The Nicest Guys Mungathe Kuwaganizira
Mufilimu yawo, The Corporation, Mark Achbar, Jennifer Abbott ndi Joel Bakan akufotokoza momwe pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800 bungweli linalengezedwa kuti ndi "munthu wopeka" m'malamulo ndikupatsidwa ufulu wovomerezeka mofanana ndi anthu enieni. Ndiye 'munthu' ndi kampani yanji?
Opanga mafilimuwo adawunika 'umunthu' wamakampani pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira za World Health Organisation ndi zida zowunikira za akatswiri azamisala ndi akatswiri azamisala:
"Mfundo zogwirira ntchito za bungweli zimapatsa gulu kukhala lodana kwambiri ndi anthu 'umunthu': Ndilodzikonda, lokonda chikhalidwe, lopanda chidwi komanso lachinyengo; limaphwanya miyezo ya chikhalidwe ndi malamulo kuti lipeze njira yake; silimavutika ndi liwongo, komabe. Ikhoza kutsanzira makhalidwe aumunthu a chifundo, chisamaliro ndi kudzipereka ... Pomaliza kusanthula mfundoyi, kufufuza kosokoneza kumaperekedwa: mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe cha laissez-faire capitalism amakwaniritsa njira zodziwira matenda a 'psychopath.'"(http https://www.thecorporation.com)
Ife, ndithudi, tikukhala m'gulu lolamulidwa ndi ma psychopaths awa. Zofalitsa zathu sizimalamulidwa + ndi iwo, monganso nthawi zina zimanenedwa; imapangidwa ndi iwo.
Choncho, n’zosadabwitsa kuti makampani ofalitsa nkhani amayankha mopanda umunthu ndiponso mopanda chifundo ngakhale pamavuto aakulu kwambiri. Koma kodi zoulutsira nkhani sizipangidwa ndi atolankhani abwino, ophunzira, olankhula bwino? Inde, mwamtheradi, koma Noam Chomsky akunena mfundo yofunika:
"Mukayang'ana bungwe, monga momwe mumayang'ana mwiniwake wa kapolo, mumafuna kusiyanitsa pakati pa bungwe ndi munthu payekha. Choncho ukapolo, mwachitsanzo, kapena mitundu ina yankhanza, mwachibadwa ndi yowopsya. Koma anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito Akhoza kukhala anyamata abwino kwambiri omwe mungawaganizire - achifundo, ochezeka, abwino kwa ana awo, ngakhale abwino kwa akapolo awo, osamala za anthu ena. Bungweli ndi loyipa kwambiri. Ndipo zomwezo ndi zoona kuno." (Ibid)
Ndipo momwemonso ndi momwe amayankhira atolankhani pakuwukira kwa US-UK ku Iraq.
Pa Okutobala 29, magazini yodziwika bwino yasayansi, The Lancet, idasindikiza lipoti la Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: 'Kufa kusanachitike komanso pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa Iraq mu 2003: kafukufuku wam'magulu'. (http://www.thelancet.com/journal/vol364/iss9445/early_online_publication)
Olembawo akuyerekeza kuti anthu wamba 100,000 ochulukirapo aku Iraqi adamwalira kuposa zomwe zikanayembekezereka kuti kuwukiraku sikunachitike. Amalemba kuti:
"Maperesenti makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu anayi aimfa akuti adachitika chifukwa cha zochita za mabungwe a Coalition ndipo 95 peresenti yaimfayi idachitika chifukwa chakumenyedwa kwa ndege ndi zida zankhondo." (Press Release, 'Imfa Zaku Iraq Zikuwonjezeka Kwambiri Pambuyo pa Kuukira,' October 28, 2004, http://www.jhsph.edu/Press_Room/Press_Releases/PR_2004/Burnham_Iraq.html)
Ambiri mwa omwe anaphedwa ndi magulu ankhondo a "mgwirizano" anali amayi ndi ana.
Lipotilo lidakumana ndi mayankho otsika, okayikakayika, kapena chete pawailesi yakanema. Panalibe mantha, kapena mkwiyo. Palibe atsogoleri omwe adalembedwa kuti, kuphatikiza pazachivomerezo, mabodza komanso chinyengo cha anthu, boma lathu ndilomwe lidapha anthu wamba 100,000.
Kukayikira ndikoyenera, ndithudi, koma sipanakhale kutsutsana komwe kumalola olemba lipotilo kuyankha zovuta. Atolankhani akuwoneka kuti alibe chidwi chofuna kudziwa ngati kungochotsa kwa boma lipotili kungakhale chinyengo chinanso chonyozeka. M'malo mwake akhala okondwa kungopitirira. Ndipo kungopitirirabe poyankha kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri osalakwa pamlingo uwu ndi chizindikiro cha psychopathy yamakampani. Monga Chomsky amanenera, m'maudindo awo, atolankhani amakampani ndi zimphona.
Panthawi yolemba (November 2), lipoti la Lancet silinatchulidwe nkomwe ndi Observer, Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, Financial Times, Star, Sun ndi ena ambiri. The Express idapereka mawu 71 ku lipotilo, koma m'kope lake la Lancashire. Tidafunsa mkonzi wa Observer, Roger Alton, chifukwa chomwe pepala lake silinatchule lipotilo. Iye anayankha:
"Wokondedwa Mr Edwards,
Zikomo chifukwa cha ndemanga yanu. Ziwerengerozi zidafotokozedwa bwino m'sabatayi, komanso ndimapeza njira yokayikitsa…" (Imelo ku Media Lens, Novembara 1, 2004)
M'malo mwake, ziwerengerozi zidafotokozedwa m'nkhani ziwiri zazifupi za Guardian (October 29 ndi October 30). Yachiwiri mwa izi, yomwe inali ndi mutu wakuti, 'No 10 ikulimbana ndi imfa ya anthu wamba', inayang'ana kwambiri pa kudzudzula kwa boma pa lipotilo popanda kulola olemba kuyankha. Kenako Guardian anaisiya nkhaniyo.
The Independent inafalitsanso nkhani ziŵiri pa October 29 ndi 30. Koma zimenezi kenaka zinatsatiridwa ndi nkhani ziŵiri za mutuwo zokwana mawu 1,200 mu Independent on Sunday.
David Aaronovitch wa Guardian anatiuza kuti:
"Ndili ndi kumverera (ndipo ndikhoza kukhala ndikulakwitsa) kuti lipotilo likhoza kukhala dud." (Imelo ku Media Lens, October 30, 2004)
Izi ndizomwe zafotokozedwa ndi The Sunday Times:
"Tony Blair, nayenso, ayenera kuti adakumbukiranso Basil Fawlty pomwe The Lancet idasindikiza kuyerekeza kuti ma Iraqi a 100,000 amwalira kuyambira chiyambi cha kuwukira kwa ogwirizana." (Michael Portillo, 'Mfumukazi sayenera kulola Germany kuchita ngati wozunzidwa,' The Sunday Times, October 31, 2004)
The Evening Standard idakwanitsa ziganizo ziwiri:
"Maimelo adabwera ngati kafukufuku watsopano mu The Lancet akuti anthu wamba 100,000 adamwalira kuyambira pomwe nkhondoyi idayamba. Mneneri wa Prime Minister ... (Paul Waugh, 'Blair "sanagwiritse ntchito chiopsezo kwa asilikali"', October 100,000, 29)
The Times mpaka pano yadziletsa ku lipoti limodzi la October 29. Izi, komabe, zikutsutsana ndi zomwe boma likukula komanso kampeni yonyoza anthu:
"Owerengera omwe adasanthula zomwe adawona adanena usiku watha kuti njira za asayansi zinali zolimba ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa chikhoza kukhala chosasintha.
"Ananena kuti ntchitoyi ikutsutsa malingaliro a akuluakulu a boma la US omwe anthu wamba sangathe kuchita." (Sam Lister, 'Ofufuza amati anthu wamba 100,000 aku Iraq amwalira pankhondo,' The Times, October 29, 2004)
Mphamvu Zasayansi - Zambiri Zathu Zakhala Zabwerera Ndi Kutsogolo
Kamvekedwe ka mayankho adakhazikitsidwa pa Channel 4 News (October 29, 19:00), ndi mtolankhani wa sayansi Tom Clarke, yemwe adakhala masekondi 53 a lipoti lake lachiwiri la 2 mphindi 15 kutsutsa njira ya lipoti la Lancet:
"Lero, Downing Street idakana lipotilo ponena kuti ofufuzawo adagwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezera, yomwe amawona kuti ndi yosayenera, m'malo mowerengera mwatsatanetsatane thupi." (Tom Clarke, tsamba la Channel 4, October 29, 2004)
Clarke anagogomezera kuchuluka kwa zomwe lipotilo linanena ponena za imfa ya wamba kuposa zomwe zinayerekeza m'mbuyomu:
"Unduna wa Zaumoyo ku Iraq wati anthu wamba 3000 afa, koma awerengera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha.
"Chiwerengero china - choposa 16 000 chiyambireni nkhondoyi - imachokera ku polojekiti yotchedwa Iraqbodycount. Kuyerekezera kwawo kumachokera ku imfa zomwe zanenedwa. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa amabwera ndi chiwerengero chosiyana kwambiri: pafupifupi 100,000 owonjezera imfa zachiwembu kuyambira nkhondo inayamba - mwinamwake zambiri. "
Clarke anawonjezera kuti:
"Koma popanda matupi, kodi tingadalire chiwerengero cha thupi? Kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu ophedwa ku Fallujah kunasokoneza kwambiri phunziroli kuti chiwerengero cha dziko lonse chikhale choposa 100 zikwi kotero kuti mabanja omwe anafunsidwa kumeneko adachotsedwa pa chiwerengero chomaliza.
"Kudalirika kwa zoyankhulana kuyeneranso kufunsidwa, ngakhale mabanja anayi mwa asanu adatha kutulutsa satifiketi yakufa."
Chodabwitsa, Clarke adanena kuti Fallujah "adasokoneza kwambiri phunziroli". Ndipo komabe, monga momwe iye mwini adanenera, "mabanja omwe anafunsidwa kumeneko adachepetsedwa" - kotero Fallujah sanawononge + kwenikweni lipotilo. Koma adatinso kudalirika kwa zoyankhulana kuyeneranso + kufunsidwa - mwachitsanzo, kuti ili ndi vuto lina kuwonjezera pa kusokonekera komwe adangochepetsako.
Kenako Clarke ananena mawu ake ovuta kwambiri:
"Koma chofooka chachikulu cha phunziroli, ndi chomwe chinasonyezedwa ndi Downing Street pochotsa ziwerengero zamasiku ano, ndikuti amachulukitsa chitsanzo chaching'ono ku Iraq yonse. kafukufuku wochepa kwambiri."
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mtolankhani wa nkhani atha kutsutsa mwachisawawa njira ndi zomwe apeza pa kafukufuku amene wachitika mosamalitsa, yemwe anaunikanso mwamphamvu ndi anzawo m'magazini akuluakulu a sayansi padziko lonse.
Tidafunsa olemba lipotilo za kukwera kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha anthu wamba omwe amafa poyerekeza ndi zomwe zayerekeza m'mbuyomu, komanso za kuthekera kopanga kuchuluka kwa thupi lodalirika popanda matupi. Dr. Gilbert Burnham anayankha kuti:
"Mwachidule, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuwerengera imfa. Choncho matupi safunikira kuwerengera imfa. Kunena zowona kupita kumudzi kuti akafufuze za imfa zapakhomo ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera imfa zonse. padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mwina ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera anthu ku UK, ngakhale sindine wowerengera anthu.
"Mulimonse, zambiri zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa mu kafukufuku nthawi zonse zimatulutsa ziwerengero zambiri kuposa 'malipoti opanda pake' chifukwa zinthu zambiri sizimanenedwa. Uku ndiko kufotokozera kosavuta kwa kusiyana kwa iraqbodycount.net, ndi kafukufuku wathu.
"Kafukufuku winanso atha kupeza zomwe zimayambitsa imfa zokhudzana ndi thanzi la anthu monga amayi omwe amamwalira pobereka, ana omwe amafa ndi matenda opatsirana, okalamba omwe sangathe kufika pamtundu wa insulini, zomwe thupi silingathe kuchita - chifukwa amasonkhanitsa zambiri m'nyuzipepala. nkhani za imfa (nthawi zambiri zachiwawa) Kodi munthu anganene ziwerengero za dziko potengera chitsanzo?
"Yankho ndiloti inde (maziko a njira zonse za kalembera), malinga ngati chitsanzocho ndi cha dziko lonse, mabanja amasankhidwa mwachisawawa, ndipo kusamala kwakukulu kumatengedwa kuti athetse tsankho. Zonsezi ndi zomwe tinachita. Tsopano kulondola kwa zotsatira ndi makamaka zimatengera kukula kwachitsanzo.Kukula kwachitsanzo kumapangitsanso zotsatira zake kukhala zolondola kwambiri.Tidawerengera izi mosamala, ndipo tinali ndi mphamvu zowerengera zomwe tidachita.Kupanga zitsanzo zazikuluzikulu kungapangitse kuti chiwerengerocho chikhale cholondola kwambiri (kanthawi kochepa ka chidaliro) koma zikanabweretsa zoopsa kwa oyesa kafukufuku zomwe sitinkafuna kuzitenga, popeza zinali zazitali zokwanira kale.
"Deta yathu yakhala ikubwera pakati pa owunikira ambiri ku Lancet komanso kuno kusukulu (mpando wa Biostatistics Dept), kotero tili ndi mphamvu zasayansi kunena zomwe tanena motsimikiza kwambiri. Ndikukayika kuti pepala lililonse la Lancet lapeza ngati kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa monga izi! " (Dr. Gilbert Burnham, imelo kwa David Edwards, October 30, 2004)
Tom Clarke waku Channel 4 adawonanso:
"Tanthauzo la anthu wamba silikudziwika bwino. Ambiri mwa anthu omwe amafa mwankhanza anali achichepere omwe mwina - kapena ayi - anali zigawenga."
Mlembi wamkulu wa lipotilo, Dr. Les Roberts, adayankha izi:
"The civilian question is fair. About 25% of the population were adult males. >70% of people who died in automobile accidents were adult males. Presumably, they died more than other demographic groups because they are out and about more. 46% of people reportedly killed by coalition forces were adult males. Thus, some of them may have been combatants, some probably were not… perhaps they were just out and about more and more likely to be in targeted areas. We reported that over half of those killed by coalition forces were women and children to point out that if there was targeting, it was not very focused. Thus, we are careful to say that about 100,000 people, perhaps far more were killed. We suspect that the vast majority were civilians, but we do not say each and every one of the approximately 100,000 was a civilian." (Email to David Edwards, October 31, 2004)
Clarke adamaliza lipoti lake la Channel 4 ndi mawu achipongwe:
"Poganizira momwe chitetezo chikukulirakulira, pakhala nthawi yayitali tisanakhale ndi chithunzi cholondola chakuwonongeka kwa anthu wamba ku Iraq, ngati kulibe."
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti njira zolakwika zidatanthawuza kuti lipoti la Lancet likhoza kutayidwa ngati likulephera kupereka "chithunzi cholondola cha kutayika kwa anthu wamba ku Iraq". Zinkatanthauza kuti ochita kafukufuku, gulu la Lancet lowunika anzawo, ndi akonzi a Lancet, adapanga ntchito yosadalirika.
Kubwereza kuyankha kwa olemba lipotilo: "Tili ndi mphamvu zasayansi kunena zomwe tanena motsimikiza kwambiri. Ndikukayika kuti pepala lililonse la Lancet lakhala likuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa monga ilili!
Nkhani ya atolankhani ya October 29 Downing Street inati:
"Asked if the Prime Minister was concerned about a survey published today suggesting that 100,000 Iraqi civilians had died as a result of the war in Iraq, the PMOS [Prime Minister’s Official Spokesman] said that it was important to treat the figures with caution because there were a number of concerns and doubts about the methodology that had been used. Firstly, the survey appeared to be based on an extrapolation technique rather than a detailed body count. Our worries centred on the fact that the technique in question appeared to treat Iraq as if every area was one and the same. In terms of the level of conflict, that was definitely not the case. Secondly, the survey appeared to assume that bombing had taken place throughout Iraq. Again, that was not true. It had been focussed primarily on areas such as Fallujah. Consequently, we did not believe that extrapolation was an appropriate technique to use." (http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page6535.asp)
Tinafunsanso mafunso awa ndi olemba malipoti. Dr. Roberts anayankha kuti:
"Point 1 is true and it is not a mistake on our part. We would have had a more accurate picture if we conducted a ‘stratified’ sample, with some in the high violence areas and some in the low violence areas. But, that would have involved visiting far more houses and exposing the interviewers to even more risk. Secondly, we do not know how many people are in the ‘high violence’ areas, so this would have involved large assumptions that would now be criticized.
"Most samples are taken with the assumption that all the clusters are ‘exchangeable’ for purposes of analysis. The difference between them is considered in the interpretation of the data.
"Point two, assumes bombing is happening equally across Iraq. There is no such explicit assumption. There is the assumption that all individuals in Iraq had an equal opportunity to die (and if we did not, it would not be a representative sample). It happens, that the one place with a lot of bombings, Falluja, and we excluded that from our 100,000 estimate….thus if anything, assuming that there has not been any intensive bombing in Iraq.
"Finally, there were 7 clusters in the Kurdish North with no violent deaths. Of those 26 randomly picked neighborhoods visited in the South, the area that was invaded, 5 had reported deaths from Coalition air-strikes. This, I suspect that such events are more widespread than the review suggests." (Email to David Edwards, November 1, 2004)
Pafupifupi palibe mwazomwe zatchulidwazi zomwe zakhala zikukambidwa kulikonse mu atolankhani aku UK. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ofufuza a Johns Hopkins, akonzi a Lancet, ndi gulu lowunikira anzawo a Lancet, mwachibadwa adayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti njira yomwe ikukhudzidwayo ingathe kupirira kuwunika kwakukulu kwa lipoti lamtunduwu lomwe liyenera kutulutsa. Zotsatira zawo zikuwonetsa kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba 100,000. Ofalitsa nkhani alibe chidwi.
Part 2 itsatira posachedwa…
ZOCHITIKA ZOTSATIRA
Cholinga cha Media Lens ndikulimbikitsa kulingalira, chifundo ndi kulemekeza ena. Polemba makalata opita kwa atolankhani, tikulimbikitsa kwambiri owerenga kuti azikhala aulemu, osakhala aukali komanso osanyoza.
Write to Observer editor, Roger Alton Email: roger.alton@observer.co.uk
Write to the Observer’s foreign affairs editor, Peter Beaumont Email: peter.beaumont@observer.co.uk
Write to Andrew Gowers, editor of the Financial Times Email: Andrew.Gowers@FT.com
Write to Martin Newland, editor of the Daily Telegraph Email: Martin.Newland@telegraph.co.uk
Afunseni chifukwa chomwe alepherera + kutchula + lipoti la Lancet la anthu 100,000 omwe afa mopitirira muyeso chifukwa cha nkhondo ya US-UK ku Iraq.
Imelo Channel 4 Nkhani za malipoti awo:
Tom Clarke, Science Reporter, Channel 4 News Email: tom.clarke@itn.co.uk
Jim Gray, Channel 4 News Editor Email: jim.gray@itn.co.uk
Chonde tumizaninso maimelo onse kwa ife ku Media Lens:
Imelo: editor@medialens.org
Ngati mukufuna kupanga chopereka: http://www.medialens.org/donate.html
Pitani patsamba la Media Lens: http://www.medialens.org
