Kuwerenganso kwanthawi yayitali kwa zotsatira za chisankho cha Purezidenti wa 2000, komwe kudayamba ndi chiyembekezo chochuluka komanso ntchito zofufuza ndi gulu la mabungwe otsogola ku US, zidabwera ndikupita ndi chipwirikiti osati zaphokoso. Idatulutsidwa Lamlungu, Novembara 11, ku Florida, idatengedwa m'dziko lonselo tsiku lotsatira, koma ndegeyo itatsikira ku New York, ziganizo zake zidakambidwa m'mphepete mwazofalitsa.
Ndikuyembekeza kuti atolankhani atha kusintha, kapena kuwongolera, zolakwa zakale ndi zosokoneza zomwe zapeza za yemwe adapambana zisankho zaku Florida komanso chifukwa chomwe mavoti ambiri sanawerengedwe adasokonekera. Malipoti a zomwe apeza pa kafukufukuyu anali otsutsana komanso osokoneza monga momwe zafotokozedwera kale komanso momwe nkhani zenizeni zenizeni za zochitika zenizeni zinalili chaka chapitacho.
The New York Times inawerenga deta mwanjira imodzi ndikupereka chisankho kwa Bush; ena, pamaziko a chidziwitso chomwecho anatsimikizira Gore kupambana. Mutu wankhani wa The Times, pamwamba pa nkhani yokonzedwa mopambanitsa ndi yosokonekera patsamba loyamba, unapeza kuti, ayi, silinali Khoti Lalikulu Lamilandu limene linadzoza Bush: โKufufuza kwa Mavoti Osamvana ku Florida Kupeza Oweruza Sanaponye Voti Yogamula.โ Mโmanyuzipepala ena mโdziko lonselo, matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana a zimene phunzirolo ananena anapatsidwa ulemu.
Mtsogoleri wa LA Times poyambirira anali "Ndi Bush. Ndi Goreโ koma pambuyo pake, mutu wankhani unasinthidwa kuti Gore akhale woluza.
A Media Apology
Ndikukayika kuti malingaliro a aliyense pankhaniyi adasinthidwa mwanjira ina kapena imzake ndi kuwunika kotsutsana ndi kododometsa kumeneku. M'malo mwake, a Economist ku England, ngati malo odziwika bwino monga momwe alili, adapereka ndemanga m'mawu ake osindikizira pa Novembara 15 ndi "kuwongolera" kwachilendo kwambiri:
โMโnkhani za December 16, 2000, mpaka November 10, 2001, tingakhale titapereka lingaliro lakuti George Bush anasankhidwa mwalamulo ndi pulezidenti wa United States. Tsopano tikumvetsa kuti izi mwina sizinali zolakwika, komanso kuti zotsatira za chisankho zikadali pafupi kwambiri kuti tiyitane. Bungwe la Economist likupepesa chifukwa cha vuto lililonse. โ
"Zovuta?"
Kodi akuseka ndani? Ndani ati apepese kwa ovota 180,000 aku Florida omwe mavoti awo sanawerengedwe kapena kutayidwa? Ndani angapepese kwa anthu ambiri aku America omwe adavotera munthu m'modzi kuti apeze wina akulowetsedwa paudindo mogwirizana ndi Khothi Lalikulu la US komanso zigawenga m'boma lomwe limayang'aniridwa ndi mchimwene wake?
Ndani ati apepese chifukwa cha ndale zomwe zidachitika m'maboma 67 a Sunshine State zomwe zidasokoneza ufulu wovota, m'boma lomwe lili ndi mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe chakusasankhana mitundu, kulandidwa komanso tsankho kwa anthu amitundu komanso osalankhula Chingerezi aku America - onse zomwe sizinaperekedwe lipoti?
Ndani angapepese chifukwa cha zisankho za "nkhanza zazing'ono" zomwe zidabera ovota, kusowa kwa maphunziro ovota, malangizo osokoneza m'maboma ena komanso mavoti osokoneza ena, monga voti ya gulugufe ku Palm Beach?
Ndani ati apepese chifukwa cha zisankho zomwe zidachitika kale zomwe zimayang'ana ovota akuda, kusowa kwa mavoti a zilankhulo ziwiri, kuchulukirachulukira, malo oponyera voti ochepa kapena kuti zisankho zimatseka 7pm, tsankho lomveka bwino kwa anthu ogwira ntchito?
Ndani angapepese chifukwa cha mawu onyenga ndi matanthauzidwe a Mlembi wa boma ku Florida Katherine Harris kapena kuti makina a mโmadera osauka anakana mavoti pamlingo wofulumira kuposa olemera?
Ndani angapepese chifukwa chosintha ndale zaku America kukhala zachinyengo komanso zachipongwe pamaso pa dziko?
Zopachikika Kumanzere
Zambiri mwa nkhanizi sizinalembedwe panthawi ya ndawala, ngakhale kuti atolankhani zikwi zambiri pa nkhaniyi. Iwo adangodziwika pambuyo pake chifukwa mkangano wa ma dimpled ndi olendewera chads unali wodabwitsa komanso wosangalatsa.
Sanafotokozedwenso m'nkhani ya $ 900,000, zomwe sizinazindikire, monga momwe USA Today inanenera, kuti mazana a mavoti anasowa pakati pa usiku wa chisankho ndi kuwerengeranso - pa chisankho chomwe chinatembenuza mavoti mazana angapo.
Chifukwa chiyani zigawo 18 zidaloledwa kusankha paokha OSATI kuwerengeranso makina ovomerezeka ndi kuthawa? Kodi ndizodabwitsa kuti ndi "zosokoneza?" Wachifwamba akhoza kukhala mawu abwinoko.
Nyuzipepala zomwe zinanena za zomwe bungweli linapeza, komanso ma TV omwe adawanyoza chifukwa zithunzi za kuwonongeka kwa ndege za tsikulo zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, sizinakumbutse owonera kapena owerenga za kulephera kwa ndale komanso momwe nkhani zoulutsira nkhani zakhala zikuwonekera. mu izi.
(Kwa owerenga omwe angayime zambiri pa nkhani yonyansa ya atolankhani pachisankho cha 2000, onani buku la MediaChannel.org lomwe ndidakonza limodzi ndi Roland Schatz, "Tikuwoneni kwa Wakuba".)
Ndi liti pamene mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani adzapepesa chifukwa chopanda demokalase?
Panali Ena Opepesa
Pa ganizo lachiwiri, panali kupepesa kwa "zolakwa" zazing'ono, zosadziwika bwino pa usiku wa chisankho, zomwe zinawonetseratu Gore ndiyeno Bush wopambana. Ambiri mwa ma network ndi Associated Press (omwe adadzimasulira okha bwino) adapepesa chifukwa cha izi kwa Congress ndi anthu aku America.
Panthawiyo, a AP okha ndi omwe adanena ndikumamatira kuchowonadi kuti zisankho "zinali pafupi kwambiri kuti zisachitike." Chifukwa chiyani izi sizikumveka bwino. Ngati atolankhani akanafotokoza momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino zomwe zidachitikadi, sipakanakhala zotsutsa zomwe zidanenedwa kuti ziwerengedwe kuti ziwone cholinga cha ovota, zomwe ndizomwe malamulo aku Florida adayitanitsa.
Zinali zoonekeratu muzinthu zambiri zomwe zimatchedwa overvotes kuti ovota, osaphunzira za momwe angavotere, adavotera Gore kawiri. Ambiri analemba dzina la Gore mโmizere imene anapempha kuti alembetse, molakwa poganiza kuti akulamulidwa kuchita zambiri mofanana ndi mmene anthu amapemphedwa kusaina mafomu a kasitomu kapena zikalata zina. Mosadziลตa, iwo anamveketsa cholinga chawo koma kenaka voti yawo inathetsedwa.
Mu chifunga cha mikangano yomwe idatsatira, aku Republican adatha kugwiritsa ntchito makina awo ozungulira, kuwongolera mwalamulo komanso zionetsero zochulukirapo ngati zomwe zidapangidwa ku Miami Dade kuti zichedwe, kulepheretsa ndi kupha kuwerengera koyenera. Nkhaniyi yafotokozedwa m'mafukufuku awiri atsopano, "Too Close to Call" ya Jeffrey Toobin ndi David A. Kaplan's "Purezidenti Wangozi."
Gore Beat Gore
Mabuku awa akuwonetsanso kuti Gore adamenya Gore ndi njira yake yovomerezeka yovomerezeka yomwe idapusitsidwa nthawi iliyonse ndi akatswiri otsimikiza za ufulu. Gore anali, monga momwe Toobin amasonyezera, anali wofunitsitsa kupeza chivomerezo cha olemba olemba m'ma TV ambiri kusiyana ndi kumenyana ndi anthu akuda ndi ogwira ntchito pofuna kufuna chilungamo ndi kuwerengera mavoti onse.
Mabuku awa, onse olembedwa ndi atolankhani odziwika bwino, amawonetsa mwachisoni malingaliro apamwamba azama TV ambiri, omwe amachepetsa nkhondo yandale kukhala masewera pakati pa zipani pomwe nkhani, zokonda, zokonda ndi mkwiyo zimachotsedwa.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti Gore sanali wotayika yekha, monganso chisankho sichinali pakati pa amuna awiriwo. Kodi alipo amene amakumbukira mawu otchulidwa kawirikawiri koma osachitidwa bwino omwe ali pansi pa dongosolo lomwe tikukhalamo: "a anthu, ndi anthu, kwa anthu"?
Chifukwa chiyani anzanga ambiri amaiwala mawu a Lincoln nthawi zambiri polemba ndale? Kodi ndizodabwitsa kuti theka la nzika zokha ndilo voti, ndipo theka la otsatila a aliyense wa osankhidwawa adanena kuti adangovotera chisankho chawo chifukwa amadana kwambiri ndi wotsutsawo?
Chomwe chimawawawa kwambiri ndikuti Gore sakuwoneka kuti sakuchita bwino. Chifukwa chimodzi nโchakuti, pa November 19, anatenga ntchito ya wachiลตiri kwa pulezidenti pakampani ina ya zandalama; kwambiri chifukwa chodzipereka ku mabungwe aboma.
Iye analibe zatsopano zoti anene ponena za kulephera kwake pa ndale mโchipongwe chimene wotsutsa wina amachitcha kuti Americaโs Tally Ban, monga momwe analetsera chiลตerengero chomaliza. (Ndikudziwa kuti ndizotambasula, koma zosewerera pachiwonetsero chosasangalatsa.)
Ngati alibe nazo ntchito, nโzosadabwitsa kuti wopindulayo salankhula nโkomwe za izo. Mneneri wake Ari Fleischer adati, "Purezidenti sakulabadira izi - komanso dzikolo."
Ndipo nโchifukwa chiyani zili choncho, okondedwa? Chifukwa โsayenera kutero,โ chifukwa ofalitsa nkhani sanamukakamize kuti ayankhe motero nkhaniyo yasokonekera, yatsekeredwa mโkamwa ndi kuchepetsedwa. Simunawone zolemba zilizonse powerengeranso. Sizinatsutsidwe kwenikweni m'manyuzipepala.
Ichi ndi chamanyazi, chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa zofalitsa, monga momwe mnzanga Faye Anderson adanenera m'kalata yomwe idasindikizidwa mu The New York Times patangodutsa tsiku lomwe nkhani yawo yofotokoza zapawailesi idawonekera: "Atolankhani ali ndi udindo wapadera wodziwitsa anthu aku America zomwe zidachitika. ku Florida, popeza kunali kuthamangira kwawo kuti aweruze pa Tsiku la Chisankho komwe kudayambitsa zisankho.
Kukana zomwe bungwe la media consortium lapeza m'dzina la "umodzi wadziko" kukanasokoneza kwambiri kufunika kowerengera voti iliyonse.
Zoonadi, koma tsopano tikuwona kuti ngakhale kufalitsa zomwe zapezazo kudali ndi zotsatira zokulitsa magawano andale m'dziko, m'malo mothetsa. Zinangowonjezera kukayikira za kudalirika kwa atsogoleri athu andale ndi atsogoleri athu atolankhani.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti makampani ochepa atolankhani akuwoneka kuti ali ndi mphamvu zokayikira kuvomerezeka kwa purezidenti yemwe ali ndi chivomerezo chachikulu, monga momwe adanyalanyaza zolakwa za Richard Nixon mpaka chisankho cha 1972 chitatha.
Kuyika Mtsogoleri
Ngakhale makampani atolankhani omwe adathandizira kuwerengeranso adamaliza kunyoza, monga Jim Naureckas wa gulu loyang'anira zofalitsa za FAIR akunena pofufuza posachedwapa. "Mu utolankhani, umatchedwa 'kukwirira kutsogolera.'
Nkhani imayamba ndi zomwe aliyense akudziwa kale, pomwe nkhani zenizeni - zodabwitsa, zofunikira kapena zomwe sizinafotokozedwepo - zimakankhidwira pansi pomwe anthu sangathe kuziwonaโฆ. Kufotokozedwa kwa zomwe bungwe la consortium lidapeza ndikufanana ndi momwe nkhani zoulutsira nkhani zakale zidasamaliridwa; ngakhale nkhani zovota za Miami Herald/USA Today zidapangitsa nkhani za 'Bush Really Won' m'dziko lonselo.
โNkhondo kapena kusakhalapo kwa nkhondo,โ Naureckas akumaliza motero, โatolankhani ambiri mwachibadwa amatetezera kuvomerezeka kwa mabungwe omwe amalemba, koma ntchito ya mtolankhani si kupititsa patsogolo koma kukayikira. Lingaliro la Kukonzanso Koyamba ndikuti dongosololi lidzalimbikitsidwa ndi kuyang'ana kosasunthika pa zolakwika za dongosololi. Poyangโana mโmbuyo zotsatira za zisankho za ku Florida, atolankhani analephera.โ
Eric Alterman wa Nation, akulemba pa MSNBC.com, adawonjezeranso lingaliro lakusasangalatsidwa ndi atolankhani pankhani yawo. "Nthawi zonse wina anali ndi malingaliro akuti ofalitsa nkhani zazikulu amazengereza kunena za kafukufukuyu m'njira yovulaza kuvomerezeka kwa Bush.
Pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, ambiri adawoneka kuti ndi udindo wawo wokonda dziko lawo kuti asachite chilichonse chokayikira ulamuliro wa mkulu wankhondo, "adalembanso, ndikuzindikiranso kuti mtolankhani wamkulu wa New York Times adawopa nkhaniyi. ikhoza kuyambitsa "kukangana kosagwirizana."
Komabe, ngakhale kuti ofalitsa nkhani akusokoneza nkhaniyo, anthu sanaiwale. โPosachedwapa sabata yatha, malinga ndi kunena kwa bungwe la Gallup Organization, pafupifupi theka la anthu a ku America amene anafunsidwa akukhulupirirabe kuti Purezidenti Bush โanapambana pa lusoโ kapena โanabaโ chisankho,โ iye analemba motero.
Izi sizikunena za chisankho chimodzi chokha. Tsoka ilo, pali vuto lalikulu. Chifukwa chimodzi, mavoti okwana 6 miliyoni mwina sanawerengedwe mdziko lonse malinga ndi kafukufuku wa CalTech-MIT. Demokarase yokhayo ili pa resuscitator chifukwa cha zomwe zinachitika ndi kusowa kodabwitsa kwa mkwiyo wa anthu monga kulimbikitsidwa ndi makina osindikizira omwe "adapitilira."
Mawailesi athu, kwenikweni, alowa m'dongosolo lathu la ndale kuti apange zomwe ine ndi ena takhala tikuzitcha "mediaocracy," yomwe imakhazikitsa ndondomeko yake kupyolera mu nkhani zomwe, kwenikweni, zimachotsa mawu ndi nkhawa za anthu ambiri, makamaka. , mu nkhani iyi, anthu ambiri amitundu omwe mavoti awo adatayika kusiyana ndi chiwerengero chawo.
Pambuyo pa zochitika zomwe zisanachitike ndi pambuyo pa November 7, 2000, kusintha kwina kwachisankho kwakhazikitsidwa ndipo zina zili m'njira. Koma kusintha kwa machitidwe atolankhani: chimenecho ndi vuto lina, lovuta kwambiri.
- Danny Schechter ndi mkonzi wamkulu wa MediaChannel.org. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi News Dissector: Passions, Pieces and Polemics 1960-2000, kuchokera ku Akashic Books.