Hamas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1980s uas yog ib pab tub rog ntawm Gaza ceg ntawm Muslim Brotherhood. Lub Brotherhood, lub koom haum hla tebchaws Islamist tau tsim nyob rau hauv Egypt xyoo 1928, muaj lub koom haum me me hauv Palestine txij li tsawg kawg xyoo 1940. Los ntawm Gaza, nws tom qab kis mus rau West Bank thiab cov chaw nyob ze ntawm Palestinian diaspora, tshwj xeeb yog Lebanon. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab zoo dua Hamas keeb kwm, ib tus yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas cov kev lag luam hauv zej zog uas ua rau Gaza fertile av rau nws yug thiab tom qab kev loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho tag nrho ntawm qhov teeb meem no nyob sab nraud ntawm qhov kev sau ntawv no, txawm hais tias kuv muab cov lus qhia ntxiv rau kev nyeem ntxiv ntawm cov ncauj lus no thaum kawg, uas mus ntev hauv kev piav qhia txog kev poob siab loj ntawm lub qab ntug kaw uas cov neeg ntawm Gaza muaj. yuav tsum tau nyiaj dhau lub xyoo, ob qho tib si lus thiab piv txwv, txij li tsawg kawg xyoo 1960.
Hloov chaw, tsab xov xwm no yog ib lub sijhawm ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ua ntej thiab ua rau Hamas qhov tshwm sim, thiab tom qab ntawd kom txog thaum nws tau los ua Ixayees tus yeeb ncuab tsis txaus ntseeg thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1990. Kuv piav qhia luv luv txog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Hamas ua lub koom haum ua haujlwm tiv thaiv txij li thaum xyoo 2000s, feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees rau Israeli txoj cai. Thiab kuv tau tso tseg tag nrho Hamas qhov kev hloov pauv hauv ob lub xyoo dhau los, vim nws tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb, ntau nyob deb ntawm nws cov hauv paus kev ntseeg, thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntau dua rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Palestinian kev tawm tsam. Qhov tseeb, nws kuj tau qhib rau kev sib tham nrog cov neeg Ixayees rau ib qho de-facto Kev faib tawm mus tas li ntawm thaj av - uas, tau kawg, khiav tawm tsam qhov kev pom zoo tshaj tawm los ntawm cov voj voog loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas tias Hamas tau mob siab rau tshem tawm cov neeg Ixayees tawm ntawm daim ntawv qhia " thiab tsis muaj dab tsi luv ntawm lub hom phiaj yuav ua rau nws txaus siab.[I] Qhov no yog lwm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb sab nraud ntawm tsab xov xwm no: Yuav ua li cas Hamas tau tig los thiab lees txais lub tswv yim ntawm ob lub xeev kev daws teeb meem, thiab dab tsi ua rau Asmeskas cov neeg tsim cai lij choj - tawm tsam tag nrho cov pov thawj muaj - pheej hais tias nws tsis tau.[Ii]
Yog hais tias muaj ib yam uas sawv cev rau cov neeg Ixayees txoj cai hais txog Hamas, thiab cov kwv tij nyob rau hauv Gaza uas nws yog ib tug offshoot, nws yog hais tias lawv rov thim rov qab rau lawv cov originator. Qhov no tau tshwm sim kwv yees ib zaug thiab ntxiv - tsis yog ib txwm tam sim ntawd, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub hlis lossis xyoo lossis ntau xyoo - nrog rau kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov Palestinians, tau kawg, tab sis thaum kawg rau Israelis ib yam nkaus.
Tuav nws lub sijhawm thiab zam kev tiv thaiv riam phom
Nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj xyoo 1973, tus kws qhia ntawv Palestinian pious, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm kev tsim. al-Mujamma al-Islami ("Islamic Gathering" lossis "Islamic Gathering Center") - lossis al-Mujamma luv luv - ntawm ib lub mosque hauv Gaza. Yassin yog ib tug neeg tawg rog los ntawm al-Jura, ib lub zos puas tsuaj xyoo 1948 nyob ze lub nroog Ashkelon niaj hnub no hauv tebchaws Ixayees. Thaum nws yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv Cairo thaum xyoo 1950, Yassin tau koom nrog Muslim Brotherhood. Tom qab nws rov qab mus rau Gaza xyoo 1960, Yassin tau nyiam ntau tus neeg ntseeg siab. Txawm hais tias Cov Kwv Tij tau muaj kev pom nyob hauv Gaza thiab lwm tus ntawm Palestine yos rov qab mus rau xyoo ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm nws txoj kev tsim,[Iii] al-Mujamma tau dhau los ua Cov Kwv Tij hauv ntej thiab pej xeem lub ntsej muag hauv Gaza.[Iv]
Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lwm cov neeg Palestinian yav dhau los ntawm Cov Kwv Tij, Yassin tau ua raws li txoj kab kev coj ncaj ncees hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia thiab kev tshaj tawm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig tshaj li kev ua tub rog. Nws tuav tib txoj kab kev coj ncaj ncees txawm tias tom qab cov neeg Ixayees tau tawm tsam kev tswj hwm ntawm Gaza los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws xyoo 1967. Yav dhau los Palestinian cov tswvcuab ntawm Brotherhood, uas tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam kev ua tub rog thiab kev tawm tsam, tawm tsam los ntawm lub koom haum thiab yog cov uas tau tsim tsa lub koom haum. Fatah pab pawg nyob rau xyoo 1959. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1960, Fatah tau dhau los ua pawg loj tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb ntawm Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).[V]
Nws yog Fatah thiab lwm pab pawg haiv neeg raws li PLO lub kaus, xws li Marxist-oriented Nrov Pem Hauv Ntej rau Liberation ntawm Palestine (PFLP), uas ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg Ixayees txoj haujlwm ntawm Gaza tom qab xyoo 1967. Yassin, los ntawm-tam sim no lub taub hau ntawm Brotherhood nyob rau hauv Gaza Sawb, categorically tsis kam koom nrog kev tawm tsam hauv ib qho twg, txawm hais tias rov hais dua los ntawm lwm tus. Qee cov tswvcuab ntawm Brotherhood txawm pom Egypt qhov kev swb thiab kev txaj muag hauv 1967 raws li qhov tsim nyog rau kev rau txim ntawm "cov yaj saub cuav ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab kev tawm tsam, cov neeg dag ntxias uas tau ntxias lawv cov neeg, raug ntiab tawm cov xibhwb ntawm Islam, [thiab] muab pov rau hauv tsev lojcuj cov tub ntxhais hluas Muslim. โ[vi]
Cov tub rog Israeli nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm General Ariel Sharon, tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj ntawm cheeb tsam yav qab teb, tau coj kev sib tw ua phem rau plaub xyoos ntev xyoo 1969-1973 kom ua kom thaj chaw Gaza tag nrho. Paub txog nws txoj kev ua siab phem thiab qhuas los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg generals ("tus thawj coj loj tshaj plaws hauv peb keeb kwm," raws li Yitzhak Rabin[vii]), Sharon yog ib tug txiv neej uas ntseeg tias "peb riam phom tseem ceeb" rau kev cuam tshuam nrog Palestinians yog "kev ntshai ntawm peb."[viii] Muaj tseeb rau nws cov lus, Sharon txoj kev sib tw ua rau muaj kev tua ntau tus thawj coj hauv tebchaws, kev xa tawm ntau pua ntawm lawv cov thwjtim los ntawm Gaza mus rau Jordan, thiab yuam kev tsiv ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg tawg rog Palestinian hauv Gaza Sawb. Muhammad al-Aswad, lub npe hu ua "Gaza's Guevara" thiab lub taub hau ntawm PFLP cov tub rog tis thaum lub sijhawm, raug tua nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1973, uas yog qhov kawg ntawm Gaza qhib kev tawm tsam.[ix] Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tom qab qhov kev swb no, kev haus luam yeeb embers ntawm kev tawm tsam yuav inevitably reignite nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej nyob rau hauv cov thawj coj tshiab.
Thaum cov pab pawg neeg tawm tsam hauv tebchaws tau raug tshem tawm thiab txiav txim siab, Yassin tau ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov neeg Ixayees txoj kev xav tsis zoo. Nws ua siab ntev nthuav nws lub network ntawm kev siab hlub thiab kev sib raug zoo thoob plaws hauv Gaza Sawb. Thaum lub rooj sib tham ntawm al-Mujamma thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1973, ib qho ntawm cov qhua ntawm kev hwm tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li Israeli tub rog tus tswv xeev ntawm Gaza thaum lub sijhawm, General Shmuel Gonen. Cov neeg Ixayees lub hom phiaj pom tseeb yog ua kom tsis muaj zog rau haiv neeg lub tebchaws los ntawm kev txhawb nqa lwm txoj kev ntseeg Islam. Rau xyoo tom qab, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1979, cov tub ceev xwm Israeli tau mus ntxiv rau hauv kev txhawb nqa al-Mujamma, los ntawm kev lees paub tias nws yog lub koom haum kev siab hlub uas tuaj yeem nthuav dav nws cov kev pabcuam kev sib raug zoo, suav nrog kev teeb tsa tsev kawm ntawv, cov koom haum, thiab cov mosques.[X] Ntawm lwm qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, txij xyoo 1967 txog 1987, tus naj npawb ntawm cov mosques hauv Gaza Sawb ntau dua ob npaug,[xi] tag nrho nrog al-Mujamma tus patronage, zoo-lubricated nrog cov nyiaj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Saudi thiab Gulf qhov chaw.[xii]
Cov neeg Ixayees txoj cai faib-thiab-txoj cai kuj tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Palestinian. Muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Islamists thiab secular nationalists. Muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm pro-communists thiab anti-communist nyob rau hauv lub PLO. Cov Palestinians yog li no tau muab faib ua peb pawg nom tswv thiab nyiam. Ob ntawm cov no, cov Islamists thiab cov neeg txhawb nqa kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws tau muaj kev sib koom siab ntev thiab tsis sib haum xeeb, nrog rau cov neeg Islamists nyob rau theem no ua lub luag haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev tawm tsam Israeli txoj haujlwm.[xiii] Cov pab pawg thib peb thiab loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nruab nrab uas nws lub hauv paus tseem ceeb yog Fatah - secular nrog ntau hom ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb sab laug - feem ntau tau ua lub luag haujlwm tsis meej pem hauv cov tub rog no, qee zaum ua raws nws txoj cai faib-thiab-txoj cai hauv Palestinian arena.[xiv]
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1979, Fatah, nrog kev txhawb nqa zoo los ntawm al-Mujamma, sim thiab ua tsis tiav nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa kom yeej tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Gaza's Red Crescent Society, uas nws tus thawj tswj hwm tus thawj tswj hwm, Haydar Abdel Shafi, tau dhau los xaiv tsa. Ib me ntsis dhau peb xyoos tom qab, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1983, Fatah sim tig lub rooj rau al-Mujamma hauv kev xaiv tsa tub ntxhais kawm. Fatah poob dua, raug ntaus los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ("Islamic Bloc") tsim los ntawm al-Mujamma ntawm Islamic University, yog ib lub tsev kawm qub tshaj plaws thiab loj tshaj plaws hauv Gaza Sawb.[xv]
Arming nws tus kheej tawm tsam PLO
Qhov zoo ntawm kev thim rov qab thiab rov qab ua haujlwm tau ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntau zaus ntawm cov Islamists ntawm al-Mujamma thiab lwm pab pawg Palestinian hauv Gaza, thoob plaws hauv thawj ib nrab xyoo 1980s. Ib feem ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus kheej, al-Mujamma tau pib ua caj npab nws tus kheej thiab maj mam txav mus deb ntawm nws txoj kev ntsiag to, kev coj noj coj ua.. Ib qho laj thawj rau qhov kev hloov pauv no yog kev sib tw los ntawm ib pawg me me, ntau radical Islamist, Islamic Jihad, uas tseem tau tsim los ntawm cov tswv cuab qub ntawm Muslim Brotherhood hauv 1981, sab nraud thiab tawm tsam PLO.[xvi] Thaum pib al-Mujamma tau tsom nws qhov kev tawm tsam rau PFLP thiab lwm tus neeg tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, tab sis tsis ntev nws tau txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam rau Fatah thiab lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm PLO. Thoob plaws hauv cov kev cuam tshuam no thaum ntxov xyoo 1980s, cov tub rog Israeli feem ntau tseem nyob ntawm sab nraud thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau hauv txoj kev txiav txim siab, cia cov neeg sab hauv Palestinian bloodletting coj nws txoj kev tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, yog tias tsis txhawb nqa nws.[xvii]
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1984, kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Israeli tau pom ntau lub phom thiab rab phom tshuab zais hauv Yassin lub mosque. Txawm hais tias feem ntau yog npaj los hem lwm pawg neeg Palestinian, muaj cov riam phom no ua rau Yassin raug ntes thiab raug kaw rau kaum peb xyoos hauv tsev lojcuj. Nws tsis tau ua tiav ntau tshaj ib xyoos ntawm nws lub sijhawm kaw thiab raug tso tawm hauv kev sib pauv neeg raug kaw hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1985.[xviii] Tab sis qhov ntu ntawd kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Yassin. Kev raug kaw me ntsis tempered accusations nws tau ntev enduring ntawm profiting los ntawm Israeli txoj hauj lwm thiab tso cai rau nws mus polish nws lub koob npe nrov thiab hais tias ntawm al-Mujamma sab nraum Islamist lub voj voog.
Tom qab nws tso tawm hauv tsev loj cuj thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1985, Yassin tau teeb tsa lub cuab yeej pabcuam kev ruaj ntseg, Maj (ntawv rau Munazzamat al-Jihad ntawm al-Da'wa), coj los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm yav dhau los thawj coj Yehya Sinwar
(Hamas tus thawj coj tam sim no hauv Gaza). Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Majd yog los tiv thaiv Islamist kev sib raug zoo ntawm lwm cov neeg Palestinian thiab txhawm rau txwv kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo (kev siv yeeb tshuaj, kev ua niam ntiav, kev deev luag poj luag txiv, thiab lwm yam). Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, nce kev sib tw los ntawm Islamic Jihad txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, Yassin teeb tsa lwm lub cuab yeej ua tub rog, al-Mujahidoon al-Filastiniyyoon (cov "Palestinian fighters"), coj los ntawm lwm tus tub ntxhais kawm thawj coj Salah Shehade (tus neeg tua neeg los ntawm cov neeg Ixayees hauv 2002). Cov tub ceev xwm Israeli tau nrawm nrawm pab pawg thib ob no thiab txeeb lawv cov riam phom.[xix] Rau Majd, uas yog tom qab ntawd al-Mujamma thawj zaug thiab tsuas yog ua haujlwm ua tub rog, qhov tseem ceeb yog li ntawd tseem yog yeeb ncuab nyob hauv, tsis yog Israeli occupier.
Txawm li cas los xij cov xwm txheej no, cov tub ceev xwm Israeli tseem tab tom tso nyiaj rau Yassin thiab al-Mujamma los ua cov tub ceev xwm Israeli txaus siab, lossis yog tias tsis yog, tom qab ntawd los hloov PLO uas lawv tau saib ua yeeb ncuab ntau dua. Hauv cov lus ntawm Gaza tus thawj coj tub rog (General Yitzhak Segev) xyoo 1986: "Peb txuas ntxiv qee qhov kev pab nyiaj txiag rau cov pab pawg Islamic los ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev kawm kev cai dab qhuas txhawm rau pab tsim lub zog uas yuav sawv tawm tsam cov neeg sab laug uas txhawb nqa PLO."[xx]
Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv sau hnub tim lub Peb Hlis 1984, tus kws pab tswv yim (Avner Cohen) ntawm Gaza tus thawj coj Israeli. piav txog al-Mujamma thiab lwm tus ntawm Islamist network raws li ib tug golem[xxi] - ib tug tsiaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg Yudais lus dab neeg tsim tawm ntawm lifeless khoom uas, thaum coj mus rau lub neej los ntawm ritual incantations, thaum kawg dim (thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tig tawm tsam) nws creator. Los ntawm hnub no lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, plaub caug xyoo tom qab, qhov no suab uncannily prophetic. Tej zaum Islamist kev hem thawj tsis yog heev golem raws li piav, piv txwv li, tsis yog tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawm cov neeg Ixayees, tab sis ib tug preexisting genie uas yuav sai sai no tawm ntawm Israeli lub raj mis, tsis muaj dab tsi yuav thawb nws rov qab rau hauv.
Thawj Intifada thiab Hamas txoj kev pib lig
Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev ua phem rau neeg nyob hauv kev ua lag luam colonial, ua ke nrog kev lag luam tsis zoo,[xxii] Cov kev ntxhov siab tau maj mam txhim kho mus txog qhov kub ntxhov los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1980s. Kev ntxhov siab, kev tsis txaus siab, thiab kev txaj muag tsis kawg, tau tshwm sim rau 8 Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1987: Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov xwm txheej uas plaub tus neeg ua haujlwm Palestinian los ntawm Gaza raug tua thaum lub tsheb tub rog Israeli tsoo rau hauv lawv lub tsheb. Cov kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim hauv Gaza lub Jabaliya cov neeg tawg rog nyob rau hnub tom ntej, ua rau ntau tus neeg Palestinians raug mob lossis tua los ntawm Israeli tub rog. Kev tawm tsam tam sim ntawd kis tau zoo li hluav taws kub hnyiab mus rau qhov seem ntawm Gaza Sawb thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau West Bank. Thawj Intifada tau pib.[xxiii]
Yassin thiab al-Mujamma tau raug teeb meem nrog qhov teeb meem: Txawm li cas los xij tso tseg lawv qhov chaw nyob tsis muaj tseeb nrog cov tub ceev xwm Israeli lossis poob kev txhawb nqa ntawm Palestinians feem ntau, rau leej twg raug cai los ntawm lub teb chaws tsis kam ua haujlwm, tsis yog los ntawm kev ntseeg. Tom qab pib tsis kam lees thiab kev sib tham sab hauv, Yassin, nrog rau feem ntau ntawm al-Mujamma cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb, tau daws qhov tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev tsim ntawm Hamas Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 1987. Cov pab pawg tshiab lub hom phiaj tam sim no suav nrog kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws.[xxiv] v. Hamas tsuas yog luam tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm txog yim lub hlis tom qab lub Yim Hli 1988, muaj cai hais txog Cov lus cog tseg ntawm Islamic Resistance Movement.xov [xxv] Lub Hamas Covenant yog ib qho sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Brotherhood txoj kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Islam, ntau qhov kev pom zoo rau lub tebchaws uas tau tsim los ntawm PLO, thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm Euro-centric antisemitism. Nws khaws txhua yam ntawm al-Mujamma's pre-Intifada cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo, thaum tseem ua rau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev tawm tsam Zionism thiab kev tawm tsam uas PLO's National Charter tau hais rau.sivai
Thawj Intifada yog ib qho kev tawm tsam zoo kawg li, tau coj los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Palestinians, tau koom nrog hauv kev sib koom tes ntawm pawg neeg nyiam thoob plaws thaj chaw nyob.sivai Lawv tawm tsam cov tub rog Israeli nrog pob zeb thiab slingshots, tsis yog nrog phom thiab phom, yog li muab qhov kev tawm tsam nws siv lub npe thib ob, "Stone Intifada."[xxviii]. Cov tub rog Israeli kev nruj kev tsiv cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov mos txwv nyob tiv thaiv cov neeg tawm tsam, cov tawg-lawv-pob txha txoj cai[xxix]. pib los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv Yitzhak Rabin, kev kaw loj ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam, rau txim rau kev txwv thiab kaw. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov pab pawg koom nrog PLO hauv zos tau tawm tsam kev siv phom, uas tseem nyob hauv qhov chaw rau tag nrho tsib xyoos ntawm kev tawm tsam.[xxx] Clandestine cov lus tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm thaum hmo ntuj thoob plaws hauv thaj chaw uas muaj npe kos npe ntawm qhov tsim tshiab hauv av Unified National Command of the Uprising (UNCU), uas suav nrog plaub pawg thawj coj PLO koom nrog: Fatah, PFLP, Democratic Front rau Liberation ntawm Palestine (DFLP), thiab Palestinian Communist Party (PCP, tom qab hloov npe Palestinian People's Party).[xixi] |
Qhov tseem ceeb, Hamas khaws nws tus kheej cais thiab tsis yog ib feem ntawm UNCU. Nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob twj ywm ntawm ib sab mus tas li yam tsis ua mob rau nws tus kheej sawv ua ib pab pawg tawm tsam. Hamas yog li tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam, thaum tseem tshaj tawm nws tus kheej cov lus tshaj tawm, tsuas yog qee zaum sib haum nrog UNCU.[xixi |Kev tsim ntawm Hamas cov tub rog tis, Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades,[xixi] | yog ntau tshaj peb xyoos tom qab, nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1991. Al-Qassam Brigades yuav qhib lub sijhawm tshiab muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv Hamas txoj kev, txawm hais tias Hamas cov tswvcuab twb tau koom nrog kev ua tub rog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo dhau los ntawm Intifada, zoo li thaum nws ua tiav. Ob tug tub rog sib cais nyob rau hauv 1989 ua rau tua ob tug tub rog Israeli.[xxxiv]
Tsis muaj peev xwm decapitate lub zos Intifada kev coj noj coj ua ntawm UNCU - โโzais cia, kev qhuab qhia, thiab nruj knitted - Ixayees liam qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm PLO kev coj noj coj ua hauv Tunisian exile. Yitzhak Rabin tau hais tias "Muaj ob peb lub taub hau kub hnyiab los ntawm kev hu xov tooj los ntawm Abu Jihad hauv Tunis," said Yitzhak Rabin.[xxxv] Kev tsis lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov thawj coj hauv zos ntawm kev tawm tsam, Israel pib tsom PLO cov tub ceev xwm hauv Palestinian diaspora, ua rau kev tua neeg ntawm ntau tus thawj coj, suav nrog ib tus ntawm Fatah tus co-founders (Khalil al-Wazir aka Abu Jihad.[xxxvi]) Lub Plaub Hlis 1988.[xevvii]
Txawm tias muaj vitriol ntawm nws txoj kev tshaj tawm tawm tsam cov neeg Ixayees, Hamas txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tub ceev xwm Israeli tseem nyob ntsiag to rau ntau lub hlis rau thawj Intifada. Cov tub rog Israeli "yeej tsis tau cuam tshuam nrog Hamas hnub tawm tsam."[xxxviii] Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1988, Mahmoud Zahar, ib tug tseem ceeb Islamist thiab co-founder ntawm Hamas, txawm tau ntsib nrog Shimon Peres, ces Israel tus Minister of Foreign Affairs. Zahar tau muab kev lees paub tsis meej ntawm cov neeg Ixayees hauv kev pauv rau kev rov qab mus rau 1967 ciam teb.[xxxix] Thiab ib zaug ntxiv, lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1988, Mahmoud Zahar thiab Ibrahim Yazouri, lwm tus neeg Islamist tseem ceeb, tau ntsib nrog Yitzhak Rabin.[xl] Rau cov neeg soj ntsuam mob siab rau lub sijhawm, "Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov rooj sib tham no yog ua rau kev nom kev tswv ua rau PLO qhov kev lees paub los ua tus sawv cev ncaj ncees ntawm cov neeg Palestinian," nws tsis yog los tham txog qhov kawg ntawm Intifada, vim tsis muaj qhov xav tau tiag tiag. rau ib pab pawg sab nraud UNCU kom muaj peev xwm ua tau ib leeg xwb muaj thiab nres qhov kev kub ntxhov hauv Intifada cov theem pib.[xli]
Thaum xyoo 1988, Hamas tau xaiv tso tseg cov kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm Israeli thiab qhib nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm PLO txoj haujlwm. Hamas tab tom ua lag luam rau qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm PLO-coj kev sib tham nrog cov neeg Ixayees, thaum PLO tam sim no tab tom nrhiav kev sib tham ntawm lub xeev ywj pheej hauv West Bank thiab Gaza Sawb.[xlii] Nws tsis yog txog rau thaum Lub Rau Hli 1989, ntawm kev tshawb pom tias Hamas cov tswvcuab nyob tom qab kev nyiag thiab tua ob tug tub rog Israeli, tias cov neeg Ixayees thaum kawg tau tshaj tawm Hamas ua txhaum cai. Qhov no yog ib xyoos thiab ib nrab tom qab qhov kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim, thiab ze li ib xyoos tom qab cov neeg Ixayees tau txwv txhua pawg neeg nyiam koom nrog PLO thiab UNCU. Txog thaum ntawd, Israeli lub siab xav vis-ร -vis Hamas tau mob siab rau ntseeg tias nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev coj noj coj ua los ntawm morphing mus rau hauv ib pab pawg tub rog uas tuag taus.
Hamas siv sijhawm nruab nrab tom qab Oslo Accords[xliii]
cov Tshaj Tawm Txog Cov Ntsiab Lus (DOP), ua ntej thawj zaug ntawm ob Oslo Accords, tau kos npe los ntawm Yasser Arafat thiab Yitzhak Rabin thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1993.[xliv]. Nws tau ua kev zoo siab nrog ntau tus kiv cua thiab ntseeg los ntawm ntau tus kom coj mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm Israeli-Palestinian kev sib raug zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem uas tau ua tiav nrog kev kos npe ntawm DOP - thiab kev sib koom tes nto moo ntawm Arafat thiab Rabin, ua tus thawj coj los ntawm US Thawj Tswj Hwm Bill Clinton, ntawm Tsev Dawb Lawn - tsis tau pib hauv Oslo ua tsaug rau Norwegian teg num lossis kev ua siab zoo ntawm lwm tog. Nws tau pib txhawm rau txhawm rau hla thiab tawm mus rau lwm txoj hauv kev - muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo dua, puas tau tso cai ua tiav - uas tau ua dhau los ntawm ntau tshaj ob xyoos thiab ua tiav nrog lub rooj sib tham hauv Madrid thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1991. Lub rooj sib tham no tau qhib ntau lub rooj sib tham dhau los. ob peb lub hlis tuaj koom los ntawm Israeli thiab Palestinian delegates. Lub sijhawm ntawm Madrid lub rooj sib tham thiab tom qab-Madrid kev sib koom ua ke sib tshooj nrog ob xyoos dhau los ntawm Intifada uas, tsis muaj kev ntsuas me me, ua rau lawv ua tau.[xlv]
Cov Palestinians koom nrog hauv kev tsim DOP hauv Oslo yog ib tug handful ntawm Arafat loyalists, xaiv thiab qhia los ntawm Tunis-based PLO, uas tsis koom tes nrog cov delegates ntawm Madrid thiab tom qab-Madrid cov rooj sib tham. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Palestinian hauv Madrid muaj cov Palestinians los ntawm thaj chaw nyob, tsis muaj kev lav phib xaub rau Tunis-raws li PLO txoj cai txawm hais tias pej xeem txhawb nqa lawv txoj kev ntseeg siab rau nws thiab coj los ntawm Haydar Abdel Shafi, tej zaum yog tus neeg hwm tshaj plaws hauv Palestine thaum lub sijhawm. Cov neeg sib tham ntawm DOP tau pom zoo rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Madrid, tsawg kawg yog cov Palestinians ntawm lawv, nrog rau cov uas tau coj Intifada hauv av. Cov rooj sib tham hauv Oslo zais cia yog ib feem ntawm kev sim rov tsim tsa Tunis-based PLO txoj cai, uas tau sim (nrog US prodding[xlvi]) kom tswj tau qee qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm Intifada los ntawm nws txoj kev tawm tsam Tunisian tab sis tsis muaj kev vam meej.[xlvii]
Ob tsab ntawv pauv los ntawm Arafat thiab Rabin ua ntej DOP yog ib qho cim ntawm tej yam yuav los, tsis muaj kev cia siab dhau los ntawm Palestinian kev xav.[xlviii] Kev mob siab lossis tsis yog, lawv cov ntsiab lus tau cuam tshuam qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ob sab - sab twg yuav txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo tom qab Oslo Israeli-Palestinian thiab sab twg yuav xa mus rau cov lus ntawd. Rabin tsab ntawv tsuas yog ib kab lus, hais tias "Tsoomfwv ntawm cov neeg Ixayees tau txiav txim siab lees paub PLO ua tus sawv cev ntawm cov neeg Palestinian," thiab tsis hais dab tsi txog keeb kwm ntawm kev ua phem thiab kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg Palestinians. Arafat tsab ntawv muaj ntau dua 15 kab ntev, cog lus tias yuav tso tseg ntau yam tsis zoo rau Israeli txoj cai, suav nrog "kev siv kev ua phem thiab lwm yam kev ua phem thiab yuav ua lub luag haujlwm rau tag nrho PLO cov ntsiab lus thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm kom paub tseeb tias lawv ua raws, tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum cai thiab cov neeg ua txhaum cai. "[xlix] Lub sijhawm tam sim no tau teem rau tig PLO, thiab nws cov neeg ua tiav Palestinian Txoj Cai (PA), rau hauv tus tswj hwm ntawm Israeli txoj cai. Raws li tau hais los ntawm ib tus neeg tseem ceeb sab laug Palestinian activist, "Oslo yog lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws uas cov neeg Ixayees tau muaj. Nws cia lawv ua haujlwm ntxiv yam tsis tau them tus nqi. "[l]
Thaum lub sij hawm Oslo daim ntawv cog lus thib ob tau kos npe rau lub Cuaj Hlis 1995, tus ntsuj plig thiab kev cia siab uas txhawb nqa lub rooj sib tham Madrid tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm Palestinian sab.[lis] Kev ntseeg siab nyob rau hauv Tunis-raws li PLO kev coj noj coj ua tau tawg tsis tu ncua, tam sim no tawm hauv qhov qhib, uas yog qhov pib ntawm Palestinian unraveling uas nws cuam tshuam rau hnub no. Haydar Abdel Shafi twb tsis kam mus koom kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Tsev Dawb cov nyom thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1993. Ntau tus tswv cuab ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm PLO tau tawm haujlwm, suav nrog Mahmoud Darwish, tau pom dav dav tias yog Palestine tus kws sau paj huam hauv tebchaws. Thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thawj Intifada cov keeb kwm tau raug iab liam thiab tawm tsam pej xeem los ntawm ntau tus Palestinians, feem ntau hais lus los ntawm Edward Said, uas hu ua Oslo Accords "ib qho cuab yeej ntawm Palestinian surrender, Palestinian Versailles."[lii]
Yog tias cov ntawv sau dhau los qhia txog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tsis zoo ntawm Madrid thiab Oslo los ntawm cov neeg Palestinians tseem ceeb, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qee cov neeg Ixayees tau qhia qhov kev ntsuas ntawd, txawm tias lawv cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej. Ntawm Madrid lub rooj sib tham, tus kws sau xov xwm Danny Rubinstein, tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas paub zoo ntawm thaj chaw nyob hauv lub sijhawm, tau sau tias Asmeskas thiab Israel yuav pom zoo rau qee yam ntawm Palestinian "kev ywj pheej," tab sis nws yuav yog "kev ywj pheej ib yam li hauv POW camp, qhov twg cov neeg raug kaw yog 'autonomous' ua noj lawv cov pluas noj yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab npaj cov txheej xwm kab lis kev cai. "[liii] Ntawm cov txheej txheem Oslo, tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab tom qab tsoomfwv tus thawj coj Shlomo Ben-Ami tau sau (pom zoo!) tias "hauv kev xyaum, Oslo cov ntawv cog lus tau tsim los ntawm neo-colonist lub hauv paus, ntawm lub neej ntawm kev vam khom ntawm ib leeg mus ib txhis," tsim los rau txim rau cov Palestinians "yuav luag tag nrho kev vam khom rau cov neeg Ixayees," tsim "qhov xwm txheej txuas ntxiv mus."[liv]. Ib tus exponent ntawm anti-Zionist Marxist sab laug, Moshe Machover, tau sau tias "qhov tseeb tu siab yog tias Yasser Arafat tau kos npe rau ntawm kab dotted, yog tias tsis yog ib qho kev nco qab ntawm kev txiav txim siab tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev xav ntawm tus kheej," thiab hais tias tus Lub hom phiaj ntawm Oslo Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo "yog pom tseeb tias yog kev tsim ib hom kev tshwj xeeb ntawm Indian, lossis ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov kev tshwj xeeb no, tub ceev xwm rau cov neeg Ixayees sawv cev los ntawm Arafat thiab nws CIA-kawm kev ruaj ntseg rog."[lv] Ib qho me me ntawm kev cia siab tej zaum: Thaum tsis muaj kev xav tsis pom kev, cov neeg Ixayees tuaj yeem koom nrog Palestinians pom qhov muag ntawm qhov teeb meem tom kawg - zoo li qhov no, thaum qee cov neeg Ixayees (tau lees paub, qee qhov me me!) tau lees paub qhov tsis muaj tseeb uas Madrid thiab Oslo portended.
Ib tus neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm Oslo cov lus pom zoo thiab lub sijhawm tom qab Oslo yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg Hamas, uas yog lub tog tseem ceeb uas tsis poob rau qhov kev pom zoo tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Israelis thiab Palestinians. Daim chij ntawm kev tawm tsam tam sim no tau tso tseg rau Hamas muaj zog, ntxiv dag zog los ntawm nws qhov kev cais tawm los ntawm PLO tsis lees paub. Thaum Islamism yog ib tug me me, yog tias tsis tseem ceeb, strain nyob rau hauv Palestinian kev nom kev tswv mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm 1970s los yog thaum ntxov 1980s, Hamas tau los ua lub ntsiab tog ntawm kev tawm tsam rau Israeli txoj hauj lwm los ntawm thaum ntxov 2000s.
Boosted los ntawm cov neeg Ixayees txoj kev sib tw ntawm kev tua neeg
Israeli kws tshawb fawb neeg sau xov xwm Ronen Bergman tau tshaj tawm tias cov neeg Ixayees tau ua ntau dua 2,700 lub hom phiaj tua neeg txij li nws tau tsim xyoo 1948 - nrog rau lub hom phiaj xaus raug tua, raug lom, lossis tawg mus rau tej daim, feem ntau nrog rau ntau tus neeg raug tsim txom.[lvi] Nov yog keeb kwm txaus ntshai uas dwarfs cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tag nrho cov neeg Ixayees cov neeg tawm tsam muab tso ua ke. Kev mob siab rau kev tua neeg, tsis zoo li mus nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev xws li kev ua nom ua tswv lossis kev sib haum xeeb, zoo li kev quab yuam - thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tau muab qhov kev cuam tshuam uas tsis tuaj yeem zam tom qab txhua qhov kev tua neeg. Txawm hais tias qhov kev tshwm sim tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg Palestinians npau taws thiab txaus siab rau cov neeg Ixayees, lawv tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim ntawd, vim tias lawv tau tawm tsam rau lub sijhawm ntev rau cov neeg Ixayees nws tus kheej.
Rau ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb uas boomeranged spectacularly, ib tug yuav tsum tau saib tsis muaj ntxiv tshaj Lebanon. Xyoo 1992, cov neeg Ixayees tau txiav txim siab tua Abbas Musawi uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm Hezbollah, thiab lawv tau tua nws tiag tiag, nrog rau nws tus poj niam thiab tus tub muaj tsib xyoos.[lvii] Tab sis tus thawj coj uas hloov nws, Hassan Nasrallah, tau dhau los ua tus neeg sib tw ntau dua. Ntxiv nrog rau kev teeb tsa lub zog guerilla muaj zog thiab deftly tso nws tus kheej hauv kev tswj hwm hauv Lebanese, Nasrallah tau ncig nws tus kheej nrog pab pawg kws tshaj lij. Ib txhia ntawm cov pab no muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm Israeli (Hebrew) xovxwm nyob rau txhua hnub rau nws perusal.[lviii]
Tau ntau xyoo, cov neeg Ixayees tau tsom thiab tua cov thawj coj ntawm Hamas, ib yam li nws tau tsom thiab tua PLO cov thawj coj hauv ntau xyoo dhau los, mus txog rau Oslo Accords. Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Andrew Cockburn, ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tawm tswv yim txog tub rog txoj hauj lwm: "Israel tau ntev tau quav mus rau kev tua neeg."[lix] Nws hu nws tias yog "kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj" vim tias cov neeg Ixayees tsis tau zoo li yuav ncua sijhawm los soj ntsuam thiab rov xav txog nws lub tswv yim ntawm kev tua neeg, txawm tias nws tau raug kev puas tsuaj tam sim ntawd. Cov neeg Ixayees tau rov ua tsis tiav los txiav txim Hamas vim tias "tau ntau xyoo Hamas tau tsim (a) kev coj noj coj ua uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tseem ceeb uas tsis raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev tua ib lossis ib nrab ntawm kaum ob tus neeg, thiab (b) kev coj noj coj ua zoo heev. txheej txheem uas txhais tau hais tias rau ib tug thawj coj tua muaj ib tug kaum os nrog lub peev xwm los tuav. Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem no tau pom meej meej hauv Hamas 'kev npaj ua kom nruj thiab ua phem rau lub Kaum Hlis 7. "[lx]
Yog li, thaum cov neeg Ixayees txiav txim siab los tua Hamas tus thawj coj nom tswv, Saleh al-Arouri, hauv Beirut thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2 ntawm lub xyoo no, ib tus tau poob rau kev nkag siab txog yam uas cov neeg Ixayees tau sim ua kom tiav - yog vim li cas hauv qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm - tshwj tsis yog nws. ua tawm ntawm sheer compulsive vendetta thiab damn tag nrho cov tshwm sim. Cov ceg txheem ntseeg siab heev nyob rau lub sijhawm no, vim tias kev tua neeg ntawm al-Arouri yuav yog qhov ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Hezbollah.
Txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg Ixayees txoj cai faib-thiab-txoj cai
Kev ua si ntawm sab hauv Palestinian tensions kom tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv nws txoj cai tau ib txwm ua rau cov neeg Ixayees txoj cai. Txog thaum pib ntawm thawj Intifada thiab ntau tshaj li ib xyoos tom qab nws, cov neeg Ixayees tseem tso nyiaj rau Hamas thiab cov Islamists los tawm tsam cov haiv neeg thiab cov neeg sab laug koom nrog Fatah-dominated PLO. Hamas thiab cov Islamists tuaj tawm muaj zog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev ua si.
Tom qab Oslo Accords, Israeli txoj cai tau hloov pauv. Tam sim no tsoomfwv Israeli tau cuam tshuam nrog ob lub chaw sib tw Palestinian lub chaw tswj hwm, Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority (PA) thiab Hamas. Nyob rau hauv 2006 Hamas yeej Fatah nyob rau hauv Legislative Council kev xaiv tsa, raws li yav tas los tau nce perceived raws li ib tug subcontractor rau Israeli txoj hauj lwm. Qhov no tsis ntev los no tau ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab qhov kawg ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm Palestinian thaj chaw nyob rau hauv ob txoj haujlwm sib cais: Hamas hauv Gaza thiab Fatah-coj PA hauv Ramallah. Txawm hais tias PA tau ua haujlwm hauv kev sib koom tes nrog cov neeg Ixayees thiab ua tus tswj hwm txoj cai tom qab, cov neeg Ixayees kuj tau ua haujlwm kom nws tsis muaj zog thiab tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog Hamas hauv Gaza.
Txhua tus thawj coj Israeli tau sim ua qhov kev sib faib-thiab-txoj cai, tab sis tej zaum tsis muaj leej twg ua nws li deviously thiab myopically li Netanyahu. "Txhua tus uas xav tawm tsam kev tsim lub xeev Palestinian yuav tsum txhawb nqa Hamas thiab xa nyiaj mus rau Hamas," nws hais rau cov neeg tuaj saib Likud thaum Lub Peb Hlis 2019. "Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm peb lub tswv yim - cais cov Palestinians hauv Gaza los ntawm cov Palestinians nyob rau sab hnub poob Bank, "nws tshaj tawm.[lxi] Lub tswv yim txhawb nqa Hamas tiag tiag, raws li qhov xav tau, kom txog thaum nws tau tawg hauv Netanyahu lub ntsej muag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 7.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam hauv zej zog, feem ntau dhau los ntawm tsab xov xwm no, uas ua rau Gaza yog ib qho av zoo tshaj plaws rau Hamas qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob. Kuv yuav tso nws mus rau tus kws tshawb fawb Gaza, Sara Roy, los sau cov ntsiab lus hauv ob nqe lus luv luv:[lxi]
Tam sim no desecration ntawm Gaza yog qhov kawg theem nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej txheem uas tau ua ntau zuj zus cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm. Hauv tsib caug-rau xyoo txij li nws tau nyob hauv Strip xyoo 1967, cov neeg Ixayees tau hloov Gaza los ntawm ib thaj chaw kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam nrog cov neeg Ixayees thiab West Bank mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib cais, los ntawm kev ua lag luam rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom mus rau ib tug neeg pluag. Nws kuj tseem tau tshem Gaza cov neeg nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev nom kev tswv, hloov lawv los ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev ntseeg siab rau cov pej xeem uas feem ntau xav tau qee yam kev pab tib neeg los txhawb lawv tus kheej.
Kev nruj kev tsiv hauv Gaza tsis tau tsuas yog los yog tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog, zoo li tam sim no. Nws yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm txhua hnub, kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam: kev tawm tsam kom nkag mus rau dej thiab hluav taws xob, pub menyuam yaus, nrhiav haujlwm, mus kawm ntawv nyab xeeb, mus txog tsev kho mob, txawm tias faus tus neeg hlub. Tau ntau xyoo lub siab rau Palestinians nyob rau hauv Gaza tau loj heev thiab unrelenting. Qhov kev puas tsuaj uas nws tau ua - qib siab ntawm kev poob hauj lwm thiab kev txom nyem, kev puas tsuaj loj heev, thiab kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig, suav nrog kev kis kab mob txaus ntshai ntawm dej thiab av, ntawm lwm yam - tau dhau los ua qhov xwm txheej tas mus li.
Kev kawm ntev dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam hauv zej zog uas Hamas keeb kwm nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ntau phau ntawv.[lxiii]
Hauv kev sau tsab xov xwm no, kuv tau qiv dawb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm tus uas kuv tau txais txiaj ntsig ntev. Dhau li ntawm kuv tus kheej qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev nyob los yog nyob ze ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej thaum ntxov, kuv tau tso siab rau feem ntau, tab sis tsis yog xwb, ntawm cov ntawv sau zoo ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tom kawg yog Rashid Khalidi (Lub Tsev Haujlwm Keeb Kwm, Columbia University), Jean-Pierre Filiu (Middle East Studies, Paris School of International Affairs), thiab Sara Roy (Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University), uas nws cov lus kuv kuj tseem tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm kuv tus kheej nyeem cov ntawv hauv Arabic. Kuv ua tiav tsab xov xwm tom qab ua tib zoo saib xyuas peb cov phooj ywg thiab cov kws tshawb fawb txog lej uas tau nyeem cov qauv ua ntej - Ahmed Abbes, Oded Goldreich, thiab Haynes Miller.
[I] Ib tus neeg txhawb nqa ntawm qhov kev xav ntawd yog tus sau ntawv Thomas L. Friedman ntawm lub New York Times. Saib, piv txwv li, nws kab ntawv, "Tsuas yog Biden thiab MBS tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb Israeli-Palestinian," NY sij hawm, Lub Ob Hlis 13, 2024. Thiab nws invariably nthuav tawm qhov kev xav ntawd hauv cov lus ceeb toom, ib yam li hauv nws cov lus hais tias Hamas yog "txoj kev mob siab rau tshem tawm cov neeg Yudais mus ib txhis," hauv nws kab lus "Txoj Kev Sib Haum Xeeb Tawm Tawm Ntawm Kev Ua Phem Tuag, " NY zaug, Lub Ob Hlis 15, 2024.
[Ii] Thiab tsis yog vim lawv tsis nyeem cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem, qee qhov nws muaj nyob hauv lus Askiv. Muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas ntawm Hamas qhov kev hloov pauv hauv ob xyoo dhau los. Rau cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm ob peb nplooj ntawv, saib Fawaz A. Gerges, "Lub Transformation ntawm Hamas, " Lub teb chaws, Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj Tim 7, 2010. Rau ib qho luv luv, los ntawm ib qho kev pom zoo ntawm kev tsim kho, saib Aaron David Miller, โPuas yog Hamas Rebranding nrog New Manifesto?" Wilson Center Report, Tej zaum 2, 2017. Unsurprisingly, Miller tsis kos tib cov lus xaus li Gerges; tshwj xeeb, Miller tsis ntseeg txog Hamas tau hais tias lees txais lub xeev Palestinian ntawm 1967 ciam teb tshwj tsis yog nws tseem lees txais kev tshem riam phom nws tus kheej (qhia tias, hauv qhov no, nws yuav tsum ua raws li PLO qub piv txwv, los ntawm kev tso tub rog tawm tsam). Kev tshawb nrhiav phau ntawv zoo thiab ncaj ncees ntawm Hamas txoj kev hloov pauv hauv ob lub xyoo dhau los yog Tareq Baconi, Hamas muaj: Qhov nce thiab Pacification ntawm Palestinian Resistance, Stanford University Press, 2018.
[Iii] Mohsen Mohammad Saleh, Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimoun Al-Filastiniyyoun: Al-Tanzeem Al-Filastini - Qita' Ghazza ("Cov Kwv Tij Palestinian Muslim: Lub Koom Haum Palestinian - Gaza Sawb"), Zaytouna Center, Beirut 2020, pp. 27-40. Lwm cov kws sau ntawv sau txog cov haujlwm ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Kwv Tij hauv Gaza (thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm Palestine) hauv xyoo 1943 thiab 1944, saib piv txwv li Khaled Hroub, Hamas, Phau Ntawv Qhia Pib Pib, Pluto Xovxwm, London 2010, p. 8.
[Iv] Txog thaum tsim Hamas nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1987, Kuv yuav hais txog al-Mujamma raws li lub ntsej muag txawv ntawm Cov Kwv Tij nyob hauv Gaza, cais tawm ntawm Brotherhood nyob rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm Palestine. Thiab hauv qhov no, kuv ua raws li tus qauv ntawm Jean-Pierre Filiu, Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Hamas: Militant Legacy lossis Israeli Tool?J. ntawm Palestine Studies, Vol. XLI, No. 3 (Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav 2012), pp. 54โ70. Ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm cov xwm txheej ua ntej thiab ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm Brotherhood nyob rau hauv Gaza, thiab Palestine feem ntau, yog "Rise of Islamic Palestinian Nationalism," hauv Tareq Baconi, op. txiv qaub., Tshooj. 1, pp. 1-24.
[V] Nyob rau xyoo tom qab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab xyoo 1967 thaum cov tswv cuab tshiab thiab cov hluas koom nrog Fatah, kev ntseeg thiab tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm Kwv Tij, Fatah tau nyob deb ntawm nws tus kheej los ntawm Brotherhood thiab nws lub tswv yim. โTxawm hais tias kev yug los ntawm Fatah tau tshwm sim hauv ib puag ncig Brotherhood [hauv xyoo 1959], Fatah tsis tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Kwv Tij, lossis raws li lawv txoj kev npaj. Fatah txoj haujlwm tsis tau coj cov kwv tij lub tswv yim, lossis cov kev txwv uas ua kom ntseeg tau tias txoj haujlwm no yuav ua haujlwm rau lawv lub hom phiaj "hauv Mohsen Mohammad Saleh, op. txiv qaub., p. 278.
[vi] Adnan Abu Amir Al-Haraka Al-Islamiyya fi Qita' Ghazza ("Lub zog Islamic nyob rau hauv Gaza Sawb"), Markaz Al-A'lam Al-Arabi, Cairo 2006, p. 17.
[vii] Wikipedia tsab xov xwm, Ariel Sharon, nqe lus los ntawm Yitzhak Rabin yog nyob rau hauv thawj kab lus, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog.
[viii] Tom Segev,1967: Ixayees, Tsov Rog, thiab Xyoo uas Hloov Middle East, Google Phau Ntawv, p. 281. Ariel Sharon feem ntau nco ntsoov los ntawm Palestinians rau nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev ntshav-soaked keeb kwm ntawm atrocities yos rov qab mus rau 1950s, xws li Qibya, Sabra, Shatila, thiab tau kawg Gaza. Nws tau hais cov lus hais hauv lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Israeli sab saum toj uas, thaum twg hais txog cov neeg Palestinians lossis Arabs, yuav hais zoo li kev hais lus tsis zoo thiab kev ntxub ntxaug lwm tus, xws li qhov no los ntawm General Uzi Narkis: "Lawv yog ib lub npuas ntawm xab npum, thiab nrog ib tus pin-prick lawv yuav tawg, "Tom Segev, op. txiv qaub.,ua p. 284. Qhov kev xav zoo li no hais tias cov tub rog tuaj yeem ua kom tiav cov neeg hauv paus txawm qhov kev tawm tsam thiab yuav tsis boomerang sai lossis tom qab - tshwj tsis yog lawv txhua tus cev nqaij daim tawv - yog qhov sib cav muaj zog ntawm tag nrho cov neeg Zionist niaj hnub no tshaj li kaum xyoo dhau los.
[ix] Yezid Sayig,Armed Struggle thiab Nrhiav Lub Xeev: Palestinian National Movement 1949-1993, Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 286-287.
[X] Jean-Pierre Filiu, "Vim li cas Gaza Matters, "Txoj Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws, Vol. 103, No. 1, January/Feb 2024, p. 9/13.
[xi] Raws li Jean-Pierre Filiu tus naj npawb ntawm cov mosques hauv Gaza Sawb ze li ob npaug ntawm Israeli txoj haujlwm, txij li xya caum xya xyoo 1967 txog 150 xyoo 1986 (saib J-P. Filiu, Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Hamas: Militant Legacy lossis Israeli Tool?J. ntawm Palestine Studies, Vol. XLIV, No. 3, Spring 2012, p. 66). Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov mosques thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1967-1987, tshwj xeeb los ntawm 200 txog 600 mosques (saib Ziad Abu Amr, "Hamas: Keeb Kwm thiab Keeb Kwm, " J. ntawm Palestine Studies, Vol. XXII, nr 4, 1993, p. 8).
[xii] Jean-Pierre Filiu, "Vim li cas Gaza Matters, "Txoj Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws, Vol. 103, No. 1, January/Feb 2024, p. 9/13. J.-P. Filiu piav qhia ntxiv txog txoj hauv kev uas cov neeg Ixayees tau ua si tawm ntawm Cov Kwv Tij coj los ntawm Yassin tawm tsam Fatah-dominated PLO.
[xiii] Qhov no tsis txhais hais tias ob lub ideologically tawm tsam cov chaw pw hav zoov, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej, yuav tsis ua haujlwm ua ke. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab pib thaum ntxov 1990s, raws li Islamist camp los ua ib tug muaj zog actor nyob rau hauv Palestinian kev tawm tsam nrog tshwm sim ntawm Hamas thiab Islamic Jihad, ob lub camps yuav koom tes nyob rau hauv lawv tawm tsam rau lub Fatah-dominated PLO. Wendy Kristianasen, "Kev Sib Tw thiab Kev Sib Tw: Hamas Cov Lus Teb rau Oslo," hauv Phau ntawv Journal of Palestine Studies XVIII, nr. 3, Kaum Ib Hlis 1999, pp. 19-36.
[xiv] Cov ntaub ntawv hauv kab lus no suav nrog ntau phau ntawv, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntxiv, tshwj xeeb hauv: Jean-Pierre Filiu, Gaza, Keeb Kwm, Oxford University Press, 2014; Leila Seurat Txoj Cai Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Hamas, IB Tauris, 2022 (thawj luam tawm nyob rau Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub npe "Hamas et le monde", CNRS, 2019), Tshooj 1; thiab Yezid Sayig,Armed Struggle thiab Nrhiav Lub Xeev: Palestinian National Movement 1949-1993, Oxford University Press, 1997, Part III, pp. 329-552.
[xv] Jean-Pierre Filiu, Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Hamas: Militant Legacy lossis Israeli Tool?J. ntawm Palestine Studies, Vol. XLI, No. 3 (Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav 2012), p. 65.
[xvi] Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Islamic Jihad thaum thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo 1980, sab nraum lub voj voog tswj los ntawm Yassin thiab al-Mujamma thiab hauv kev sib tw nrog cov tom kawg, tau piav qhia hauv Yezid Sayigh, op. cit., pp 625-632.
[xvii] Qee qhov kev tawm tsam tsis ncaj ncees siv los ntawm Israeli tub ceev xwm tau hais hauv Jean-Pierre Filiu, "Twelve Wars on Gaza," Phau ntawv Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1, Autumn 2014, p. 52-60. Saib, tshwj xeeb, dab tsi Filiu hu ua "kev ua tsov rog thib rau ntawm Gaza."
[xviii] Yezid Sayig, op. cit., p. 629.
[xix] Najib, Mohammad thiab Friedrich, Roland, "Cov Pab Pawg Tub Rog tsis raug cai thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg," hauv Friedrich, Roland thiab Luethold, Arnold, eds., Nkag-cov ntsiab lus rau Palestinian Security Sector Reform (DCAF), 2007, p. 103.
[xx] Tshaj tawm hauv Mehdi Hassan, "Blowback: Yuav ua li cas cov neeg Ixayees mus los ntawm pab tsim Hamas rau Bombing nws,โ Kev cuam tshuam, Lub Ob Hlis 19, 2018.
[xxi] Tshaj tawm hauv Jean-Pierre Filiu, "Keeb kwm ntawm Hamas: Tub Rog Txoj Cai lossis Israeli Tool, " J. ntawm Palestine Studies, Vol. XLIV, No. 3, Spring 2012, p. 55. Kuj tau hais hauv Charles Enderlin, Le Grand Aveuglement: Israรซl thiab l'irrรฉsistible ascension de l'islam radical, Albin Michel, 2009, p. 117.
[xxii] Ib qho ntawm cov nyiaj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Gaza cov kev lag luam kev noj qab haus huv thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau xyoo yog Sara Roy,Lub Gaza Sawb: Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Kev Txhim Kho (Expanded Thib Peb Tsab),Lub koom haum ntawm Palestine Studies, 2016. Ib tug ceev faj nyeem ntawv (Oded Goldreich) ntawm ib tug ua ntej tsab xov xwm ntawm tsab xov xwm no, thiab cov neeg soj ntsuam ntawm Israeli-Palestinian tsis sib haum xeeb, taw qhia tias lub tswv yim ntawm thaiv Gaza txoj kev loj hlob thiab xyuas kom meej nws lub sij hawm ntev inferiority nyob rau hauv. cuam โโtshuam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam Palestinian, tsis tsuas yog Gaza, nyob rau hauv Israeli txoj hauj lwm.
[xxiii] Roger Heacock, Thawj Intifada, 1987-1993, Exhilaration of Revolt, Promise of Freedom, in Lub Interactive Encyclopedia ntawm Cov Lus Nug Palestine. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no suav nrog ntau qhov kev soj ntsuam ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov xwm txheej nom tswv thiab kev lag luam kev noj qab haus huv uas coj mus rau qhov tawg ntawm thawj Intifada.
[xxiv] v. Cov kev sib tham sab hauv hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm al-Mujamma tau rov hais dua hauv Khaled Hroub, op. txiv qaub., pp. 11-13. Lub npe Hamas yog ib tug Arabic acronym ntawm Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamiyya (lub "Islamic Resistance Movement") uas, raws li ib lo lus, kuj txhais tau tias "zoo siab" los yog "ardor".
xov [xxv] Muhammad Maqdsi, "Charter ntawm Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) ntawm Palestine, " J. ntawm Palestine Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4, Lub Caij Ntuj Sov 1993, pp. 122-134.
sivai Hauv 2017, Hamas tau tshaj tawm qhov kev cia siab ntau ntxiv rau nws cov lus cog tseg 1988, muaj cai Cov Ntaub Ntawv ntawm Cov Ntsiab Cai thiab Txoj Cai. Txawm hais tias tseem imbued nrog ntau tus neeg saib xyuas Islamic cov ntaub ntawv, Cov Ntaub Ntawv piav qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov neeg Ixayees hauv cov ntsiab lus uas muaj kev nom kev tswv ntau dua li kev ntseeg, thiab suav nrog cov lus qhia meej los tawm tsam cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov lus cog tseg ua ntej, xws li "Hamas lees tias nws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog nrog cov Zionist project tsis nrog cov neeg Yudais vim lawv txoj kev ntseeg. " Tau ntau xyoo tom qab xyoo 1988, nws cov lus tshaj tawm yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tsis sib xws nrog nws qhov kev tsim tawm. Ib txhia cov neeg soj ntsuam ntev ntawm Hamas keeb kwm tau sib cav tias "tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab tiag tiag hauv [Cov Ntaub Ntawv Tshiab ntawm 2017]. Nws tsuas yog qhov chaw uas txhua yam kev txav mus los tau qhia txog niaj hnub no tau muab tso rau hauv ntawv. "
sivai Nws tsim nyog taw qhia tias "Intifada tsis txwv rau kev tawm tsam txoj haujlwm; Nws kuj yog kev hloov pauv kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv Palestinian haiv neeg, rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov poj niam, txoj cai los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam ntawm hierarchy thiab domination "(Noam Chomsky, "Lub Oslo Accords: Lawv Cov Ntsiab Lus, Lawv Cov Kev Cai," hauv P. Bauck thiab M. Omer eds., Oslo Accords 1993-2013, American University hauv Cairo Xovxwm, 2013, nplooj 3).
[xxviii]. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lubthib ob Intifada ntawm 2000-2005, los yog Al-Aqsa Intifada, uas koom nrog ntau cov riam phom, ambushes, tuag Israeli reprisals, suicide bombings, thiab deb ntau tus neeg tuag thiab raug mob tshaj li thaum lub sij hawm thawj Intifada. Lo lus "Intifada" tau siv ib ntus los hais txog lub sijhawm muaj kev tawm tsam Palestinian nce ntxiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lawv tig mus rau hauv kev sib tw loj thoob plaws ntau thaj tsam ntawm Palestinian concentration, xws li thaum lub sijhawm thib peb Intifada ntawm 2021, tseem hu ua Unity Intifada.
[xxix]. Anita Vitullo Khoury, "Yitzhak Rabin thiab Israel's Death Squads, " Middle East Research thiab Information Project, 178, Sept./Oct. Xyoo 1992.
[xxx] Thawj qhov kev tawm tsam ua tub rog ua los ntawm Hamas hauv Gaza Sawb, uas ua rau peb cov tub rog Israeli tuag, yog thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1992 mus rau qhov kawg ntawm thawj Intifada (J.-P. Filiu, Gaza, Keeb Kwm, Oxford Univ Press, 2014, p. 216). Kev foob pob tua tus kheej, cais los ntawm kev ua tub rog tawm tsam, tau dhau los ua ib qho kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg Islamist (Hamas thiab Islamic Jihad) thiab cov neeg ua phem ib leeg-hma, uas feem ntau ua tsis tau lossis rho tawm. Thawj qhov kev tua tus kheej hauv Gaza yog lub Cuaj Hlis 1993, ua los ntawm Hamas (J.-P. Filiu, Gaza, Keeb Kwm, Oxford Univ Press, 2014, p. 219). Thawj qhov kev tua tus kheej tawm tsam sab nraud Gaza yog ob peb lub hlis dhau los, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1993, hauv Jordan Valley kev sib hais haum ntawm Mekhola. Muaj 19 qhov kev tua neeg tua neeg thoob plaws lub sijhawm xyoo 1994-97. Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, muaj 138 qhov kev tua tus kheej thaum lub sijhawm thib ob Intifada ntawm 2000-05. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog muab los ntawm Robert J. Brym thiab Bader Araj, "Kev tua tus kheej foob pob raws li lub tswv yim thiab kev sib tham: Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Thib Ob Intifada," Social Forces, Lub Rau Hli 2006, Vol. 84, No. 4. Tag nrho cov lus tshaj tawm kev tua tus kheej muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog pawg Islamist.
[xixi] | Roger Heacock, op. txiv qaub. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv sau txog yuav ua li cas cov thawj coj hauv zos tau tshwm sim sai sai, ua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas Palestinians ua kev qhuab qhia thiab kev cog lus los teb rau kev ua tub rog thiab kev tawm tsam. Ib qho lus piav qhia ntawm qhov thawj Intifada sawv cev rau hauv Palestinian kev sib koom ua ke yog nyob rau hauv Edward Said, "Intifada thiab Kev ywj pheej," Social Text, Caij nplooj ntoos hlav 1989, No. 22, pp. 37-38-39.
[xixi | Roger Heacock, op. txiv qaub.
[xixi] | Official lub website ntawm Al-Qasam Brigades, which npog nws keeb kwm thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Hamas. Lub vev xaib cov ntsiab lus hauv lus Askiv yog kev txhais ntawm tib cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub vev xaib hauv Arabic - nyem no. Cov tom kawg suav nrog cov duab thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis muaj nyob hauv lub vev xaib ua lus Askiv.
[xxxiv] Wikipedia, Kev tua ntawm Avi Sasportas thiab Ilan Saadon.
[xxxv] Salim Tamari, "Dab tsi yog qhov kev tawm tsam txhais tau tias," Middle East Report, Tsib Hlis-Lub Rau Hli 1988, p. 27.
[xxxvi] Wikipedia nplooj ntawv, Khalil al-Wazir, yog qhov tseeb thiab qhia txog qhov paub ntawm nws los ntawm Arabic qhov chaw.
[xevvii] Txoj kev tua neeg tua neeg ua los ntawm cov neeg Ixayees thaum lub sijhawm xyoo ntawm thawj Intifada tau rov hais dua hauv Ronen Bergman, Sawv thiab tua thawj zaug: Keeb kwm zais cia ntawm cov neeg Ixayees lub hom phiaj kev tua neeg, Random House, 2018. Txawm hais tias txhua tshooj nyeem zoo li tsab ntawv rau James Bond zaj yeeb yaj kiab, phau ntawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis yooj yim muaj nyob rau lwm qhov. Rau lub xyoo ntawm thawj Intifada, qhov tseem ceeb yog cov tshooj nruab nrab ntawm phau ntawv, ob lossis peb zaug ua ntej thiab tom qab Tshooj 19, hu ua "Intifada."
[xxxviii] Zeev Schiff, Ehud Yaari, Intifada, Kev Tawm Tsam Palestinian - Cov Neeg Ixayees Thib Peb, Simon thiab Schuster, 1990, p. 234.
[xxxix] Jean-Pierre Filiu, Gaza, Keeb Kwm, Oxford Univ Press, 2014, p. 206.
[xl] Graham Usher, Kev xa tawm los ntawm Palestine, Kev nce thiab poob ntawm Oslo Kev Thaj Yeeb, Pluto Xovxwm, 1999, p. 20.
[xli] Graham Usher, op. txiv qaub., Tshooj 2, cov lus hauv qab taw qhia 13.
[xlii] Jean-Pierre Filiu, Gaza, Keeb Kwm, Oxford Univ Press, 2014, p. 206-207 : kuv.
[xliii] Ntau cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntu no tau nthuav tawm thiab nthuav dav hauv kev tuav cov ntsiab lus hauv Rashid Khalidi, Palestine Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, Phau Ntawv Hauv Nroog / Henry Holt thiab Tuam Txhab, 2020, Chap. 5, hu ua "Lub Tsib Hlis Ntuj Tsov Rog, 1987-1995."
[xliv]. DOP feem ntau suav hais tias yog ib daim ntawv cais los ntawm thawj Oslo Accord. "Lub DOP tau txiav txim siab rau pej xeem Madrid tham thiab teeb tsa cov lus pom zoo sib tham hauv kev sib tham raws li Oslo Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo: 1994 Gaza-Jericho Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo (Oslo I), 1995 Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Ib Ntus ntawm West Bank thiab Gaza Sawb (Oslo II, lossis Taba daim ntawv cog lus), thiab Lub Ib Hlis 1997 Hebron Protocol, Lub Kaum Hli 1998 Wye River Memorandum, thiab lub Cuaj Hlis 1999 Sharm el Sheik Memorandum. Oslo II yog nyob deb ntawm qhov dav tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau pom zoo xaus ntawm PLO thiab cov neeg Ixayeesโ (Allegra Pacheco, โFlouting Convention: The Oslo Agreement,โ hauv Tus Tshiab Intifada, Resisting Israel's Apartheid, kho los ntawm Roane Carey, 2001, Chap. 10).
[xlv] Raws li feem ntau cov xwm txheej nrog kev txhim kho zoo, muaj lwm yam xwm txheej uas tau koom nrog Intifada thiab tau taug kev mus rau Madrid lub rooj sib tham thiab tom qab-Madrid cov rooj sib tham sib koom. Tshwj xeeb, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1988, Palestinian National Council (PNC) tau txais kev tshaj tawm hu rau Palestinian lub xeev kom tsim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas Israeli nyob hauv 1967. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm PNC, uas tau lees txais qhov kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb thaum lub sij hawm muaj diplomatic kev daws teeb meem, zoo ib yam li ob lub xeev kev daws teeb meem coj mus rau Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1976 los ntawm Arab "confrontation states," Egypt, Syria, thiab Jordan, thiab vetoed los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas hauv 1980. Txawm li cas los xij, ib xyoo caum tom qab, Nrog kev txhawb nqa thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam Intifada, kev tsis lees paub los ntawm Asmeskas thiab Ixayees ntawm ob lub xeev kev daws teeb meem, nrog kev koom tes ncaj qha ntawm Palestinian hauv kev sib tham, tau dhau los ua qhov tsis tuaj yeem (Noam Chomsky, "Oslo Cov Lus Cog Tseg: Lawv Cov Ntsiab Lus, Lawv Lub Cev,โ hauv P. Bauck thiab M. Omer eds., Oslo Accords 1993-2013, American University hauv Cairo Xovxwm, 2013).
[xlvi] Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Meskas rau Tunisia thaum lub sijhawm, Robert Pelletreau, tau ceeb toom rau Arafat thaum Lub Rau Hli 1988 tias, "tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob qhov kev tawm tsam sab hauv uas peb tau pom nyob rau hauv thaj chaw uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub Xeev Ixayees, thiab peb thiaj li thov kom tso tseg. ntawm cov kev tawm tsam, uas peb pom tias yog cov neeg ua phem ua phem tawm tsam cov neeg Ixayees. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum peb paub tias koj tab tom qhia, los ntawm sab nraud thaj chaw, cov kev tawm tsam uas qee zaum ua phem heevโ (hais hauv N. Chomsky, Tsim nyog illusions, South End Xovxwm, 1989, Appendix V, p. 230).
[xlvii] Yog tias muaj ib lub sijhawm uas zoo li tuav lub peev xwm ntawm kev sib tham thiab kev cia siab daws teeb meem ntawm Israeli-Palestinian kev tsis sib haum xeeb, txawm li cas los xij nws txoj hauv kev tau raug lees paub, nws yog lub sijhawm ntawm Madrid lub rooj sib tham thiab tom qab Madrid cov rooj sib tham tsis ntev tom qab ntawd. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau sib tshooj nrog ob xyoos dhau los ntawm thawj Intifada, uas tau tsa Palestinian kev cia siab thiab muab lub zog rau kev xav txog tej yam txawv thiab zoo dua, txawm tias tseem luv luv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm Israelis thiab Palestinians. Txawm hais tias tus ntsuj plig thiab kev cia siab ntawm Madrid lub rooj sib tham tsis tau txiav txim siab ua tsis tiav, lawv tau rov ua dua thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub sijhawm xyoo tas los, thiab lawv qhov kev ua tsis tiav qhov kawg yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau Hamas cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev txhim kho.
[xlviii] Cov ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntawm Wikipedia, Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization tsab ntawv lees paub.
[xlix] Nws yog qhov nthuav uas ntawm ob tsab ntawv hais txog "kev ua phem" thiab qhov twg tsis yog. Hauv cov voj voog tseem ceeb, kev ua phem los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws yeej ib txwm raug rau txim raws li "kev ua phem ua phem," thaum lub xeev kev nruj kev tsiv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub xeev tsis tau zam dhau los ua "kev tawm tsam kev ua phem." Kev ua phem ua phem yog "kev phem thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees," kev tawm tsam kev ua phem yog "zoo thiab tsim txiaj," txawm tias tom kawg raug caum (xws li cov neeg Ixayees cov ntaub ntawv) nrog cov tso tsheb hlau luam, dav hlau tua, thiab cov tub rog nuclear txhawb nqa los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nuclear- armed tub rog nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov tseeb yog qhov sib txawv: Kev nruj kev tsiv ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm marginalization thiab dispossession, yog teb rau kev ua phem pib los ntawm encroaching colonizers - thiab qhov no yog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Palestine ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo - thiab qhov no tsis yog yuav tsis quav ntsej. tias kev ua phem los ntawm colonizer thiab counter-kev nruj kev tsiv los ntawm cov colonized muaj ob qho tib si coj dab phem thiab phem phem.
[l] Cov no yog cov lus ntawm Mustafa Bargouti. Secretary-General ntawm lub Palestinian National Initiative.
[lis] Cov Oslo Accords tau ua tib zoo tsim los ntawm Israeli cov neeg sib tham, nrog rau Asmeskas kev txhawb nqa, nrog cov kev tsis meej thiab qee zaum tsis sib haum xeeb, kev khiav tawm, thiab cov xwm txheej tsis sib xws, hauv txoj hauv kev kom ua kom cov neeg Ixayees tsis nruj me ntsis ua txhaum cai. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, qhov kev pom zoo los ntawm cov Palestinians tau nyob deb. Kev tsom xam tag nrho ntawm Oslo Accords, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tseem ceeb Oslo II Accord, yog nyob rau hauv "Epilogue: Middle East Diplomacy," hauv N. Chomsky, Ntiaj teb Orders, Qub thiab Tshiab, Pluto Xovxwm, 1997, pp. 464-503.
[lii] Edward hais tias, "Thaum Sawv ntxov Tom Qab, " London Saib Xyuas Phau Ntawv, Vol. 15, No. 20, 21 Oct. 1993. Nyob rau hauv kev ncaj ncees, nws tsis yog txhua ntu ntawm Palestinian haiv neeg uas muaj kev pom tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem Oslo. Ntau tus tsis qhia Edward Said qhov kev thuam thuam; Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij lawv muaj kev tsis pom zoo nrog nws, lawv tsis tau hais tawm rau pej xeem. Thaum pib, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho cov kev ua koob tsheej pem hauv ntej, nws yog feem ntau ntawm Palestinians uas tau nqa mus los ntawm kev cog lus ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej tshiab uas Palestinians thiab Israelis yuav nyob sib haum xeeb.
[liii] Danny Rubinstein, Haaretz, Lub kaum hli ntuj 23, 1991.
[liv]. Shlomo Ben-Ami, Ib Qhov Chaw Rau Txhua Tus (Hebrew), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1998. Cited hauv N. Chomsky, Pirates thiab Emperors, Qub thiab Tshiab, South End Press, tshiab edition, 2002, p. 98.
[lv] Moshe Machover, Israelis thiab Palestinians: Kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev daws teeb meem, Haymarket Phau Ntawv, 2012, p. 253.
[lvi] Ronen Bergman, ib Sawv thiab tua thawj zaug: Keeb kwm zais cia ntawm cov neeg Ixayees lub hom phiaj kev tua neeg, Random House, 2018. Bergman sau nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tsab ntawv rau ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab James Bond, qhov twg cov neeg tua neeg zoo li extolled rau lawv txoj kev ua tau zoo thiab tsis txhob kos tus kws sau ntawv txoj kev coj ncaj ncees opprobrium. Ib qho kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ntau dua thiab tsis zoo li tus account, txawm tias luv dua li Bergman's, yog Andrew Cockburn, "Defining Insanity, Dua, "Nyob rau hauv Txuj ci ntawm Kev Ua Rog, Substack, Lub Ib Hlis 4, 2024.
[lvii] Israel Shahak, "Lub Musawi Assassination: Ib Foretelling ntawm Israel Txoj Cai Tshiab hauv Lebanon, " Washington Daim Ntawv Ceebtoom ntawm Middle East Affairs, Lub Xya hli ntuj 8, 1992.
[lviii] Assaf Kfoury, "Lub Rooj Sib Tham Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah: 'Tshaj Tawm Nrog Kev Sib Tw'," hauv Sab hauv Lebanon: Taug kev mus rau thaj av tawg nrog Noam thiab Carol Chomsky, ed. A. Kfoury, Monthly Review Press, 2007, Tshooj 6.
[lix] Andrew Cockburn, "Defining Insanity, Dua, "Nyob rau hauv Txuj ci ntawm Kev Ua Rog, Substack, Lub Ib Hlis 4, 2024.
[lx] Andrew Cockburn, thiab op. Cit.
[lxi] Gidi Weitz, "Lwm lub tswv yim implodes: Israel tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm los ntawm tus neeg raug foob txhaum cai, " Haaretz, Peb 9, 2023.
[lxi] Sara Roy, "Kev Tsov Rog Ntev ntawm Gaza, " New York Review ntawm Phau ntawv, Kaum Ob Hlis 19, 2023. Cov nqe lus uas tau hais hauv cov ntawv nyeem yog thib peb thiab plaub hauv Sara Roy tsab xov xwm.
[lxiii] Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog Sara Roy,Lub Gaza Sawb: Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Kev Txhim Kho (Expanded Thib Peb Tsab), Lub koom haum ntawm Palestine Studies, 2016. Txawm hais tias tsis nqaim tsom mus rau kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv Gaza, tab sis ntxiv rau Sara Roy txoj haujlwm yog: Amira Haas, Haus dej hiav txwv ntawm Gaza: Hnub thiab Hmo Ntuj nyob rau hauv ib thaj av nyob rau hauv Siege, Henry Holt thiab Tuam Txhab, 2000; Norman Finkelstein, Gaza: Ib qho Inquest rau hauv Nws Martyrdom, University of California Xovxwm, 2021; thiab, rau ib phau ntawv hais txog kev noj qab haus huv hauv Gaza thiab West Bank, Andy Clarno, Neoliberal Apartheid: Palestine/Israel thiab South Africa tom qab 1994, University of Chicago Press, 2017.
ZNetwork tau txais nyiaj tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem.
Pab Nyiaj