazantchito zadongosolo ndi ma Democrat. Mmodzi mwa anthu ambiri a ku Republican okhwima omwe anasankhidwa ndi chithandizo cha Tea Party pa mlingo wa boma mu November wa 2010, Walker sanayesetse kubisa ndondomeko yake yomenyera nkhondo, yovomereza bizinesi kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2011. Iye mwamsanga anapachika chikwangwani pachitseko cha chitseko chake. ofesi yomwe imati "Wisconsin ndi yotsegulira bizinesi." Anakana $810 miliyoni mu ndalama za federal zomwe Wisconsin amapeza kuti amange njanji yothamanga kwambiri pakati pa Madison ndi Milwaukee. Anasandutsa dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ya boma kukhala "gulu la anthu wamba" momwe antchito adayenera kufunsiranso ntchito zawo. Adalumikizana ndi anthu ena aku Republican kuti apereke $ 117 miliyoni popumira misonkho kwa mabizinesi ndi ena - izi ngakhale adakonza zochepetsera ndalama zomwe anthu amawononga komanso kuwononga ndalama zapenshoni komanso zamankhwala. mapindu omwe ogwira ntchito m'boma amasangalala nawo.1
Zokayikira za ogwira ntchito kuti chipani cha Tea chimathandizira abale a mabiliyoni akumanja a Koch ndiwo adalimbikitsa kwambiri malamulo a Wisconsin adatsimikizika pomwe wolemba mabulogu womasuka ku New York Ian Murphy adayimba foni kwa Walker momwe Murphy adayimba David Koch. Murphy (monga Koch) ndi Walker adalankhula kwa mphindi 20 - kukambirana komwe bwanamkubwa adafotokoza njira zingapo zokakamiza a Democrat kuti abwerere ku Statehouse ndipo adawulula kuti iye ndi ogwirizana nawo adaganiza zobzala anthu mwachinsinsi m'magulu otsutsa mgwirizano kuti ayambitse. pamavuto. Walker anayerekezera kaimidwe kake ndi kaja ka Purezidenti Ronald Reagan pamene Reagan anachotsa ntchito oyangโanira kayendetsedwe ka ndege mโdzikolo mkati mwa mkangano wa ogwira ntchito mu 1981. โKumeneko kunali mingโalu yoyamba mu Khoma la Berlin ndipo inachititsa kuti Soviet Union igwe,โ anatero Walker. Walker adati akuyembekeza kuti gulu lodana ndi mgwirizano lifalikire mdziko lonse komanso kuti adalankhula ndi abwanamkubwa aku Ohio ndi Nevada. Wolemba mabulogu akudziyesa kuti ndi Koch adavomereza, ndikuuza Walker, "Ndiwe woyamba domino." Walker anayankha motsimikiza kuti, "Inde, ino ndi nthawi yathu." Walker atanena kuti akufuna kukambirana ndi maseneta a Democratic, Murphy adamuuza kuti "abweretse mpira wa baseball." Walker anaseka ndikuyankha kuti "ali ndi slugger yokhala ndi dzina langa pamenepo." Kumapeto kwa kuyimba, wolemba mabulogu akuwonetsa ngati Koch adati, "Ndikuwuza zomwe Scott, mukangophwanya zigawenga izi, ndikuwulutsira ku Cali ndikukuwonetsani nthawi yabwino." Walker adayankha kuti "zingakhale zabwino kwambiri," ndikuwonjezera kuti kuyimilirako ndi "zonse zopezera ufulu wathu" Woyimba foni adati "Zowona. Ndipo mukudziwa, ifenso tili ndi chidwi chochepa. โ2
Kuwulula ubale wapamtima ndi m'modzi mwa abale a Koch, kukambirana kwa Walker ndi prankster Ian Murphy kunali kogwirizana ndi ndemanga zam'mbuyomu za kazembe watsopano wa Tea Party. Patatha masiku asanu ndi limodzi chionetserocho, Walker adauza Fox News kuti "sanadabwe" ndipo adaneneratu kuti Wisconsin idzatsata mfundo "zosamala" za mayiko ena pofooketsa migwirizano, monga momwe zidakhalira ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kusintha kwabwino (kuthetsedwa kwa ... Ufulu wa mabanja osauka wolandira thandizo la ndalama za mabanja) komanso kutsogola kwa ma voucha abizinesi m'ma 1990. Monga momwe Times idanenera masiku asanu ndi limodzi, "Mr. Walker, 43, mwana wa mlaliki wa Baptist, ndi Eagle Scoutโฆ. Ngwazi zake pa ndale: Tommy Thompson, bwanamkubwa wakale wa dziko lino, ndi Ronald Reaganโฆ.'Sanagwedezeke,' adatero Bambo Walker ponena za Reagan. โMwachiwonekere, ndimalandira chilimbikitso chochuluka kuchokera pamenepo.โโ3
Ndipo tsopano wamkulu-authoritarian, super-plutocratic, Reagan-inspired union-buster ku Madison wapanga zake zaposachedwa molimba mtima. Inangotsala nthawi pang'ono mpaka iye ndi ogwirizana nawo aku Republican adayambitsa mgwirizano wawo wosokoneza ntchito kuchokera pabilu yawo yayikulu "yokonzanso bajeti" ngati lamulo lapadera, kuwalola kuti azizunza maufulu a mgwirizano popanda kukhalapo kwa 14 Democratic. aphungu a boma. Nanga bwanji ngati kutero kuwululira mfundo yakuti kusokoneza mgwirizano kunali cholinga chenicheni mwachokha, popanda kunena kwa Walker kuti kupha ufulu wa zokambirana za ogwira ntchito za boma kunali kofunikira kuti akonze bajeti? Wophwanya ntchito yaumesiya ali ndi zomwe mesiya wophwanya ntchito ayenera kuchita: mbiri yakale yochokera kwa Ronald Reagan ndi Tommy Thompson siyingalephereke!
Madzulo a Lachinayi, Marichi 10, 2011, nyumba yamalamulo ku Wisconsin idapereka lamulo loyima lokha lomwe limadula maufulu okambirana kwa ogwira ntchito m'boma ambiri m'boma. Mazana a ziwonetsero anagwa mu Capitol akuimba "manyazi" ndi "General Strike." Kupitilira milungu iwiri yapitayo, bungwe la Madison-97-union South Central Labor Federation (loyimira mamembala 45,000 a mabungwe aboma ndi mabungwe aboma kum'mwera ndi pakati pa Wisconsin) adapereka chigamulo chothandizira kufufuza kuthekera koyambitsa General Strike ngati ndi nthawi " Walker wasaina 'bilu yake yokonza bajeti.'โ Bungweli linasankha komiti yoyang'anira ntchito kuti ilankhule ndi mabungwe a ku Ulaya omwe ali ndi luso lochita sitiraka.4 Lipoti laposachedwa lochokera kwa mtolankhani wakumanzere Lee Sustar akupereka nkhani yotsatirayi kuchokera ku Capitol usiku watha kuchokera kwa Mike Imbrogno, membala wamkulu wa American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Local 171 ku University. a Wisconsin: โAnthu amangofunsabe kuti, โKodi tidzanyanyala liti?โ Pali kusakanikirana kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito kuno amene akhala kunja kwa milungu itatu yapitayi: opanga ma boiler, mamembala a AFSCME, aphunzitsi, ozimitsa moto, ogwira ntchito ku UW Teaching. Assistants 'Association, anthu ambiri ogulitsa nyumba"- ambiri kuposa okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji. 5
The Cautious Electoral Road v.Direct Action
Walker ali ndi mphamvu. Nanga bwanji za ntchito? Bwanamkubwa ndi abwenzi ake angowonjezera malamulo (mwina mwachisawawa) omwe amalonjeza kusokoneza mabungwe azachuma ndikuwononga mphamvu zawo zamabizinesi. Monga momwe katswiri wa zantchito kumanzere a Lee Sustar amanenera pa Socialistworker.org, ndi nthawi ya "Do or Die" yogwira ntchito mwadongosolo ku Wisconsin, kumtunda kwa Midwest, komanso, kudera lonselo. Nthawi ina (pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950) mpaka 35 peresenti, kuchuluka kwa mabungwe aku America (chiperesenti cha ogwira ntchito olembedwa m'mabungwe) kudatsikira pa 11.9 peresenti ndipo theka la mamembala a bungweli ali m'magulu aboma 6 peresenti). Olemekezeka amakampani ndi azachuma ndi zida zake zambiri mgulu la ndale (m'dziko lomwe ndale zikupitilirabe mowirikiza kukhala "mthunzi wokulirapo pamabizinesi akuluakulu") akufuna kuti chiลตerengerocho chigwere ndi theka. zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Kodi utsogoleri wamgwirizanowu udzachitapo kanthu ndikuthana ndi vuto loteteza anthu onse ogwira ntchito komanso kufunika kwake komanso udindo wake, mogwirizana ndi malingaliro ambiri omwe akupita patsogolo?
Pali zifukwa zodabwa. Mu Disembala 2008, gulu la zigawenga ndi ogwira ntchito ku Chicago's Republic Door ndi Windows fakitale ya Chicago's Republic Door ndi Windows mu Disembala watha. Ngakhale kuti โantchito alengeza zambiri komanso kupambana kochititsa chidwi kwa anthu,โ Atsogoleri aku US sanachitepo kanthu kutengeranso njira yogwirira ntchito m'malo ena momwe ikadagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, posankha mwachizolowezi "njira yosamala, yolunjika ku Beltway" yomwe "amasiya kusonkhanitsa anthu komweko" ndipo "amakonda kutero. m'malo mwake khalani ndi chidwi chokopa anthu ku Washington โ(Roger Bybee). 6
Mu Epulo 2009, Purezidenti wa United Steelworkers of America, Leo Gerard, adayankha momveka bwino pomwe mtolankhani wa New York Times, Steven Greenhouse adamufunsa chifukwa chake ogwira ntchito aku America adawoneka osalolera kuposa anzawo aku Europe kuchita nawo ziwonetsero zambiri. Polemba nkhani ya Greenhouse, Gerard "adati pali zinthu zanzeru zoyenera kuchita kuposa kuwonetsa kuchotsedwa ntchito - mwachitsanzo, kukankhira Congress ndi mayiko kuti awonetsetse kuti dongosolo lolimbikitsira limapanga kuchuluka kwa ntchito" ku United States.7 "Ndimakhulupiriradi kuti anthu a ku America amakhulupirira kwambiri ndale zawo kuposa momwe antchito amachitira m'madera ena a dziko," a Gerard anauza Greenhouse. โIye anati,โ Greenhouse anasimba motero, โzionetsero zazikulu zantchito kaลตirikaลตiri zimavomerezedwa ku Canada ndi maiko a ku Ulaya kukakakamiza atsogoleri a nyumba yamalamulo. Ziwonetsero sizikufunika kwenikweni ku United States, adatero, chifukwa nthawi zambiri chomwe chimafunikira ndikulimbikitsa akatswiri ku Washington kuti athandizire thandizo la maseneta theka. โ 8 Kufotokozera kwa wogwira ntchito ku Gerard wodzifunira yekha kukhazikika kwa ogwira ntchito ku U.S. kudathandizidwa mwamanyazi ndi wolemba mbiri womasuka wa Stanford David Kennedy. Kennedy โanawona chifukwa china chimene antchito achichepere ndi achichepere amakono anali kuchita zionetsero zosachepera zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.โ Iye anauza Greenhouse kuti โmโbadwo uno [wa]pezaโฆ Idasainira kampeni zandale, ndipo sikudikirira kuti zinthu zifike povuta kwambiri mpaka amakakamizika kupita m'misewu. โ9
Zoona? Mphamvu zochititsa chidwi za "zanzeru" komanso "zogwira mtima" za American trade unionism "zokopa akatswiri" pazochita zachindunji zidawoneka ndi demokalase yoyendetsedwa ndi makampani kuthamangitsa mwachangu EFCA yokondedwa ya ogwira ntchito. Bili yomwe inali kale "yakufa" - yomwe mtsogoleri wa pulezidenti a Barack Obama adathamangira (pamodzi ndi lonjezo lake lopanda chilungamo lokonzanso NAFTA) misonkhano isanayambe (ngakhale mlangizi wake wamkulu wa zachuma Austan Goolsbee adatsimikizira akuluakulu a ku Canada kuti "NAFTA-bashing" ya Obama inali chabe. "zolankhula zachitukuko" zopanda vuto zomwe zimalavulidwa kwa anthu odziwa bwino ntchito) - zikadakhala zotsogola bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi maguba. Umu ndi momwe antchito adapindulira National Labor Relations Act (yomwe kale inali galimoto yamphamvu yoyimira migwirizano ndi mgwirizano wamagulu) m'ma 1930s. Monga momwe mtolankhani wopita patsogolo wa nkhani zantchito Roger Bybee ananenera, โchipwirikiti chimene chinayambika chifukwa cha kusonkhezera anthu ntchitoโ mโzaka khumi za kuvutika maganizo โzinakakamiza [Franklin Delano] Roosevelt kunena za kufunika kwa ufulu wa antchito ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chitetezo cha anthu kuti athetse mikangano yowonjezereka pakati pa antchito. ndi olamulira.โ[10] Ndinakumbutsidwa ndi mfundo za Gerard ndi Kennedy za lingaliro lodzutsa mbiri la malemu Alan Dawley lakuti โbokosi lovotaโ la U.S.11
"Chitani Kapena Ife ku Wisconsin"
Pafupifupi zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, zinthu ku Madison ndi ma capitol ena aboma "zafika povuta kwambiri" kotero kuti mabungwe aboma "akakamizika kupita m'misewu" kuti amenye bwino, abwanamkubwa ovomerezedwa ndi chipani cha Tea ndi aphungu adasankha r. ) abwanamkubwa osankhidwa potsatira kuchotsedwa / kufooketsa kwakukulu komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi ma Democrats amakampani komanso "kayendetsedwe ka patsogolo". Zakhala zolimbikitsa kuchitira umboni mphamvu zawo zomwe zikuyenda bwino m'mabungwe awo poteteza chitetezo chambiri chotsutsana ndi ntchito ya anthu oyipa kwambiri, omwe amatsutsa kwambiri mdziko muno. Mosiyana ndi a Tea Partiers omwe amangotengeka ndi a Obama, mabungwe amgwirizano ndi olimbikitsa ogwira ntchito ku Capitol Rotunda akuwoneka kuti alibe chidwi ndi funso loti ndani amakhala pamwamba pazandale zandale. Iwo akhala akuyang'ana kwambiri, ngati laser pazochitika zenizeni ndi zofunikira za ndondomeko zomwe zilipo komanso pamwamba pa zonse zokhudza ntchito zoyamba, zaumunthu, ndi ufulu wa anthu komanso chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu mkati ndi kunja kwa ntchito. Ndi anthu masauzande ambiri akuzungulira mzinda wa Capitol ndipo zikwizikwi akukhala mnyumbamo, akuwoneka kuti amatsata nzeru za wolemba mbiri wakale waku America Howard Zinn mu 2009: โPalibe china chofunikira kwambiri chomwe anthu angaphunzire kuposa mfundo yakuti. chinthu chovuta kwenikweni sindicho amene akukhala mu Nyumba Yoyera, koma amene wakhalaโmโmisewu, mโmalo odyeramo chakudya, mโmabwalo a boma, mโmafakitale. Ndani akutsutsa, yemwe akukhala ndi maudindo ndikuwonetsa-izi ndizomwe zimatsimikizira zomwe zimachitika. Zikukhala zomveka bwino kwa ambiri, pambuyo pa chaka choyamba cha utsogoleri wa Obama, kuti pafunika kuchitapo kanthu paokha kuchokera pansi kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwenikweni. "
Zabwino koma tsopano funso likubwera: "mabungwe adzabwerera m'mbuyo ndi mtundu wa ntchito zomwe zinayambitsa kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri m'zaka makumi angapo" kapena adzatero - kutchula mtolankhani wovuta kwambiri Lee Sustar โโ โlolani Walker kuti ayambe kuyendetsa bwino malamulo. kupitirira theka la zaka za mgwirizano wamagulu aboma ku Wisconsinโ? Kodi mabungwe "adzalimbana ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe adakumana nalo kuyambira pomwe Purezidenti Ronald Reagan adachotsa ntchito mamembala 11,000 a Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organisation mu 198"? Kodi adzayenda ndi moto m'mimba mwawo mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa udindo ndi malingaliro azomwe akuchitapo ntchito zazikuluzikulu komanso mwina kumenyedwa kwachiwopsezo kapena atsatira upangiri wofewa wa anthu olowa m'malo asanu ndi limodzi, osankhika ngati Leo Gerard ndi David Kennedy ponyambita mabala awo ndikuyika chikhulupiliro chawo pakuwongolera mfundo zamtsogolo kudzera mudemokalase yandale yaku America yomwe imati ndi yayikulu, yomwe ili pansi momvetsa chisoni monga momwe zilili maulamuliro ophatikizika komanso ogwirizana andalama ndi ufumu? Kodi apititsa patsogolo mbiri yakale ndi chidwi chochita chidwi, kusonyeza kuthekera kwawo kopanga mbiri kuchokera pansi kupita pansi osati kungochita zinthu zopsetsa mtima za makamaka osankhika oipa? Malinga ndi malipoti ochokera ku Madison, Sustar akuwonetsa kusamvana komwe kulipo pakati pa zomwe anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito amafuna kutsatira komanso njira yosamala komanso yosankha zisankho yomwe imakomera akuluakulu aboma, omwe akuyesera kumveka ngati zigawenga pokakamiza anthu kuti adzavote kuti akumbukire Scott Walker. pamene akugwira ntchito yochepetsera kuyitanidwa kuti achitepo kanthu mwachangu, mwachangu, molunjika kuchokera pansi kupita mmwamba:
'Atafunsidwa ngati akuthandizira kuyitana kwa anthu ambiri, Joe Conway, pulezidenti wa Madison Local 311 wa International Association of Fire Fighters, anati, "Ndikugwirizana kwathunthu. Tiyenera kuyamba kuyenda mawa ndi tsiku lotsatira, ndipo onani utali wa iwo adzakhalapo.
'... Kaya mkwiyo wa bungwe la mgwirizano ndi fayilo udzakakamiza akuluakulu a bungwe kuti achitepo kanthu sizikudziwika. "Pakadali pano, zomwe ndikuwona kuchokera ku utsogoleri wa ogwira ntchito ndikulephera kuyankha," adatero J. Eric Cobb, mkulu wa Building Trades Council ku South Central Wisconsin. Atsogoleri apamwamba amgwirizano akhala akuchita zinthu mwachangu, m'malo motsogolera, adatero.
M'masiku aposachedwa, atsogoleri amgwirizano asintha malingaliro awo kutali ndi zolimbikitsa anthu, ndikukumbukiranso ma Republican asanu ndi atatu mu Senate ya boma, komanso kampeni ya Khothi Lalikulu la boma la Wisconsin. Msonkhano wa anthu ochuluka womwe unakonzedwa pa Marichi 12 unalinganizidwa kulimbikitsa kuyesetsa kumeneku.
โโฆLabor yawonetsa kale kuti ili ndi mphamvu yoletsa kusokoneza mgwirizano wa Walker. Koma kodi atsogoleri a mabungwe ali ndi chikhumbo chochigwiritsa ntchito? Kutsatira lamulo la Senate la lamulo losokoneza mgwirizano, bungwe la Wisconsin Education Association Council (WEAC) lidapempha mamembala kuti azigwira ntchito monga mwachizolowezi Lachinayi.
โ Ndithudi, kuyesayesa kukumbukira ndi njira yothandiza yopanikizira. Koma m'machitidwe, atsogoleri a mabungwe atsutsana ndi njira yachisankho kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito zomwe zitha kukakamiza Walker ndi omuthandizira mabizinesi.'12
Osati kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya ntchito yaku America, ogwira ntchito paudindo ndi mafayilo akukumana ndi kufunikira kokakamiza osati olemba anzawo ntchito komanso boma la capitalist komanso mabwana ogwira ntchito, omwe amawopsezedwa nthawi imodzi ndi zochita ndi mphamvu za anthu osankhika. ndi zosowa ndi militancy ya ogwira ntchito. Tikukhulupirira kuti "utsogoleri" wa anthu ogwira ntchito ukhoza kuvomereza zokonda zawo ndi zigawenga zaudindo pankhaniyi. Walker ndi wankhondo wake wamgulu lankhondo m'mabwalo akuluakulu a boma ndi nyumba zamalamulo mdziko muno safuna china chilichonse koma kufooketsa anthu ogwira ntchito mwadongosolo. Iwo akuwonetsa matumbo ambiri mu kampeni yawo yamisala, pamwamba-pansi. Tsopano ndi nthawi yoti "atsogoleri" a ntchito asonyeze zomwezo kuchokera pansi, kapena kuchoka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi kulimba mtima ndi chutzpah zomwe zimafunikira. Sure Walker ayitanitsa boma ladzidzidzi ndikuyitanitsa National Guard koma tisaiwale kuti (kutchula chikwangwani chomwe ndidawona ku Madison Loweruka atatu apitawa) "magazi amgwirizano amachuluka kuposa tiyi."
Buku laposachedwa kwambiri la wolemba kumanzere Paul Street (lomwe analembera limodzi ndi Anthony DiMaggio) ndi Crashing the Tea Party: Mass Media and the Campaign to Remake American Politics (Paradigm, April 2011 akonzeretu pa http://www.
zolemba
1 Monica Davey, "Kwa Bwanamkubwa wa Wisconsin, Nkhondo Idabwera Kwanthawi yayitali," New York Times, February 19, 2011.
2 Ryan J. Foley, "Pa Prank Call, Bwanamkubwa Amakambirana Njira," Associated Press, February 22, 2011.
3 Ryan J. Foley, "Bwanamkubwa wa Wisconsin Ati Boma Likhoza Kutsogolera Dziko M'mabungwe Ofooka Pamene Ziwonetsero Zimalowa Patsiku la 6," Associated Press (February 20, 2011) pa http://www.chicagotribune.
4 Steve Verburg, "Gulu Lantchito Liyitanira Kumenyedwa Kwakukulu Ngati Budget Bill Yavomerezedwa," Wisconsin State Journal, February 23, 2011 pa http://host.madison.com/wsj/
5 Lee Sustar, "Chitani Kapena Ife ku Wisconsin," www.socialistworker.org, March 10, 2011.
6 Roger Bybee, "Kodi Ntchito Yaku US Yakonzeka Kulimbana?" Z Magazini (June 2009): 35-36.
7 Steven Greenhouse, "Ku America, Ntchito Ili ndi Fuse Yaitali," New York Times, Epulo 5, 2009.
8 Greenhouse, "Labor Ili ndi Fuse Yaitali."
9 Greenhouse, "Labor Ili ndi Fuse Yaitali."
10 Bybee, โKodi Ntchito ya ku U.S. Yakonzeka?โ38
11 Alan Dawley, Kalasi ndi Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn, Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).