Mantha, kuwukira, kugwira ntchito komanso kuchita zankhondo ndizizindikiro za mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi US ku Iraq. Koma kuyambira kale akhala zizindikiro za utsamunda ndi imperialism padziko lonse lapansi.
Kugwirizana kwapadziko lonse kwa Neoliberal ndi nkhondo ndi mbali ziwiri za ndalama imodzi. Momwemonso mafuta ndi imperialism. Katswiri wakale wa sayansi ya Shell Claude Ake, adalongosola zomwe Shell amachita ku Nigeria, ngati njira ya "kulimbikitsa zamalonda ndi kubisa boma". Mu 2003, njirayi ikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, mwina ku Iraq.
Mu 1999, mtolankhani wa neoconservative Thomas Friedman analemba kuti "dzanja lobisika la msika silidzagwira ntchito popanda nkhonya yobisika. McDonald's sangathe kuchita bwino popanda McDonnell Douglas, wopanga F-15. Ndipo nkhonya zobisika zomwe zimateteza dziko lapansi kuukadaulo wa Silicon Valley zimatchedwa United States' Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps.
Pakati pa mabungwe amasiku ano, olowa m'malo amakono amakampani omwe atsatiridwa ndi atsamunda, zimphona zamafuta ndi gasi ndi ena mwa osewera amphamvu pazandale komanso pazachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Makolo a gulu la Royal-Dutch Shell anali 'Royal Dutch Company for the Exploitation of Petroleum Wells ku Netherlands East Indies'. Popeza kuti chuma cha padziko lonse chimadalira kwambiri mafuta, atsamunda akudyera masuku pamutu ndi kupha anthu ambiri kuposa kale lonse. Mawuwo atha kusintha pang'ono, koma nyimboyo imakhala yofanana.
Anthu a ku U'wa ku Colombia amakhulupirira kuti mafuta amasunga dziko lapansi ndipo ndi magazi a Mayi Earth - kutenga mafuta ndi koipa kuposa kupha amayi anu. Kwa akuluakulu aku US amakampani/ndale/ankhondo, mafuta ndiye gwero lachitukuko cha capitalist, nkhawa yachitetezo cha dziko, komanso chida chofunikira kuyendetsedwa ndi zokonda zamakampani aku US pakulamulira kwachuma ku America ndi mayiko. Komanso kukhala pakati pazokonda zachifumu zaku US, zokonda zamafuta ndi chitetezo zimagwirizana kwambiri.
Kupanga zida ndi kukonza mphamvu zankhondo zaku US komanso zachuma padziko lonse lapansi kumadalira kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi mafuta ambiri. Momwemonso, kuwononga ndalama zambiri zachitetezo ndi chitetezo kumakulitsa chuma cha US chomwe chikusokonekera, ndipo ndikuthandizira phindu la mabungwe ake achitetezo ndi chitetezo. Timamva nkhani zambiri zokhudza zida zowononga anthu ambiri.
Koma zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" ndi chida chosokoneza anthu ambiri kutali ndi kuchepa kwa US komwe kukukulirakulira, kuchokera ku umbombo wamakampani wamaliseche ndi malingaliro autsamunda omwe amathandizira US ndi chitsanzo chachitukuko chomwe ndi chopondereza monga chosakhazikika, chosakhazikika. monga momwe zimakhalira kuchoka pavuto lina la capitalism kupita ku lina. Ndipo nkhondo imeneyi imapha. "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zoopsa" isanachitike, pakhala pali zifukwa zina zophera mafuta.
Kumbuyo kwa chovala choyenera cha "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo", Plan Colombia yapereka US $ 98 miliyoni kuti iphunzitse ndi kukonzekeretsa asitikali aku Colombia kuti ateteze payipi ya Occidental Petroleum. Chisankho cha pulezidenti waku US chikubwera, tiyeni tikumbukire kuti anali a Clinton Administration omwe pakati pa 1996 ndi 1999 adachulukitsa kanayi thandizo lankhondo ku boma la Colombia pa "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo", ndikukumbukira ubale wakuya wandalama wa banja la a Gore ku Occidental.
Ndi kupanga dziko kukhala "lotetezeka" kwa osunga ndalama aku US komanso zolinga zamayiko akuderali kukhala zofunika kwambiri, Occidental, ndi kontrakitala wachitetezo UTC -yomwe ma helikoputala ake a Sikorsky a Black Hawk amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumeneko - alimbikira kuti awonjezere "thandizo" la US ku Colombia. Zida zankhondo zaku US zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi a U'wa omwe amatsutsana ndi kufufuza kwamafuta ndi gasi ndi Occidental ndi Shell m'malo awo, zigawenga zakumanzere ndi madera ena ambiri.
Ofesi ya Conoco ku Mogadishu itakhala ofesi ya kazembe waku US asitikali a Marines asanafike ku Somalia, sinali nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga, koma yoti inali "ntchito yothandiza anthu". Kuteteza chilolezo chamafuta ku Conoco ndi mabungwe ena aku US chinali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwukiraku, mafuta atapezeka ku Somalia. Purezidenti wa kampani yocheperako ku Somalia adagwirapo ntchito ngati "wotsogolera" wodzipereka wa boma la United States lisanayambe komanso panthawi yomwe dziko la United States linaukira ndi kugwira ntchito.
Ntchito zamakampani amafuta ndi gasi akhala akudziwika kale ndi zankhondo, kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, kusowa chilungamo kwachuma komanso masoka azachilengedwe komanso phindu lonyansa. Nthawi zina izi zikutanthauza chitetezo pakubowola ndi mapaipi ndi asitikali akumaloko, apolisi kapena mabungwe achitetezo apadera, omwe nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi thandizo lankhondo. Kuchulukirachulukira kumatanthauza kutumizidwa mwachindunji kwa asitikali aku US, pazolinga zina, monga momwe tikuwonera ku Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Iraq ndi Afghanistan.
Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Ken Saro-Wiwa ndi atsogoleri ena asanu ndi atatu a Ogoni omwe adakana kugwidwa ndi usilikali, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi Shell m'dera lawo, tiyenera kukumbukira momwe, ku Niger Delta, Shell ndi Chevron onse adathandizira asilikali. ntchito zolimbana ndi madera a Ogoni ndi Ijaw omwe akutsutsa zomwe akuchita, popereka ma helikoputala ndi mabwato kwa asitikali ankhondo. Shell adavomera kuti adatumiza zida ku Nigeria kuti agwire apolisi, kupereka malipiro kwa asitikali aku Nigeria, komanso kupereka ziphuphu kwa mboni kuti achitire umboni motsutsana ndi Saro-Wiwa pamlandu wake wankhondo.
Kumpoto ndi Kumwera, mabungwe amafuta, mothandizidwa ndi achitetezo aboma amakumana ndi Amwenye omwe akuvutika kuti adzilamulire okha, ndikuwongolera malo awo ndi chuma chawo. Nkhondo izi zikuphatikiza gawo lomwe silinaperekedwe la Lubicon Cree ku Northern Alberta, Canada, komwe mabiliyoni a madola amafuta ndi gasi amachotsedwa popanda chilolezo, ndi makampani monga Shell, Norcen, Petrocanada, ndi Unocal, mothandizidwa ndi apolisi okhala ndi zida, ndikusokoneza gulu la Lubicon Cree ndikuwononga dziko ndi anthu.
Pali pulojekiti ya BP ya Tangguh LNG ku West Papua, komwe kumenyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku Indonesia kudakumana ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, m'dzina loteteza ndalama zakunja zomwe zikutenga chuma chambiri m'gawolo. Ku Aceh, Exxon Mobil adagwirizana ndi asitikali aku Indonesia, omwe apindula ndi thandizo lankhondo la US ndi Britain, omwe akhala akuchita nkhondo yankhanza yolimbana ndi gulu lodziyimira pawokha la Acehnese lomwe lakhala likutsutsa kulandidwa kwamafuta ndi gasi m'gawo lawo.
Ulamuliro wa Bush ndi gulu lamafuta. George Bush ndi CEO wakale wa Harken Energy. Harken wapereka chigamulo chotsutsana ndi boma la Costa Rica la US $ 57 miliyoni chifukwa cha kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano wofufuza mafuta chifukwa chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri za momwe angakhudzire malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe. Malipiro omwe amafunidwa ndi ofanana ndi kupitilira katatu GDP yaku Costa Rica, komanso kuwirikiza ka 11 kuposa bajeti yapachaka ya boma. Atagwira ntchito ngati Mlembi wamkulu wa chitetezo cha Bush, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Dick Cheney anali CEO wa bungwe la mafuta a mafuta a Halliburton kuyambira 1995-2000 - lomwe linapatsidwa mgwirizano waukulu wosapereka ndalama ku Iraq ndipo ali m'malo abwino kuti aziwongolera kupanga mafuta aku Iraq pazokonda za US. Cheney adagwiranso ntchito pagulu lachitetezo cha TRW, pomwe mkazi wake Lynne adakhala pa bolodi la Lockheed Martin.
Donald Evans, Mlembi wa Zamalonda wa Bush, anali ndi Tom Brown Inc wa Colorado Oil.
National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice ndi mkulu wakale wa board ya Chevron, komanso katswiri wawo wamkulu ku Kazakhstan, komwe Chevron ili ndi zokonda zazikulu ndipo mpaka posachedwapa, inali ndi tanki yamafuta yomwe idatchulidwa mwaulemu wake.
Mabungwe amafuta ndi achitetezo amapereka mowolowa manja kumabokosi a chipani cha Republican ndi Democratic Party. Ngati US ikadakhala kumwera kwapadziko lonse lapansi, maboma ake akadadzudzulidwa chifukwa cha ziphuphu, crony capitalism, ndi tsankho. M'malo mwake timauzidwa kuti ndi mtsogoleri wadziko lonse wa ufulu, umphumphu ndi demokalase.
Pakadali pano, mabungwewa amathandizira kukonza chuma chamayiko ndi malamulo azamalonda padziko lonse lapansi, pogwiritsa ntchito World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), mabanki akhanda ngati Asia Development Bank, World Trade Organisation (WTO), thandizo lachitukuko, ndi mapangano ena azachuma padziko lonse lapansi ngati zida zozula anthu ambiri zomwe zitha kulimbana nazo pazachuma.
Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi mabungwe monga US Agency for International Development (USAID) alimbikitsa kukulitsa kwa chitukuko cha mafuta ndi gasi kuti atumize kunja, kuchotsera malamulo, kugulitsa makampani, kugulitsa anthu wamba ndi kumasula. M'dzina lachitukuko chachuma ndi kuchepetsa umphawi kudzera mu chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa gawo la mafuta ndi gasi, Banki Yadziko Lonse yapereka ndalama zambiri zotsutsana zamafuta ndi gasi komanso ntchito zamapaipi m'malo omwe anthu ambiri amakana ntchitozi, komanso ngakhale zikuwopseza chilengedwe.
USAID ikugwira nawo ntchito yopititsa patsogolo zofuna za mabungwe amafuta aku US - kuyambira paudindo wawo pantchito yomwe amatchedwa yomanganso Iraq, mpaka mgwirizano wake wabizinesi ndi ChevronTexaco ku Angola, mpaka kutenga nawo gawo pakulembanso malamulo ndi malamulo a hydrocarbon kuti agwirizane. Makampani aku US aku Central Asia Republic.
Chodabwitsa kuti Banki Yadziko Lonse ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa magawo a Hydrocarbon Sector and Capitalization ku Bolivia ngati nkhani yopambana. Mchaka cha 1995 Banki Yadziko Lonse idakhazikitsa magawo abizinesi amafuta ndi gasi ndi gawo laziwopsezo za mwezi watha, zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndi mapulani a Purezidenti wa neoliberal wothandizidwa ndi US a Gonzales Sanchez De Lozada kuti atumize gasi ku US ndi Mexico. Iyi inalinso mfundo ina yopanda chilungamo ya neoliberal yomwe ingabweretse phindu lalikulu kwa ogonjetsa aposachedwa kwambiri, Spanish-British consortium, Pacific LNG, movutikira anthu aku Bolivia. Mโnkhondo yopondereza anthu oukira boma, anthu ambiri anaphedwa.
Ngakhale tikusangalala ndi zabwino zamabizinesi kudzera muzopereka zowolowa manja ndi njira zina zothandizira boma kunyumba (osati khomo lolowera ndale kwa mabizinesi akulu akulu), mabungwe amafuta amafuta aku US ndi mabungwe achitetezo ali olimbikitsa kukulitsa malonda ndi kumasula ndalama kudzera mu WTO ndi zina. mgwirizano wamalonda ndi ndalama.
Akufuna kuchotsa mphamvu za maboma kuwongolera chuma chawo. Mabungwe amafuta ndi gasi aku US amafunafuna mwayi wopezeka m'misika mopanda malire pazantchito zonse zamagetsi, kudzera pakuwonjezeranso mautumiki ndi ndalama, komanso malamulo okhudza mpikisano. Izi zitha kusokoneza kwambiri maboma kuti akhazikitse mfundo zamphamvu, kuwongolera makampani amafuta ndi gasi ndikuwongolera momwe amaperekera mphamvu.
Kupyolera mu malamulo a neoliberal kapena ntchito yeniyeni ya usilikali, kapena zonse ziwiri, mabungwe a mayiko atha kulamulira zinthuzi. Ndipo ngakhale kuti misika ndi yotseguka, pomwe kuwononga ndalama kwa anthu kumachepa, komanso momwe ndalama zogulitsira zimapangidwira, palibe kusowa kwa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa apolisi ndi asitikali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ngakhale mafuta kwenikweni ndi mophiphiritsira amayambitsa nkhondo iyi - kapena nkhondo izi - zoopsa - pali zambiri kuposa izo. US ikufuna kuwongolera mafuta ochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi kuti azigwiritsa ntchito komanso kuti azitha kulamulira pazachuma komanso ndale monga China, Russia ndi Europe ndi mabungwe awo amafuta. Njira iyi ikufuna kusunga, kukulitsa ndi kuteteza ufumu wa atsamunda wazaka za zana la 21 kwa asitikali aku US komanso apamwamba azachuma. Chofunikira kwambiri pazantchitoyi ndikuwukira mayiko ndi magulu amagulu omwe akulimbana ndi ma imperialism a US ndi neoliberal agenda, kulikonse komwe angakhale.
Poyang'anizana ndi kukwera kwamphamvu kwapadziko lonse motsutsana ndi ntchito zamakampani amafuta ndi gasi, nkhondo komanso magulu ankhondo ndi mafakitale makampaniwa tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito makampani olumikizana ndi anthu kuti apangitse zinyengo zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Yang'anani pa mawebusaiti a makontrakitala apamwamba a chitetezo cha 10 ku US, ndipo mudzapeza nkhani zolimbikitsa za momwe opha makampaniwa amathandizira osauka ndi ovutika, kusamalira chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yodzifunira ya antchito, kapena zopereka zamakampani ku mabungwe osiyanasiyana a NGOs ndi maziko. . Mabodza a Lockheed Martin ndi Raytheon amayesa kugulitsa zida zankhondo kuti athandizire kukhazikitsa mtendere, pomwe Shell, BP, ChevronTexaco ndi Statoil alowa nawo mabungwe omwe siaboma monga Conservation International ndi Nature Conservancy in the Energy and Biodiversity Initiative yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuphatikiza kasungidwe kazachilengedwe mumafuta akumtunda ndi mafuta. chitukuko cha gasi.
Mu Okutobala, Guardian inanena kuti ExxonMobil adachita misonkhano yachinsinsi ndi mabungwe osankhidwa achilengedwe komanso omenyera ufulu wa anthu kuti ayese kusintha mawonekedwe ake oyipa pagulu. Kuzungulira kotereku kumapangitsanso Shell ndi ExxonMobil kukhala akatswiri omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso oteteza chilengedwe, komanso makampani akuluakulu achitetezo padziko lonse lapansi ngati olimbikitsa mtendere. Ma NGO omwe amagwirizana ndi mabungwe otere ayenera kuwululidwa ndikutsutsidwa.
Polimbana ndi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma komanso zachilengedwe tiyenera kuwonekeratu kuti palibe nkhondo kapena mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa neoliberal umene ungakhale waumunthu kapena kusinthidwa. Tiyenera kuyimitsa nkhondo yazachuma ndi zachilengedwe yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe, ma proxies awo m'boma ndi mabungwe a Bretton Woods. Tiyenera kutsutsa nkhondo za dziko lapansi m'mitundu yonse, ndikuwonetsa kugwirizana pakati pa dzanja lobisika la msika ndi nkhonya yosabisika. Kuti tichite izi tifunika kuthandizira magulu otsutsana ndi anthu omwe akulimbana kale ndi zopanda chilungamozi, komanso kulimbana ndi mabungwe amafuta ndi ankhondo m'mabwalo athu.
(Zotengedwa kuchokera ku nkhani ya ku Asia-Pacific Research Network 5th Annual Conference, Beirut, 4 November 2003. Onani www.aprnet.org kuti mudziwe zambiri)