Mgbama mbụ na-egosi na Onye isi ala United States Barack Obama ga-aga n'ihu na-anya "oge ọgụ ọgụ" nke malitere n'okpuru onye bu ya ụzọ George W Bush.
Ihe na-erughị otu ọnwa n'ime ọchịchị ya, ihe kacha pụta ìhè na Obama ga-aga n'ihu na-emejuputa a iwu mba ọzọ enwere ike ịhụ mgbanwe nke malitere n'okpuru ọchịchị Bush na na gburugburu nhọpụta nchekwa mba ya. N'ụzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, kpọmkwem nkwuwa okwu a na-eji egosipụta mgbanwe bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe a na-aga n'ihu.
Mgbama igodo mbụ bịara na Disemba 1, mgbe Obama kwadoro na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na Robert M Gates dị ka odeakwụkwọ na-agbachitere. N'ụbọchị ahụ, Obama kwuputakwara na (lagoro ezumike nká) onye isi mmiri James L Jones ga-abụ onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa obodo ya, na Hillary Clinton ga-abụ odeakwụkwọ obodo.
Nhọpụta ndị na-esote, gụnyere Admiral ndị agha mmiri (lagoro ezumike nka) Dennis Blair na onye isi ọgụgụ isi mba, yana Michele Flournoy dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ nchekwa maka amụma, yana idobe Michael Vickers n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ nchekwa maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na esemokwu dị ala, bụ ihe niile. jikọtara ya na mmesi obi ike nke Obama na "agha oge niile" ga-anọgide na-ebute ụzọ nke amụma, atụmatụ na ọrụ US maka ọdịnihu a na-ahụ anya.
Iji nyere aka mee ka okwu sie ike, na Disemba 1, Gates bịanyere aka na nwayọ Ngalaba Nchekwa
Ntuziaka (DoDD) 3000.07, na-ewepụta amụma na "agha oge niile dị mkpa dị ka agha ọdịnala". [1]
Dịka ntuziaka ahụ siri dị, agha oge niile (IW) gụnyere "ọrụ mgbochi-iyi ọha egwu, nchekwa ime mba ofesi, agha na-adịghị mma, mgbochi mgbochi, na arụmọrụ kwụsie ike".
N'okpuru 3000.07, Vickers, onye bụbu ndị agha pụrụ iche na Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) onye na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na-emepụta ihe na-akpata agha nzuzo nke CIA na ndị agha Afghanistan na-emegide Soviet Union na 1980, na-aghọ "onye ndụmọdụ isi" nke Gates na agha oge na-adịghị na onye ga-enye "nleba anya amụma zuru oke" iji hụ na nke US agha a na-agbanwe nguzobe ka ọ bụrụ "dị irè na IW dịka ọ dị na agha ọdịnala".
Ntuziaka 3000.07 na-ewuli na mgbanwe nguzobe amụma mba ofesi mgbe 9/11 malitere na atụmatụ nchekwa mba nke Bush nke 2002. Dị ka onye na-emegide ndị agha nnupụisi (lagoro ezumike nká) colonel Thomas Baltazar na United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Elisabeth Kvitashvili si kwuo. , NSS nke afọ 2002 "mesiri ụzọ 'ọchịchị dum' si aga agha na iyi ọha egwu". [2]
"Gọọmentị dum" bụ isi okwu nke rapaara, ma Pentagon na obodo ndị na-emegide agha na-eji ya eme ihe.
Nkwupụta Quadrennial Roles and Missions Review, nke Ngalaba Nchebe wepụtara na Jenụwarị 2009, na-akpọ maka "nhazi ka mma n'etiti ike siri ike na ike dị nro nke mba anyị", mgbanwe nke "chọrọ inyocha ụzọ gọọmentị niile maka izute ihe ịma aka nchekwa siri ike. ". [3]
Ntuziaka 3000.07 wukwara na onye bụbu onye isi ala George W Bush's National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) 44 na odeakwụkwọ nchekwa Donald Rumsfeld DoDD 3000.05, ha abụọ ewepụtara na mbubreyo 2005. Ntuziaka ndị a etinyelarị Stability Operations na arụ ọrụ ọdịnala. N'otu aka ahụ, Quadrennial Defence Review nke 2006, na mbipụta na oke nkwalite nke ndị agha US Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Countersurgency Field (FM 3-24) gosikwara mmụba na-abawanye na IW. [4] [5]
Ọkachamara na-emegide ọgụ David Kilcullen (n'oge ahụ, onye isi ndụmọdụ ngalaba steeti) kwuru n'okwu a na Mgbakọ Mgbakọ Ọchịchị Gọọmenti US na Septemba 2006, “N'ezie nke ọma, okwu ndị a 'insurgency', 'insurgent' ma ọ bụ 'countersurgency'. apụtaghị na NSPD 44, mana ọ na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya mkpa ọ dị ibuga ikike gọọmentị niile jikọtara ọnụ na gburugburu ebe ndị iro."
Igodo ndị ọzọ, mmepe metụtara IW n'oge ọchịchị Bush gụnyere onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ steeti Condoleezza Rice's "transformational diplomacy". Ekwuputara na Jenụwarị 2006, ọ kpọrọ oku maka "mmekọrịta mmekọrịta n'etiti ndị nnọchi anya America na ndị agha US". [6] Oge seminal yiri nke ahụ mere na Nọvemba nke 2007, mgbe Gates na-enye nkuzi Landon, n'oge nke o mere "ikpe iji mee ka ikike anyị sikwuo ike iji ike 'dị nro' na iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma na ike 'ike'." [7]
A maara njikọta nke ike "dị nro" na "ike" dị ka "ike smart", echiche nke a na-anabatakarị Joseph Nye, onye otu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ofesi US, na onye bụbu onye ọrụ n'okpuru onyeisi oche Jimmy Carter na Bill. Clinton. Mana ọ bụ 2006 CSIS Commission on Smart Power akụkọ, nke Nye na-achịkọta ya, bụ nke a ka ọ ga-abụ isi mmalite maka ngbanwe nke nkwuputa okwu nke Gates ga-ewebata wee jiri ọchịchị Obama mee ihe. [8]
Arụmụka bụ isi nke akụkọ ahụ bụ na "iwu kachasị mkpa" maka nchịkwa na-esote ga-abụ ịmegharị ihe oyiyi US ka Alaeze Ukwu ahụ na-ebelata "nwere ike isi n'iwepụ egwu na iwe gaa na-akpali nchekwube na olileanya".
Olileanya na olile anya, n'okpuru oke ma ọ bụrụ na isiokwu dị egwu nke "mgbanwe" bụ ozi bụ isi nke mgbasa ozi onye isi ala Obama. Otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị bụ isi nke akụkọ ahụ depụtara bụ "ịgbatịa na ichekwa ihe mbụ America dị ka onye nnọchiteanya maka ọdịmma".
Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwusi ike na US "enweghị ike ịhapụ" ya agha, ma na ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ngwá ọrụ nke ike dị nro sie ike, nke gụnyere diplomacy na enyemaka mmepe. Akụkọ ahụ kwetara na ngbanwe nke "ike smart" amalitelarị n'okpuru Bush, na-ede, sị: "Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị na usoro a na-eme ugbu a na omume nke mgbochi agha na-aga n'ihu, iwu obodo, na ọrụ mgbochi iyi ọha egwu - ọrụ ndị dabere na nke ọma. ma ọ bụ naanị akụkụ nke ike siri ike."
Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ arụmụka na-achọ mkpụrụ obi n'ime ihu atụmatụ US n'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, nke a dabere na ajụjụ nke izi ezi na "ntụkwasị obi". Maka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, ọ bụghị usoro agha na ụjọ n'onwe ya bụ nsogbu dị ka "ịmepụta nguzozi n'etiti iji ike megide ndị na-eme ihe ike na-enweghị nkwekọrịta ... na ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji gbochie iyi ọha egwu."
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ "agha na ụjọ" dị ka "yiri ka ọ ga-anọnyere anyị ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ", nchịkwa na-esote chọrọ ịchọta "ihe ọhụrụ etiti maka amụma mba ofesi US iji dochie agha na ụjọ".
"Central premise" ọhụrụ a dị ka ọ pụtalarị. Na February 6, ndị nta akụkọ Pakistan kọrọ na Senator John Kerry, onye isi oche ọhụrụ nke Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ nke Sineti, kwuputara na "iji okwu ahụ bụ 'agha na ụjọ'". Kama, dị ka Kerry si kwuo, "Ihe anyị na-eme bụ imegide ọgba aghara zuru ụwa ọnụ." [9]
Otu n'ime isi "ụkpụrụ nduzi" nke kọmishọna CSIS tụrụ aro na nchịkwa na-abata bụ "ebuli ma jikọta… mmepe, diplomacy na diplomacy ọha n'otu n'otu".
Ngbanwe na nkwusi okwu ike na ikike "Gọọmenti dum" (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ "inter-agent", ma ọ bụ ikike "atọ-D") pụta ìhè na amụma ndị ọzọ na-apụta na isi akụkọ.
N'ọnwa Julaị 2008, USAID wepụtara "Amụma imekọ ihe ọnụ nke ndị obodo na ndị agha". N'ebe ahụ, USAID na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye "emebere ya iji kwado usoro gọọmentị dum nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị US na-arụ ọrụ… iji nye nzaghachi ahaziri ahazi, na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ịchụso ebumnuche iwu nkekọrịta." USAID kwukwara na amụma a ka mbọ ya si bụrụ "isi ihe na-eme nke ọma… mbọ mgbochi nnupụisi". [10]
N'otu aka ahụ, touchstone US Government Counter-insurgency Guide mere emume mbinye aka ya na Jenụwarị 13. Ndị mmadụ atọ a bịanyere aka na ya bụ onye nlekọta USAID Henrietta Fore. Secretary nke Defense Gates, na ọpụpụ odeakwụkwọ nke steeti
Osikapa. N'okwu mmalite nke ntuziaka, Onye ndụmọdụ ngalaba steeti, na Project maka onye ntinye aka na narị afọ New America bụ Eliot A Cohen na-ekwusi ike na "ọgba aghara ga-abụ akụkụ buru ibu ma na-eto eto nke ihe ịma aka nchekwa nke United States chere ihu na narị afọ 21st". Ntuziaka COIN bụ ịkwadebe ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị maka "n'aka dị nso" na US ga-etinye aka na ọrụ COIN [na-emegide agha] "n'ime iri afọ ndị na-abịa." [11]
Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa n'okpuru DoDD 3000.07 ka e nyere onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa maka amụma nchekwa (USD-P), ọnọdụ nke ugbu a bụ Michele A Flournoy, onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke Center for a New American Security (CNAS) na-eche echiche. Mgbe a mara ọkwa na Flournoy ga-abụ USD-P, Washington Independent's Spencer Ackerman zoro aka na nhọpụta ya dị ka "mmeri maka ndị na-eche echiche mgbagha nke ndị na-eche echiche na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmeri". [12]
Na mgbakwunye na isi CNAS, Flournoy bụ, yana Jones, Blair, na Nye, onye so na "Nduzi Coalition" nke isi ihe ọzọ na-eche echiche nke dị nso na nchịkwa Obama, Project for National Security Reform (PNSR).
Na ihe omume December 1 na-ekwupụta nhọpụta ya, Jones kwusiri ike otú "Nchebe Mba na narị afọ nke 21 si jupụta Pọtụfoliyo nke na-agụnye ihe niile nke ike mba na mmetụta na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi na nkwekọ n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ a chọrọ iji chebe obodo anyị."
Nkwupụta a kwughachiri ndụmọdụ ndị PNSR ga-eme naanị ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị na akụkọ nke otu akụkụ ya, "Ịmepụta Ọta Ọhụrụ". Isi ndụmọdụ nke akụkọ ahụ bụ na "usoro nchekwa mba ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ọrụ nkwonkwo na mmejuputa iwu na ịzaghachi nsogbu na ijikwa ihe nchebe mba kwa ụbọchị".
Otu n'ime ndị isi ụkpụrụ iwu Goldwater-Nichols nke 1986 mere ma duzie ya, bụ nke megharịrị US agha na-ewebata ndị agha niile n'okpuru otu nche anwụ maka oge mbụ, PNSR na-achọ ime mgbanwe n'otu aka ahụ ngwa nchekwa mba nke US ka "Gọọmentị dum" wee nwee ike ijikọ ọnụ na-akwụ ụgwọ mgbochi agha zuru ụwa ọnụ.
PNSR si na Center for the Study of Presidency tolitere, otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ahazi otu ọmụmụ ihe Iraq na otu ọmụmụ Afghanistan dị ala. Jones bụ onye isi nke ikpeazụ. Otu n'ime ndụmọdụ ya bụ isi, na US na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agha na Afghanistan, ọchịchị Bush malitere ịnakwere ma bụrụ isi ihe. iwu mba ọzọ plank nke mkpọsa ntuli aka Obama. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, Obama ngwa ngwa mejuputa ndụmọdụ ASG ọzọ site n'ịkpọ aha Richard Holbrooke dịka onye ndụmọdụ ya pụrụ iche na Afghanistan na Pakistan. [13]
Na Jenụwarị 13, 2009, PNSR kwupụtara na ha natara $4 nde site na Congress site na Office nke Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) na Ngalaba Nchekwa. Ha abụọ ODNI, nke onye bụbu onye isi oche PNSR bụ Dennis Blair, na DoD “ga-ahụ maka mmezu nke nkwekọrịta ahụ”. [14]
Ịdị nso nke PNSR na nchịkwa ọhụrụ bụ ihe nkuzi maka ihe ọzọ dị mkpa.
Na 2006, ndị agha General David Petraeus na Marine Lieutenant General James Mattis guzobere Counter-insurgency (COIN) Center na Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, "iji kwado mmepe nke omenala nke na-enyere anyị aka ime mgbanwe n'ụzọ dị irè dị ka ọchịchị dum mgbe a kpọrọ anyị òkù. imeso ihe iyi egwu COIN ma ọ bụ Coin ga-eme n'ọdịnihu." [15]
Dị ka akwụkwọ nta akwụkwọ ikike nke COIN Center si kwuo, ebumnuche ya bụ "ịkụzi na ịzụ ndị agha ala US niile na ụkpụrụ na omume nke ịlụ ọgụ megide nnupụisi, na ijikọ mbọ Coin nke ọma n'etiti ọrụ".
N'ime ndị otu COIN Center's "ogbe nke mmasị" edepụtara na webụsaịtị ya, bụ PNSR. Na mgbakwunye, na mpempe akwụkwọ ya, COIN Center depụtara ma mmemme dị ugbu a yana “atụmatụ oge dị nso” nke ya na PNSR na-arụkọ ọrụ. A ka ga-ahụ ọrụ kpọmkwem PNSR ga-arụ na Coin Center. A na-achọta otu ihe ngosi na mpempe akwụkwọ COIN Center nke na-ekwu:
Ihe nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ COIN na-eji maka ịga n'ihu nyocha nke ọrụ kesara maka okwu dị na gburugburu COIN bụ okwu mkpọ okwu "DDD" ma ọ bụ "3Ds": Diplomacy (State); Mmepe (USAID); na nchekwa (DoD)." [16] PNSR ahụ nwere mmesi ike na mmekọrịta, ma ọ bụ 3D, usoro, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi nke mbọ imekọ ihe ọnụ iji lelee anya.
Otu ihe mere a ga-eji kpachara anya maka ntinye aka na "agha oge niile" bụ na ọ na-egosipụta ịdọ aka ná ntị nke Onye isi oche nke Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen nyere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na amụma mba ofesi US "nwere oke agha". Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ egbugbere ọnụ nke a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka "smart power" ka ọ na-egosi na ọ ga-eme ka mmetụta ndị nkịtị na-emetụta amụma mba ọzọ, nhọpụta nke ndị agha lara ezumike nká.
na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ isi na posts ndị nkịtị na-akpọ nke a ajụjụ. [17]
Ebe ọ bụ na ọchịchị Obama kwalitere n'ihu n'ihu nke ọgụ megide ọgba aghara na agha oge niile dị ka isi ihe dị mkpa nke amụma ike US n'okpuru ọchịchị ya, ọ ga-abụ na atumatu ndị a ga-enweta ọkwa nkwado nkwado nke ọchịchị Bush na-enwetaghị, ọ ga-ahụkwa ntakịrị. nyocha dị egwu site na mgbasa ozi. Ihe ịma aka a ga-abụ ịgbanye ọkụ na nyocha nke ọma na atumatu ndị a ka ha na-egosipụta n'ọtụtụ ntọala gburugburu ụwa n'ọdịnihu.
Notes
1. Ngalaba nchekwa ntụziakae nọmba 3000.07, Disemba 1, 2008.
2 . Baltazar, Colonel Thomas na Elisabeth Kvitashvili, "Ọrụ USAID na Enyemaka mmepe n'ịlụso iyi ọha egwu," Nyocha ndị agha, Maachị-Eprel 2007, p. 38-40.
3. Pentagon na-akwado atụmatụ nchekwa 'Gọọmentị dum' nke Walter Pincus, Washington Post, Mọnde, Febụwarị 2, 2009.
4. National Security Presidential ntuziaka NSPD-44 Disemba 7, 2005.
5. DOD ntuziaka 3000.05 November 28, 2005.
6. Mkpakọrịta ka mma n'etiti ndị agha na ndị diplomat, Rice na-ekwu site n'aka Steven Donald Smith. Ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị agha America, Jenụwarị 18, 2006.
7. Okwu dịka onye odeakwụkwọ nchekwa Robert M Gates kwuru, Manhattan , Kansas, Mọnde, Nọvemba 26, 2007.
8. CSIS Commission na Smart Power.
9. Kerry kwuru na a ga-agafe ụgwọ enyemaka Pakistan n'oge na-adịghị anya, APP Feb 6.
10. Amụma imekọ ihe ọnụ nke ndị nkịtị na ndị agha Julaị 2008.
11. Ntuziaka mgbochi mgbochi gọọmentị US
12.Obama's Pentagon Subcabinet Officials: Lynn, Flournoy nke Spencer Ackerman, The Washington Independent, 1/8/09.
13. Òtù Ọmụmụ Afghanistan akụkọ
14.PNSR Ekele Nhọpụta nke Ndị Nduzi Njikọta na Ọchịchị Obama
15.COIN Center Community Of Interest
16.US Army/US Marine Corps Countersurgency Center.
17. amụma mba ofesi gafere Pentagon nke Walter Pincus The Washington Post, Febụwarị 9, 2009.
Anthony Fenton bụ onye nyocha nọọrọ onwe ya na onye nta akụkọ dabere na nso Vancouver, Canada. Ọ na-edekọ akwụkwọ ugbu a na Canada-US post-9/11 mwekota na mgbanwe amụma mba ofesi, enwere ike iru ya na [email protected].
A na-akwado ZNetwork naanị site na mmesapụ aka nke ndị na-agụ ya.
inye