enyi,
Ọ bụ ihe ùgwù isonyere na ịmụta ihe n'aka gị ebe a na Sarajevo. Achọrọ m ikele Reiner Braun nke IALANA na IPB na Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung maka ohere a.
Ka m na-eche banyere anyị akara oge hinge oge na Western na ụwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke malitere ebe a na Sarajevo 100 afọ gara aga, a ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya image batara n'uche: cellist nke sniper warawara. N'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke onwe ya, o kwuputara ihe a maara dị ka "mmụọ nke Sarajevo": ịma mma na nke kachasị mma na mmụọ mmadụ. Omume ya dị mfe mere ka ara ahụ pụta ìhè ma wepụta ọhụụ na olileanya nke mmepeanya. Olileanya m bụ na Ememe Udo anyị ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ọzọ n'ụzọ a, n'agbanyeghị ihe mgbochi dị n'ụzọ anyị - n'etiti ha ọbịbịa onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu NATO Rasmussen na nso nso a ebe a iji kpalie ọsọ ọsọ nke Bosnia-Herzegovina ịbanye na NATO. N'ịbụ ndị amụtaghị nkuzi nke Georgia na Ukraine, a na-emeghachi echiche echiche Agha Nzuzo mgbe anyị kwesịrị ịdị na-agbaso diplomacy nchekwa nchekwa, bụ nke nyere ụkpụrụ maka iweghachite ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ site na njedebe nke njedebe.
Ihe oyiyi abụọ ọzọ bịakwara n'uche. Nke mbụ bụ Walter McCleneghan, onye ozi Metọdist meworo agadi nke nwere ntutu isi ya, Veterans for Peace cap, na akparamagwa dị nro ka ọ kwụnyere anyị afọ 40 gara aga na anwụ na-acha ọkụ nke Phoenix, Arizona iji mee mkpesa na Agha Vietnam. A gbara Rev. McCleneghan gas, nweekwa nkwarụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ndị agha kpara Agha Ụwa Mbụ, bụ́ nke kọwara ihe mere o ji sonyere anyị. Nke abụọ bụ ihe oyiyi m hụrụ na nke mere ka m dị ngwa mgbe mbụ m bịara Europe na 1973 na nke ka na-eguzo na St. Louis France. Ọ na-egosi na nne na-eru uju ka ọ na-amụ nwa ya. Ihe odide ahụ na mbụ gụrụ: Les victim enfants de grande guerre. Na mmalite 1970s, s ndị ọzọ na-egbuke egbuke karịa akwụkwọ ozi ndị ọzọ, na-eme ka igbu ọchụ na nhụjuanya nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ pụta. Ụmụ mmadụ amụtabeghị ihe mmụta kacha mkpa na agha ndị a.
AKWỤKWỌ NA NA KEWAA nke ọma
Na ọdịda nke Soviet Union, NATO tụfuru raison d'etre ya. Kama ịkwaga n'udo n'ime ọdịnihu Nchekwa nkịtị, ndị otu ndị agha kwadoro ohere ha na ike ha meghachiri ya. Ebe a na-ebelata ihe nkiri nke ọchịchị Kọmunist nke mba ụwa ka ọ bụrụ ebe nchekwa, e jiri NATO gbasaa ihe US Council on Foreign Relations kpọrọ otu mgbe "Grand Area," United States zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetụta.
N'iji ohere akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Moscow, site na diplomacy ike na agha NATO rutere n'ókè Russia, na 9-11 Al Qaeda ọgụ na US na-erigbu na ciment NATO dị ka a zuru ụwa ọnụ agha njikọ. Ozizi ya "site na mpaghara" dere agha Afghanistan na Iraq na ntinye aka ndị ọzọ.
Taa, dị ka anyị nwere olile anya ịbanye na denouement nke Ukraine nsogbu na na kwesịrị ekwesị ụjọ ịbịaru nso September NATO Summit, a "oké arụmụka" na-akọ na-na-na-na-na-na Alliance ọdịnihu. N'isi ya bụ ajụjụ gbasara ma NATO ga-akwadorịrị maka "mwakpo ndị Russia nwere ike ime," ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na nsogbu a bụ "ihe na-adịghị mma na Order War Cold War." Azịza ya ga-ekpebi ma ọ bụrụ na NATO kwụsịrị nkwusioru nke mmekorita ya na Russia - dị ka nke a na-akpọ "Old Europe" kwadoro (Germany, France na Britain, bụ ndị akụ na ụba ha na-ejikọta na Russia,) ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na anyị abanyela ( ma ọ bụ ga-akpali) Agha Nzuzo ọhụrụ na nke na-abụghị nke echiche site n'ime ka ntinye NATO na-adịgide adịgide ma na-abawanye na nke a na-akpọ "New Europe" (Poland, Baltics, na Rumania.[i]) Nhọrọ nke ịla ezumike nká NATO adịghị na tebụl. .
Echiche m kacha mma bụ na NATO ga-ahọrọ maka ỌZỌ, na ọbụlagodi na Europe na-agbada n'okpuru ikiri ụkwụ nke atumatu austerity nke na-eme ka mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke xenophobic na-echetara 1930s, nzuko na Wales ga-ahọrọ ịkwalite ike agha NATO gafee. Europe na ịbawanye ego maka ọrụ ndị na-abụghị mpaghara. A ga-emeghachikwa NATO ọzọ dị ka njikọkọ nuklia, ihe niile ga-eme ka ntụkwasị obi Russia sikwuo ike na ngwa agha nuklia ya na ịkwalite mmụba.
Ọgbaghara UKRAINE
Ọtụtụ ga-adabere n'echiche nke nsogbu Ukraine.
N'adịghị ka mba Balkan ka Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman dara ma mesịa daa, ọzọkwa mgbe Soviet Union daa, Ukraine - nke okpukperechi, ahụmahụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịmma akụ na ụba kewara - na-ejide n'etiti ndị agha akụkọ ihe mere eme siri ike. Onye isi ala Putin nwere ike ịnwe eriri ojii na judo, mana US na-erigbu nsogbu Ukraine site n'ịbawanye ntinye ndị agha ya na ịkwalite ike na mmetụta NATO n'ofe Eastern Europe, Baltics na Scandinavia. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, na-achọ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka mfu nke Alaeze Ukwu Soviet, Putin na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka steeti neo-Tsarist pụtaghachi, na-anwa iweghachi mmetụta Russia na "nso mba ọzọ," ma ugbu a na-emetụta akụ na ụba ya, agha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na China. kpakpando na-ebili.
Secretary nke State Kerry nyere anyị ihe atụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Orwellian doublespeak mgbe ọ katọrọ "omume mkparị dị egwu nke Moscow," na-agbakwụnye na "ị naghị eme na narị afọ 21st na-akpa àgwà na narị afọ nke 19 site n'ịwakpo obodo ọzọ na [a] kpamkpam. gbagoro agbago."[ii] Afghanistan, Iraq na Libya bụ ala ebe nchekwa!
Rọshịa, ya na mkpọsa ya iweta Ukraine n'ime Eurasian Economic Community, ntinye ya na Crimea na nkwado ya pụtara ìhè nke ndị na-ekewapụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Ukraine abụghị naanị na-akpata ọgba aghara Ukraine. N'amaghị ama ma ọ bụ nanị enweghị mmetụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Russia na ịchụpụ uru nke nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, n'ime ọgbọ gara aga NATO jere ije n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ókè Russia - gụnyere nhọpụta nke Ukraine dị ka mba NATO "na-achọsi ike". US na NATO mepụtara ụkpụrụ mbụ na agha Kosovo na Iraq, nke ewepụtara megidere iwu UN Charter. Dị ka ọ dị na Mgbanwe Agba ndị ọzọ a na-eduzi megide ndị isi ọchịchị ọchịchị na nke kleptocratic, Washington na EU wụsara ọtụtụ ijeri dollar n'ime Ukraine kewara ekewa iji zụlite na ịzụlite ndị agha jikọrọ aka na iji mee ka mba Soviet mbụ pụọ na Moscow gaa n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. EU nyere iwu iwu maka ọchịchị Yanukovych rụrụ arụ: Ukraine kewara ekewa nwere ike ịme usoro ọzọ maka isonye na EU naanị site n'ịgba àkwà mmiri ya na Moscow. Dị ka esemokwu e wuru na Kiev, Onye isi CIA Brennan, onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke State Victoria Nuland - nke a ma ama ugbu a maka enweghị nkwanye ùgwù nke ndị enyi Europe - na onye ọka iwu US Senator McCain niile gara Maidan iji gbaa mgbanwe ahụ ume. Na, ozugbo agbapụ ahụ malitere, US na EU emeghị ka ndị enyi ha na Ukraine jide n'aka na nkwekọrịta ikekọrịta ike nke April 17 nke Geneva mere iji kwụsị esemokwu na-egbu egbu na Maidan Square.
Nke a kwuru, na ọbụlagodi na anyị kwenyere na mmalite Russia dị na Kievian Rus, na ebe ọ bụ na 1750s Crimea enyela Russia ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mmiri dị oke mkpa, anyị kwesịrị ịnakwere mmebi iwu Russia megidere iwu mba ụwa na ihe onye kọmishọna UN maka ikike mmadụ kpọrọ. "Mbibi dị egwu" nke ikike mmadụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Ukraine.[iii] Mweghachi nke Crimea mebiri iwu Budapest nke 1994 nke Russia, United States, Britain, China na France bịanyere aka na ya, bụ ndị nyere ikike ịkwanyere nnwere onwe, ọbụbụeze ugwu. na ókèala Ukraine dị ugbu a." Ọ chọkwara ka ha “zere iyi egwu nke iji ike eme ihe megide iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe n'ókèala ma ọ bụ nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ukraine. "[iv]
Ọ bụ ezie na ụjọ agwụla ha, n’ihi ọchịchị alaeze ukwu Russia dị n’Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe n’ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mmeghachi omume gabigara ókè nke ọtụtụ ndị nọ n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe bụ ihe kwere nghọta.
N'ọgba aghara ụgha ohere - NATO na-aga n'ihu
Ozizi Naomi Klein na-echetara anyị na n'oge nsogbu enwere ohere. Ọtụtụ izu gara aga, ezigbo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị STRATFOR kọrọ na "Dịka esemokwu na Rọshịa na-aga n'ihu na-ewuli elu, United States na-enwe mmetụta na-amanye ịtụleghachi, gbanwee ma mee ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya dịkwuo elu. Site n'Oké Osimiri Baltic ruo Carpathians, Washington amalitelarị itinye aka na mpaghara Russia. " SRATFOR gara n'ihu, "N'otu oge ahụ, anyị na-amalite ịhụ ebe ndịda nke ụdị njikọ aka US, malite na Iran, na-erute Caucasus site na Azerbaijan wee na-efega n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Turkey."[v]
N'izu a, na mgbakwunye na inye gọọmenti akụ na ụba na ngwá agha agha na-egbu egbu na Kiev, President Obama mara ọkwa $ 5 ijeri European Reassurance Initiative, mmụba nke ndị agha US na-ebuga na Eastern Europe, Oké Osimiri Black na Baltic na mgbatị ndị agha n'ofe mpaghara ahụ. na nlebanya na-abịanụ nke ntinye ndị agha US n'ofe Europe. Izu abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ, e mere njem osote onye isi ala Biden na Central Europe iji mesie ndị mmekọ US obi na iji kwado mmegharị US na NATO n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Biden kwuputara na onye na-ebu ụgbọ elu USS George HW Bush ga-anọgide na Mediterenian na Agha Nzuzo dị ka tripwire, na mbụ e guzobere opekempe nke ndị agha ala US 300 na Poland, si otú a na-ebugharị etiti NATO nke ike ndọda n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Berlin. Gọọmentị Poland arịọla maka ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ndị agha abụọ nke ndị agha US, na agbanyeghị na enwere nchegbu na Washington na mbugharị ndị dị otú ahụ ga-ebute mmụba n'otu n'otu na mbugharị ndị agha Russia, mbugharị US nwere ike ịpụta nsonaazụ nke nyocha President Obama. Na Bucharest, Biden turu ọnụ na ọ kwadoro ntinye mbụ Romania na NATO, kwusiri ike na "ọrụ dị nsọ" Washington na Romania - ọrụ dị nsọ? - ma chịkwaa mmemme nzụkọ ndị agha US na Romania. Na, dị ka President Obama na NATO Secretary General Rasmussen, ọ kwughachiri na ndị òtù NATO niile "ga-emezurịrị nkwa ha iji bulie mmefu agha na 2% nke GDP ha, ọbụna na ihe maka ọtụtụ mba Europe bụ ịda mbà n'obi akụ na ụba.
Atụmatụ Washington, Biden kwusiri ike, abụghị naanị itinye ego na Russia maka nzaghachi nsogbu Ukraine. Dị ka Biden kwuru, ọ bụ isi ihe gbasara itinye ego na NATO eweghachite nke na-esi na nsogbu a pụta ma na-arụ ọrụ na nzuko na-aga nke ọma na Wales… .gụnyere imecha atụmatụ enweghị nchegharị maka ndị mmekọ oke osimiri nke NATO. Ndị isi US akọwapụtala “agbagogoro… ọnụnọ ndị agha na ikuku, ala na oke osimiri nke akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke NATO.” Nke gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri US - gụnyere ndị na-ebibi Aegis - na-ebuga n'Oké Osimiri Ojii, na-eyi egwu ndịda Russia dị n'okpuru ala, US aerial Missions na Poland na Romania na atụmatụ ibuga ihe nchebe ngwa agha na Romania.[vi] Na provative mba iri na abụọ Rapid Trident agha. mmega ahụ na Ukraine na Saber Strike 2014 NATO mmega ahụ na Latvia ka emeghachiri maka July.
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe na "mmeghachite" NATO. N'akụkụ akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke NATO, US na NATO zụrụ ndị agha Georgia ihe karịrị afọ iri. Na 2008, tinyere Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro na Macedonia, Georgia ka ahapụtara mba "NATO na-achọsi ike." usoro ndị agha nke a na-akpọ "na-agbachitere" na Georgia ma kwughachi nkwa ya na ọbụbụeze Georgian na ókèala obodo.
N'ebe dị nso, Secretary General Rasmussen emewo ka atụmatụ imekọ ihe ọnụ na Armenia sikwuo ike, na e nwere asịrị na ọ ga-ekwe omume owuwu ntọala NATO na Moldova, nke onye isi ala Obama kpọkwara aha dị ka "nkwenye dị nsọ" nke United States.[viii]
Na Central Europe, dị ka Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Poland Siemoniak gwara anyị, Poland ga-arụ ọrụ na-eduga mpaghara "n'okpuru nkwado US." A na-ebuga ndị agha ala US n'ebe ahụ, a na-ewepụkwa nkọwa maka "mmekọrịta siri ike na nchekwa ikuku, ndị agha pụrụ iche, cyberdefense na mpaghara ndị ọzọ."[ix] Ajụjụ pụtara ìhè bụ ka ntinye ndị a ga-adịgide adịgide.
N'ebe ugwu, ụgbọ elu US alaghachila na Iceland, [x] ebe NATO ejirila ndị nche ụgbọ elu okpukpu atọ na Baltic States wee malite egwuregwu STEADFAST JAVELIN 1 na Estonia. nzuzo agha bases na kwadoro egwuregwu agha NATO. "A na-akọ na ndị agha Sweden na-adaba na NATO karịa nke ọtụtụ mba NATO."[xii] N'akụkụ nke ọzọ, minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Finland na-arụgide gọọmentị ya ka ọ banye na NATO, nzọụkwụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nyere na Finland na-abanye "n'ime obodo. Nkeji edemede 5-style mmekorita ya na NATO nke na-amanye ndị otu mba 28 niile ịbanye n'ọgụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na Finland nọ n'ihe egwu. " Mmekọrịta ahụ ga-achọkwa ka Helsinki sonye na NATO n'ịlụ ọgụ mgbe ọ bụla NATO na-arụ ọrụ nchebe ibe ya, kwuo n'ihe banyere agha Turkey-Syrian![xiii]
Kedu ka mpaghara ahụ si dị ukwuu?
Ajụjụ ọzọ a na-azaghị bụ ka ozizi na mmekorita nke NATO si metụta "nke si na mpaghara" na-emetụta site na ntugharị Europe nke NATO. Ọtụtụ ndị ka na-eche na NATO dị ka njikọ aka Europe, ma n'okwu odeakwụkwọ ukwu Rasmussen, "Mkparịta ụka Mediterenian" ya - nke gụnyere Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, na Tunisia, na Libya - ka e kere iji nye aka na mpaghara "nkwụsi ike na ọganihu." Nkwụsi ike na ọganihu? NATO akpọpụtala ebumnuche ya: "ndị na-eyi ọha egwu" na mmụba nke ngwa agha nuklia na usoro nnyefe ha. E gosipụtara arụmọrụ nke ụzọ a na Libya ebe, dị ka The Guardian kọrọ na nso nso a, "A na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu nke ntinye aka ọdịda anyanwụ taa na Tripoli na n'ofe Africa, site na Mali ruo Nigeria."[xiv] N'ebe ọzọ, Istanbul Initiative Initiative jikọrọ NATO na ndị eze juputara mmanụ na Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait na United Arab Emirates. Ndị mmekọ NATO ndị ọzọ zuru ụwa ọnụ gụnyere Afghanistan, Australia, Iraq, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, New Zealand na Mongolia.
Eziokwu bụ na site na mmalite NATO bụ ihe karịrị Soviet Union, na n'oge Agha Nzuzo ma NATO na Warsaw Pact gbasoro ihe mgbaru ọsọ echiche na nke alaeze ukwu. Ka anyị na-eche banyere ụzọ NATO si arụ ọrụ n'oge Agha Nzuzo na mgbasawanye ya n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọ dị mma ịmara na akwụkwọ ikike NATO na-ekwu na mba ndị otu "ga-achọ iwepụ esemokwu na amụma akụ na ụba mba ụwa ma na-akwado nkwado akụ na ụba n'etiti onye ọ bụla. ma ọ bụ ha niile."
Mgbe WWII gasịrị, ebe ọ nwụsịrị nde mmadụ iri abụọ na oke mbibi, Soviet Union enweghị ihe iyi egwu ozugbo na Western Europe. Site na àjà ndị Red Army na ọrụ ya bụ isi n'ịkwọpụ ndị agha Hitler site na Moscow gaa Berlin, nnabata US na nkewa agha nke Europe bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị naanị. Ọbụna George Kennan, bụ onye dere ozizi ahụ, dere na n'ihi mbuso agha nke Napoleon na agha ụwa abụọ ahụ, Moscow siri n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ ga-enwe ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na etiti Europe megide mbuso agha ndị ọdịda anyanwụ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.[xv]
N'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, Zbiginiew Brzezinski, onye bụbu Onye Ndụmọdụ Nchebe Mba nke Onye isi ala Carter, bipụtara primer na-akọwa ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke ihe ọ kpọrọ US "ọrụ alaeze ukwu." maka ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ. Dị ka “ike agwaetiti” dị anya, Alaeze Ukwu US kwesịrị ijide n'aka na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Eurasia iji wepụta ike mmanye.
NATO, dị ka Brzezinski si kwuo, na-enye ụzọ iji hụ na "United States [dị ka] onye bụ isi so na ya ọbụna n'ihe gbasara etiti Europe." Ndị mmekọ Europe, n'echiche ya, bụ "ọnọdụ vassal" ụgwọ ọrụ nke ndị ọkachamara jikọrọ aka na-enweta maka inye ọtụtụ narị ebe agha na nrụnye, nkwado diplomatic, mmepụta nke usoro ngwá agha, ikesa ọgụgụ isi, na ihe ndị ọzọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ùgwù nke alaeze ukwu. Na, ọ bụghị na mberede, NATO na ndị agha US ejedebela ikike na mmetụta ndị agha German.
Dị ka Agha Afghanistan na Libya na-egosi, NATO na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ego US na ọnwụ US nke agha Washington. Ọ na-enye mkpuchi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka mbuso agha nke alaeze ukwu, ebe ndị mmekọ jikọrọ aka na-enweta ohere maka mmepe na nkwekọrịta nrụpụta, mmanụ na ọnụ ala dị ala maka nchekwa agha ha. N'ezie, ọ bụghị agha Afghanistan ma ọ bụ Iraq ma ọ bụ ntinye aka Libya mere dị ka atụmatụ. Iran gosipụtara na ọ bụ nnukwu mmeri na Iraq. China nwere ike nweta oke ọdụm nke akụrụngwa Afghanistan. Na, Libya bụ ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị nchekwa maka ụlọ ọrụ ike Europe na US.
Joseph Nye, onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nchekwa nke President Clinton, nyere oghere nkwado maka ịghọta ihe ndị a: “Ahịa na ike akụ na ụba na-adabere na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ikike ndị agha America na-enye usoro ahụ.”[xvii] Thomas Friedman tinyere ya n'ezoghị ọnụ, " Aka zoro ezo nke ahịa agaghị arụ ọrụ na-enweghị aka zoro ezo - McDonald's enweghị ike ime nke ọma na-enweghị McDonnell Douglas, onye wuru F-15. Na aka zoro ezo nke na-echekwa ụwa maka teknụzụ Silicon Valley ka a na-akpọ United States Army, Air Force, Navy na Marine Corps."[xviii]
Taa na Ukraine, anyị na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mpako nchịkwa nke Clinton na-emeso Russia dị ka mba e meriri emeri. Kama ịla ezumike nká NATO mgbe Soviet implosion gasịrị, e megharịrị Alliance ahụ, gbanwee ghọọ njikọ aka zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na-emebi nkwa nke Okenye Bush nke 1990 ka ọ ghara ịgbasa NATO otu centimita nso na Moscow maka mgbanwe nke Kremlin nabatara nchikota German na usoro ọdịda anyanwụ, NATO gbasaa na ókèala Russia. A na-eduzi mgbasawanye ahụ megide ndị mmekọ Washington Western Europe, na-emeghe ụzọ maka Bush-Cheney, ugbu a Obama, nkewa na ọchịchị diplomacy, nke na-egwu "New Europe" (n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ) megide "Old Europe" (n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ) .
Agha NATO 1999 na Serbia bụ nnukwu mgbanwe. N'ịbụ onye kwalitere dị ka ihe enyemaka "mmadụ", agha ahụ, nke wetara ndị ọchịchị rụrụ arụ na ọchịchị na Kosovo, chọrọ "ịbawanye obodo ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ụwa" site n'ibelata mmetụta Russia.[xix] Nke ka mkpa, dị ka Foreign Affairs kọrọ, US. na NATO "na obere mkparịta ụka na obere mkparị… gbahapụrụ iwu UN Charter ochie nke na-amachibido itinye aka na mba ụwa na esemokwu mpaghara… na nkwado maka usoro ọhụrụ na-edoghị anya nke na-anabatakarị ntinye aka agha mana ọ nwere iwu siri ike na ngwa ngwa." [xx]
Tupu nsogbu Ukraine, ntuziaka atụmatụ Pentagon[xxi] nyere NATO ọrụ iji hụ na njikwa akụ na ụba nke ịnweta na ịzụ ahịa na-eme ka gburugburu China na Russia sikwuo ike. NATO nakweere ozizi "site na mpaghara arụmọrụ" ozizi, na-eme ihe Secretary Kerry kpọrọ "njem njem" na Africa, Middle East, na karịrị a Alliance bụ isi nzube [xxiii] Ndị a nkwa e institutionalized na agha Afghanistan; Ozizi Strategic Ọhụrụ nakweere na 2011; na ntinye aka nke Libya nke butere ihe Ngalaba Steeti US na-ekwu ugbu a "ebe nchekwa ndị na-eyi ọha egwu."
Ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ ndị a "na-apụ apụ", yana ikekwe maka ọdịnihu NATO na Europe, abụrụla ndepụta igbu mmadụ Obama na igbu ọchụ nke US na NATO. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a egbuola ndụ ndị nkịtị, yana nke "ndị na-eyi ọha egwu" ezubere iche na Afghanistan na Pakistan. US agaala ya naanị na Yemen na Mindanao. Mba NATO iri na ise na-esonye ugbu a na Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) drone system, nke a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-efu ijeri euro 2.2 ma mba ndị otu NATO na-akwado ya. A ga-arụ ọrụ AGS site na ọdụ US nke NATO na Sigonella, Italy, ya na Onye Ọchịchị Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ NATO nke Europe na-ahụ maka ndị na-egbu drones nke Global Hawk nke NATO si na Ramstein Air Base na Germany ozugbo etinyere ya na 2016.[xxiv]
N'ezie, mkparita uka ugbu a iji mepụta Agreement Trade Free US-EU kwesịrị ka ahụ dị ka akụkụ ọzọ nke mgbasa ozi iji nọgide na-amụba na Grand Area. Ọchịchị Obama chọrọ ịmepụta Greater West, na-ejikọta akụ akụ na ụba, teknụzụ na ike mmanye dị mkpa iji mee ka China nwee ike ịnọgide na-achị site na narị afọ 21st, ọbụlagodi na US na-ada. Mgbalị Obama mere iji “tọgharịa” mmekọrịta ya na Moscow bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ a. Amụma iwe iwe nke Washington, ugbu a gụnyere mmachi megide ndị ọkachamara nke Moscow, kpuchiri atụmatụ ahụ nkenke, mebie “mmekọrịta” NATO na Russia na ọhụụ nke ụlọ European nkịtị. Kama, Putin ahọrọla Pivot nke ya na Asia, na-emebe mmekọrịta akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha na China.
NATO DỊ KA Njikọ Nuclear
Nsogbu Ukraine chetaara anyị na NATO bụ njikọ aka nuklia, nakwa na ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe nuklia dị egwu akwụsịghị na njedebe nke Agha Nzuzo. N'agbanyeghị oku a na-akpọ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya maka iwepụ ngwá agha nuklia US na Europe, anyị na-anụ ọzọ na "N'ihi ọnọdụ ọhụrụ nke na-esite na nsogbu Ukraine, NATO agaghị enwe ike ịhapụ ihe na ngwa agha. Mkpebi kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi ga-agụnye ngwa agha nuklia…”[xxv] Nke a, n'ezie, ga-eme ka ntụkwasị obi Russia sie ike na ngwa agha nuklia ya. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ukwu abụọ ahụ na-alaghachi na Europe na ụwa ndị ọzọ.
O nwere ike ịbụ na ị gụọla gbasara asịrị na US Nuclear Command: ndị ọrụ na-ehi ụra na njikwa nke ngwa agha omnicidal, na-aghọ aghụghọ n'ule, na iweghachi ngwa agha ahụ n'ụzọ dị ize ndụ na enweghị ikike. Daniel Ellsberg, onye isi atụmatụ agha nuklia maka President Kennedy, Johnson na Nixon, na-ekwu na ihe ndị a ekwesịghị ịbụ nchegbu anyị taa. . Ọ bụ ezie na ike nke nsogbu nke Ukraine nwere ike ịdị na-ebelata, nyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nuklia na ihe mberede, anyị kwesịrị ịdị na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ maka ikpochapụ ihe egwu nuklia dị ka a ga-asị na ndụ anyị dabere na ya, nke ha na-eme! Agha nuklia nwere ike ịkarịrị taa ka ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'oge Agha Nzuzo.
N'amaghị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme egwu na nkwadebe na-ebute nuklia ọgụ n'oge mba nsogbu na agha, ọtụtụ ndị US kweere na mba ngwá agha nuklia bụ isi e mere maka deterrence. N'ezie, Pentagon apụtawo nke ọma, na-ekwupụta na mgbochi "abụbeghị ozizi anyị."[xxvii]
Akụkọ RAND nke ozizi nuklia nke NATO na-agwa anyị na enweghị ike NATO imezu nkwekọrịta 1954 iji kwekọọ na mbugharị ndị agha Soviet Union na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na mmepe nke nkuzi "oke mmegwara" nke Eisenhower. Iji "kwụsị" enwere ike "Mmegide Soviet," ndị agha NATO na-emebu ga-abụ " waya njem" iji kpalite "mma agha nuklia nke Washington."[xxviii]
Mgbe ahụ, dị ka ugbu a na ihe a na-akpọ modernization nke nuclear warheads B-61, ihe ịma aka nke US strategists bụ igbochi Western Europe si "decoupling" si United States, na-efunahụ US ọdịda anyanwụ ukwu na Eurasia. Iji gbochie Europe ịga n'ụzọ nke ya, e kere Group Planning Group.
N'ime oge a niile, ngwa agha nuklia US/NATO nwere ebumnuche ndị ọzọ karịa mgbochi oge gboo. Dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ agha nke President Carter Harold Brown gbara akaebe, na ngwa agha nuklia dị ka isi nke sistemu nchekwa US, ndị agha ya a na-emebu ghọrọ “ngwa agha na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bara uru.” Noam Chomsky kọwara na nke a pụtara na "anyị enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịja onye ọ bụla nwere ike inye aka chebe ndị anyị kpebisiri ike ịwakpo."[xxix]
Ngwá agha nuklia US dị na Europe dị mkpa maka nkwadebe US maka na iyi egwu ịmalite agha nuklia, ọ bụghị naanị n'oge ọgba aghara Berlin nke 1948 na '61, mana ka US kwalitere ikike ya n'elu Middle East bara ụba na mmanụ. E mere iyi egwu na/ma ọ bụ nkwado dị otú ahụ n'oge nsogbu Suez na 1956; Mbanye mmiri na Lebanon na mgbanwe na Iraq na 1958; Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis nke 1962, nke US na-eyi ndụ mmadụ egwu iji mee ka ụkpụrụ na US nwere ike ibuga ngwa agha nuklia - ọbụlagodi ngwa agha nuklia na-adịghị adị - na Turkey n'akụkụ mpaghara Soviet Union, mana na Moscow enweghị ike ime otu ahụ na Cuba. Anyị ekwesịghịkwa ichefu egwu nuklia e mere n'oge agha Middle East nke 1967 na agha Iraq nke 1991 na 2003. Dị ka anyị na-ezute, "nhọrọ niile" iyi egwu nuklia megide Iran nke malitere na Bush na Cheney, ka dị "na tebụl. "
N'akụkụ nke ọzọ, ndị agha nuklia US dabere na Europe etinyere na ọkwa kachasị elu nke njikere nuklia n'oge iyi egwu "onye ara" nke President Nixon na 1969 na-eyi egwu Vietnam, ma nwee nke ọ bụla n'ime egwu nuklia itoolu e mere megide North Korea, ma ọ bụ otu n'ime anọ megide China. gbagoro ruo n'agha nuklia n'ozuzu, ngwá agha ndị dabeere na Europe agaraghị anọgide na-adị n'ọgbọ agha ha.
N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nwute a niile, igbochi "steeti vassal" nke Europe ka ọ ghara ịkpachapụ anya bụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide. Tupu nsogbu Ukraine, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Europe na-akpọ maka iwepụ ngwá agha nuklia US niile "n'ụzọ aghụghọ" dabeere na Europe na ọbụna maka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka "ezigbo okwukwe" iji kpochapụ ngwa agha nuklia nke ụwa kpamkpam, dị ka e kwere ná nkwa na Nkwekọrịta Na-adịghị Mgbakwunye Nuklia. N'agbanyeghị nkwenye nke President Obama kwuru na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ maka ụwa nke ngwa agha nuklia na-enweghị onwe ya, ndị isi US ekwupụtawo ugboro ugboro mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-enwe ngwa agha nuklia kachasị ike n'ụwa ma gbaa NATO ume "njikọ ọnụ."
Na 2011, odeakwụkwọ nke State Clinton (ikekwe onye isi ala US na-esote) siri ọnwụ na "ọ bụrụhaala na ngwa agha nuklia dị, anyị, United States, ga-ejigide [n]… ngwa agha nuklia dị irè… Anyị ga-aga n'ihu na-ekwe nkwa nchekwa ahụ. nke ndị otu NATO anyị. " N'ịtụ aka n'ụra ma na-ekwupụta ihe egwu dị na steeti ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, odeakwụkwọ ukwu NATO Rasmussen kwusiri ike na "mmekọrịta ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-achọ ihe mgbochi nuklia a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ...." nwere ike ịgọnarị nke ọma na iyi egwu na-agba mba ndị na-abụghị nuklia ume iṅomi NATO site n'ịwulite ngwa agha nuklia na-egbochi onwe ha?
Ya mere, nzuko NATO na Portugal nakweere ndụmọdụ "ndị ọkachamara'" na "NATO kwesịrị ịnọgide na-edobe ndị agha nuklia dị nchebe ma bụrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, na-enwe oke ọrụ maka ntinye na nkwado ọrụ ... Mgbanwe ọ bụla na amụma a, gụnyere nkesa mpaghara nke NATO ngwá agha nuklia. na Europe, ekwesịrị ime… site na Alliance n'ozuzu ya…” yana na “oke nsonye nke ndị Allies na-abụghị nke nuklia bụ akara dị mkpa nke ịdị n'otu transatlantic na ịkekọrịta ihe egwu.”[xxxi]
MKWUBIOKWU
Kedu ihe na-esote maka ndị anyị kwadoro igbochi agha na iwulite ụwa udo na nke ziri ezi karị?
Ọtụtụ ozugbo, anyị kwesịrị ime ihe niile anyị nwere ike ime iji rịọ ka ogbugbu a na-egbu na Ukraine kwụsị ma gbasie ike maka mkparita uka nke nwere ike itinye Ukraine n'ụzọ udo karị - nke nwere ike ịgụnye Ukraine ịghọ mba na-anọpụ iche nke nwere ikike nnwere onwe maka iche iche ya. mpaghara, na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na Russia na West.
Ogologo oge gara aga ịmụta nkuzi nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ & !! na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke, nke nta nke nta karịa ngwa agha nuklia, na-eyi mmadụ na ụdị ndị ọzọ egwu. Nkwenye maka uto akụ na ụba na-adịghị agwụ agwụ na-egbu ụwa, na asọmpi maka akụ, ahịa na akụnụba ego bụ ihe na-eme ka asọmpi agha, agbụrụ ngwá agha, na agha igbu ọchụ. Enwere njikọ dị ukwuu n'etiti mgba anyị na-agba maka udo na ikpe ziri ezi na iji nwayọọ na gbanwee mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Otu nzọụkwụ dị mkpa dị mkpa n'ụzọ a iji gbochie agha na nrigbu, iji nweta ego ego dị mkpa iji mepụta ọrụ ndụ ndụ ndụ, iji wuo ihe ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịgide adịgide, na ichekwa ọrụ ndị dị mkpa na-elekọta mmadụ ga-abụ ịla ezumike nká NATO. E mere ka Agha Nzuzo kwụsị ná ndabere nke ịchụso Nchebe Mba, nke a pụkwara ije ozi ọzọ dị ka ihe atụ nke udo.
N'ikpeazụ, dị ka Prọfesọ Zia Mian chetara anyị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-etolite site na nkuzi dị egwu nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị agha udo nke ụwa meriri akara ngosi: Kellogg-Briand Treaty nke machibidoro agha. Nkwekọrịta ahụ emeghị n'ihi na ụmụ amaala achọghị - n'ụzọ niile anyị nwere ike - ka a kwanyere ya ugwu ma tinye ya n'ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-ahụ na udo, nchekwa, nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na ndụ na-ebi ndụ na nkwanye ùgwù maka nke a na ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu anyị ga-ebi ndụ na nkwa nke ịbụ "ma ọ bụghị ndị a na-ata ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ndị ogbugbu.
June 4, 2014
Dr. Joseph Gerson bụ onye isi mmemme na onye ntụzi mmemme udo na nchekwa akụ na ụba maka kọmitii ọrụ enyi America nke Northeast Region. Ọ na-eje ozi na Board nke International Peace Bureau na Kọmitii na-ahụ maka Mba na NATO / Mba na Agha. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ Alaeze Ukwu na bọmbụ: ka US si eji ngwa agha nuklia na-achị ụwa.
[i] Bernd Riegert. "NATO kwesịrị ịtụgharị uche na atụmatụ ya", Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw.de/opinion-nato-needs-to-rethink-its-strategy/a-17614273/ [1] Steven Erlanger. "Obere Blip na Usoro Agha Oyi gasịrị, ma ọ bụ Alliance's Raison d'Etre?", New York Times, Mee 27, 2014.
[ii] John Kerry. Kerry na Russia: "Ị naghị ebuso obodo ọzọ agha" na nkwubi okwu zuru oke ", Salon.com, http://www.salon.com/2014/03/02/kerry_on_russia_you_just_dont_invade_ano… [2]
[iii] Alec Luhn. "Ọdịnihu gị dabere na Russia, Putin na-agwa ndị Tatar Crimea", Kwa izu, Mee 23, 2014.
[iv] Jeffrey. "Ukraine na 1994 Budapest Memorandum", http://armscontrolwonk.com [3], Eprel 29, 2014.
[v] Akwụkwọ ndekọ geoplitical. "Iwughachi ihe owuwu US Alliance", Mee 14, 2014, http://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/rebuilding-us-alliance… [4]
[vi] Richard Rozoff. "Romania: Onye isi oche Biden na-ekwu na agha agha NATO" Ọrụ dị nsọ maka oge niile ", Kwụsị NATO ikenye, Mee 20, 2014.
[vii] Richard Rozoff. "Georgia: NATO na-alụ ọhụrụ onye otu na South Caucasus", Mee 27 ikesa ozi-e.
[viii] Lee Kwụsị NATO Posts site n'aka Richard Rozoff: “NATO Iji tụlee Nnyekwa ndị agha m Georgia, Itar-Tass, Mee 1, 2014; "South Caucasus: NATO Accelerates Integration of Armenia", Public Radio of Armenia, May 20, 2014; “NATO, U>S> Jisie ike na Georgia”, Trend News Agency, Nọvemba 29, 2012; "Atụmatụ NATO maka Moldova nwere ike ịkpalite agha ọzọ", Pravda.Ru, Ọktoba 19, 2012
[ix] Fred Hiatt. "Ndị agha ala US na-aga Poland, Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa kwuru", Washington Post" NATO, Eprel 18, 2014
[x] Richard Rozoff, Kwụsị NATO Post, "Iceland: Ugbo agha US weghara NATO Patrol," Mee 14, 2014
[xi] Agụmakwụkwọ Baltic. “NATO ga-eme njem nlegharị anya ikuku ugboro atọ na steeti Baltic site na Mee”, Eprel 10, 2014; Richard Rozoff, Kwụsị NATO Post, "NATO ewepụtara egwuregwu 6,000-Ndị agha na Estonia", Mee 16, 2014
[xiii] Richard Rozoff, Kwụsị akwụkwọ ozi NATO: “Sweden: Onye otu 29 nke NATO na-akwadoghị”, Disemba 6, 2012; "NATO, US na-achọ ịkwalite mgbochi ndị agha ọdịda anyanwụ nke Russia na Finland", Mee 19, 2014
[xiv] Fough Rasmussen. "Ngwọta a na-ahụkarị maka nsogbu nkịtị: Okwu nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen na 11th Herzily Conference na Herzilya, Israel", 09, February, 2011,http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_70516.htm; [5] Seumas Milne. "A na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu nke ntinye aka ọdịda anyanwụ [na Libya] taa na Tripoli na n'ofe Africa, site na Mali ruo Nigeria", The Guardian, Mee 22, 2014
[xv] George Kennan. Diplomacy nke America, 1900 – 1950, Akwụkwọ Mentor, New York: 1951.
[xvi] Zbigniew Brzezinski. The Grand Chessboard, Akwụkwọ Basic, New York: 1997.
[xvii] Joseph S. Nye, Jr. “Ụzọ Kwesịrị Ekwesị iji ewepụtụ”, New York Times, Ọgọst 4, 2011.
[xviii] Thomas Friedman. “Ihe Ngosipụta Maka Ụwa Ọsọ,” New York Times Magazine, Maachị 28, 1999.
[xix] Andrew Gavin Marshall. "West Marches East: US-NATO Strategy to Kewapụ Russia", Truthout, 25 Eprel, 2014, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/23316-the-west-marches-east-the-us-na… [6]
[xx] Michael J. Glennon, op. obodo.
[xxi] John Pilger. Agha Ụwa na-agba ọsọ", Counterpunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/05/14/a-world-war-is-beckoning [7]
[xxii] Na-ejigide Ọchịchị zuru ụwa ọnụ US: Ihe ndị ga-ebute ụzọ maka nchekwa narị afọ nke 21st, Jenụwarị, 2012. http://www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf [8]
[xxiii] John Kerry. "Okwu na Atlantic Council's 'Toward a Europe Whole and Free' Conference", Eprel 29, 2014, http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/04/225380.htm [9]
[xxiv] Nigel Chamberlain, “NATO Drones: ndị na-agbanwe egwuregwu” NATO Watch, Septemba 26, 2013.
[xxv] Bern Riegert. Nke Cit.
[xxvi] Daniel Ellsberg, okwu na Cambridge, Massachusetts, Mee 13, 2014
[xxvii] Ngalaba nchekwa. Ozizi maka Njikota Nzuzo Nrụọrụ Nuclear, Mbipụta Njikọta 3-12, 15 Maachị, 2005
[xxviii] J. Michael Legge. Ngwá agha nuklia nke ihe nkiri na atụmatụ NATO nke nzaghachi na-agbanwe agbanwe. Rand, Santa Monica, Ca. Eprel, 1983.
[xxix] Joseph Gerson, Op Cit. p. 31
[xxx] Hillary Clinton. Secretary Clinton na Tallinn NATO Ministerial", Eprel 23, 2010.
[xxxi] “NATO 2020: nchekwa ejiri n'aka; njikọ aka ike", Mee 17, 2010, http://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/strategic-concept-report.html [10]
Links:
[1] http://www.dw.de/opinion-nato-needs-to-rethink-its-strategy/a-17614273/
[2] http://www.salon.com/2014/03/02/kerry_on_russia_you_just_dont_invade_another_country_on_a_completely_trumped_up_pretext/
[3] http://armscontrolwonk.com
[4] http://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/rebuilding-us-alliance-structure
[5] http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_70516.htm;
[6] http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/23316-the-west-marches-east-the-us-nato-strategy-to-isolate-russia
[7] http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/05/14/a-world-war-is-beckoning
[8] http://www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf
[9] http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/04/225380.htm
[10] http://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/strategic-concept-report.html
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