George Monbiot thiab Tus Saib Xyuas ntawm London rau
"Genocide Denial" thiab "Revisionism"
Edward S. Herman thiab David Peterson
Hnub Tuesday, Lub Rau Hli 14, lub Tus Saib Xyuas of
Hauv kev teb, peb txhua tus tau xa cov ntawv sau cais rau tus Tus Saib Xyuas tsis pub dhau lub lis piam tom ntej (Lub Rau Hli 17-19). Tab sis cov Tus Saib Xyuas pom peb cov ntawv xa tawm muaj teeb meem, thiab ncua nws qhov kev txiav txim siab txog lawv cov xwm txheej thaum nws tau lees paub los tshuaj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm qhov peb tau sau - ib yam dab tsi uas nws tsis tau ua kom meej meej rau Monbiot qhov yuam kev-laden thiab ua yuam kev loj heev.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 5, lub Tus Saib Xyuas tau tsis lees paub ob peb phau ntawv sau tseg.2] Tab sis, nws kuj tau caw peb rov xa ib qho lus teb sib koom ua ke, tsis muaj kev lees paub ntawm kev tshaj tawm, thiab thov kom peb ua raws li 550 lo lus txwv nruj - lossis ib nrab-ntev ntawm Monbiot tus thawj.
Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd peb tau xa ib daim ntawv sau ua ke rau lub Tus Saib Xyuas raws nraim 550-lus; thiab thaum Lub Xya Hli 20, tsib lub lis piam-thiab-ib-hnub tom qab nws tau luam tawm Monbiot tus thawj, Tus Saib Xyuas luam tawm ib qho luv dua, 524 lo lus teb hauv qab peb cov npe. Tab sis tsis yog muab nws lub npe uas qhia txog peb cov lus thov txog Monbiot qhov ua yuam kev, tsis paub, thiab hu ua crass npe, Tus Saib Xyuas muab nws lub npe uas yog ob qho tib si plaintive thiab tiv thaiv: "Peb tsis yog genocide deniers."[3]
Tsawg kawg yog ob nqe lus tshaj tawm rau lub Tus Saib Xyuas Teb cov kab lus teb lub vev xaib hauv qab peb daim los ntawm Canadian media-activist Joe Emersberger muab cov ntawv txuas rau peb cov lus teb qub, uas peb tau tshaj tawm rau ZNet. Tab sis Emersberger cov lus tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm Tus Saib Xyuastub ceev xwm txawj ntse, yeej tsis rov qab los; ib qho kev tawm tswv yim los ntawm peb ib tus (Peterson) uas txuas rau tib cov lus teb no kuj raug tshem tawm. Thaum kawg, cov lus hais tom qab no tau rov qab los, "feem ntau yuav yog teb rau pej xeem tsis txaus siab," Media Lens ntseeg.4]
Ntawm qhov tod tes, thawj cov lus sau tseg los ntawm tus Tus Saib Xyuas tom qab nws qhib nws cov lus teb rau cov lus tawm tswv yim thaum Lub Xya Hli 20 tau nug peb: "Yog tias koj hais tias koj yog tsis tsis lees paub qhov genocide hauv
Ntxiv rau nws txoj kev tiv thaiv Monbiot thiab nws txoj kev tswj hwm ntawm kev sib tham ib sab, lub Soj Ntsuam (lub Tus Saib Xyuas's viv ncaus daim ntawv, uas tshwm rau hnub Sunday los ntxiv rau Tus Saib XyuasHnub Monday txog hnub Saturday) luam tawm Nick Cohen's "Txo thiab poob ntawm puppetmasters"[7] peb hnub ua ntej peb cov lus teb tshwm sim. Qhov no yog ib tug diatribe tawm tsam "sab hnub poob-ntxub" cov neeg txawj ntse (Noam Chomsky, Tariq Ali, Harold Pinter, Arundhati Roy, thiab ib tug "cranky txawj sau ntawv hu ua Diana Johnstone") uas nyob rau hauv Cohen cov lus "ntseeg hais tias cov shorteys ntawm American imperialism yog inventing dab neeg ntawm Serb kev tsim txom kom pom tseeb qhov nthuav dav ntawm sab hnub poob lub zog. " Tom qab ntawd rau hnub tom qab nws luam tawm peb cov lus teb, tus Tus Saib Xyuas luam tawm "Los thov Tutsis ua rau RwandaTxoj kev genocide yog kev kho dua tshiab," los ntawm James Wizeye, txheeb xyuas tias yog "thawj tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm Rwanda high commission" lossis embassy hauv London.8] Tsis muaj cov lus teb offsetting txij li thaum tau luam tawm los ntawm lub Tus Saib Xyuas uas tau tawm tsam qhov kev tshaj tawm no los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij rau tsoomfwv uas, peb tau sib cav, yog thawj tus neeg tua neeg loj hauv Rwanda thiab Democratic Republic of Congo rau ob xyoo dhau los.9]
Ib txhia Tus Saib Xyuas โ Observer Keeb kwm[10]
cov Tus Saib Xyuas thiab cov Soj Ntsuam tau ntev lawm tsis tuaj yeem tawg los ntawm tus qauv, yooj yim kev nom kev tswv, Western tog-kab lus piav qhia ntawm ob qho tib si
Vulliamy txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees, thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg nws "kev sau xov xwm ntawm kev sib txuas"-ua rau tsis ncaj ncees hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, [15] tau tshwm sim ntau xyoo los ntawm nws cov lus qhia tsis tseeb nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Fikret Alic, uas Vulliamy tau piav qhia tias yog "cov tub ntxhais hluas Bosnian uas nws lub cev tsis txaus ntseeg, tom qab txoj hlua khi ntawm Trnopolje concentration camp, tau los ua lub cim ntawm kev tua neeg phem hauv Bosnia - Herzegovina. ;"[16] los ntawm nws tsis kam lees paub Bosnia tus thawj coj Islamic thiab lub sijhawm ua tsov ua rog Thawj Tswj Hwm Alija Izetbegovic qhov kev tsis lees paub ntawm ntau haiv neeg, kev ua siab ntev, thiab lub xeev secular thiab espousal ntawm kev kaw Islamic kev cai;[17] thiab los ntawm nws txoj kev cog lus ntev mus rau qhov nce siab thaum ntxov Bosnian Muslim tuag-tus neeg tuag nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev hloov kho tsis zoo los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.18] Tib qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees kuj tau tshwm sim hauv Vulliamy qhov kev lim hiam 2009 diatribe ntawm Amnesty International qhov kev caw mus rau Noam Chomsky kom xa nws txhua xyoo Stand Up Rau Kev Ncaj Ncees kev qhuab qhia, liam Chomsky qhov kev thov txim tsis hais txog kev ua phem rau Serbian kev ua phem hauv Balkan kev ua tsov ua rog, suav nrog "tawm ntawm qhov ntxa ntawm cov neeg tuag."19]
Qhov kev xav ntawm Vulliamy no thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb yuav tsum tsis txhob poob rau hauv Emma Brockes qhov tsis zoo 2005 kev xam phaj nrog Chomsky rau Tus Saib Xyuas,[20] ib affair that the Tus Saib Xyuas Reader's Editor (ombudsman) xaus lus tau qhia tsis tseeb txog Chomsky qhov kev ntseeg siab heev uas Tus Saib Xyuas tshem tawm qhov kev xam phaj los ntawm nws lub vev xaib.21] Txawm hais tias Brockes tuaj yeem nug Chomsky cov lus nug txog ntau yam teeb meem uas nws paub zoo, nws tau tsom mus rau Yugoslavia thiab Srebrenica, thiab ntawm tus kws tshuaj ntsuam Diana Johnstone, uas nws ua haujlwm ntawm Yugoslavia Vulliamy yav dhau los hu ua "tshuaj lom."22] Ib tug nco smear nyob rau hauv lub Tus Saib Xyuaskev tuav ntawm kev xam phaj tshwm sim tam sim hauv qab nws lub npe ("Tus Txawj Ntse tshaj plaws?"), qhov twg los ntawm txoj kev qhia nws, cov neeg nyeem pom cov kab lus hauv qab no:
Q: Koj puas khuv xim kev txhawb nqa cov neeg uas hais tias kev tua neeg Srebrenica yog exaggerated?
A: Kuv qhov kev tu siab tsuas yog tias kuv tsis ua nws muaj zog txaus.
Cov lus nug-thiab-lus teb no tsis muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev xam phaj luam tawm. Qhov tseeb, cov lus teb tau hais los ntawm no tau muab rau cov lus nug sib txawv, uas Brockes nug Chomsky seb nws puas khuv xim kos npe rau tsab ntawv qhib uas tawm tsam tus tshaj tawm Swedish qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis coj tawm ib phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Johnstone xyoo 2002. Fools 'Crusade: Yugoslavia, NATO thiab Western Delusions (Lub Hlis Saib Xyuas Xovxwm); tsab ntawv no xa mus rau Fools 'Crusade raws li "zoo tshaj," thiab ntxiv tias "muaj ntau qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg, uas yog kev ywj pheej ntawm kev nthuav tawm thiab txoj cai los nthuav tawm cov kev tsis pom zoo."23] Brockes's thiab Tus Saib XyuasCov lus hloov pauv tau tshem tawm tsab ntawv qhib qhov kev tsom mus rau kev ywj pheej-ntawm-kev nthuav tawm teeb meem thiab nws txoj kev tiv thaiv dav dav ntawm Johnstone txoj haujlwm, thiab rov sau Chomsky cov lus tseeb rau hauv kev txhawb nqa rau "cov neeg uas hais tias Srebrenica tua neeg yog exaggerated." Yog li ntawd yog Johnstone phau ntawv nyuaj thiab nuanced pigeonholed los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm raug liam ntawm kev tua neeg Srebrenica, uas Brockes qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab cov lus nug ntau dhau mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.
Lwm qhov kev nco tsis zoo yog Brockes qhov kev sib cav uas Chomsky siv cov lus tsis txaus siab "kom ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tej yam uas nws tsis pom zoo," thiab hais tias nws siv lawv ib ncig ntawm lo lus "kev tua neeg" los qhia tias "thaum tsov rog Bosnian kev tua neeg" ntawm Srebrenica yog tej zaum overstated. " Tag nrho cov no tau tso cai rau Brockes ua qhov tsis ncaj ncees thiab thuam ntxiv tias, "hauv kev luam tawm tsawg kawg, nws tuaj yeem hla tsawg dua li kev kawm ntau dua li cov hluas hluas; zoo li, Srebrenica tsis yog kev tua neeg." Tab sis thaum kev tshawb nrhiav kev cai lij choj sab nraud nias Brockes los ua pov thawj tias Chomsky tau hais tias Brockes tau lees tias nws tau ua li cas, cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg ntawm nws cov lus sib pauv nrog Brockes tau pom tias tau "tso tseg ib nrab" (piv txwv li, tshem tawm) qee lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev xam phaj thiab Tus Saib Xyuas's official nug txog qhov teeb meem.24]
Raws li tau sau tseg, hom kev tawm tsam no yog nyob rau hauv Vulliamy "kev sau xov xwm ntawm kev sib txuas" kev lig kev cai, thiab nws zoo siab pom tias hauv nws qhov profile ntawm Chomsky, Brockes tau sau tsis raug Johnstone thawj lub npe li "Dian.e" dua li Diana, ib yam li Vulliamy tau sau yuam kev nws yim lub hlis dhau los hauv kev tawm tswv yim rau lub IWPR Balkan Crisis Report.[25] Nws zoo nkaus li tias Brockes thiab / lossis nws cov kws kho mob tau ua haujlwm los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem muaj yim hli no thaum npaj cov ntawv kawg ntawm kev xam phaj, lossis tias Vulliamy nws tus kheej tau ua ib tes hauv kev npaj cov qauv no. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg nyob hauv Tus Saib Xyuas ntes tau qhov yuam kev ntawm Johnstone thawj lub npe ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm Brockes qhov kev xam phaj.
Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 2005, Ed Vulliamy tau koom nrog 23 lwm tus kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tau tawm tswv yim ntev rau Western kev tsim qauv ntawm Srebrenica-thiab qhov "zoo" piv rau "kev phem" ntawm kev tsov kev rog hauv Yugoslavia-hauv kev tawm tsam cov Tus Saib XyuasQhov kev txiav txim siab thim Brockes qhov kev thuam thuam nrog Chomsky thiab tshaj tawm "kev kho" rau qhov qub. Lub "Tus Saib Xyuas tau ua tsis ncaj ncees rau Brockes lub koob npe nrov, 24 cov duab no tau hais nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv qhib, thiab "muab lub cim ntawm kev raug cai ntawm kev hloov kho kev sim tsis lees paub Bosnian genocide thiab txo qis kev tua neeg Srebrenica." Ntawm Vulliamy tus khub kos npe yog David Rohde, David Rieff, Marko Attila Hoare, Oliver Kamm, Nick Cohen, thiab Nerma Jelacic - txhua tus qub tub rog maximizers ntawm Serb perfidy thiab Bosnian Muslim raug tsim txom.26]
Feem ntau rau Vulliamy qhov kev sau xov xwm ntev ntev ntawm kev sib txuas thiab hu rau "sib ntaus rau lub cim xeeb ntawm Bosnia lub chaw pw hav zoov," kev dag hauv Brockes kev xam phaj nrog Chomsky, thiab Monbiot qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm "kev ntxub ntxaug neeg phem," yog qhov tsis tau hais txog qhov kev sib tw rau kev tsim cov lus piav qhia txog. Srebrenica yog dhau ntawm kev hwm sau xov xwm. Tsis tso cai raws li kev thov txim lossis kev thuam lossis ntuav ntawm qhov ntxa yog txhua yam uas hais txog keeb kwm cov ntsiab lus tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev tsim cov nyiaj lossis cov lus nug nom tswv hais txog tus lej ntawm cov neeg raug tua nyob ntawd.27] Kev sau xov xwm ntawm kev sib txuas yog ib qho kev sib sau ua ke-kab xov xwm.
Thiab xwb Raws li muaj ntev muaj ib tug Western tog-kab ntawm dismantling ntawm Yugoslavia, [28] uas lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua phem thiab cov neeg raug tsim txom raug pov tseg thaum ntxov (1991-) thiab ua raws li kev mob siab rau kev siv zog thiab kev lees paub los ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas โ Observercov kws sau ntawv, yog li ib tog-kab ntawm 1994 kev tua neeg loj hauv Rwanda tau coj nws cov kev pabcuam ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau yuav luag ntau xyoo.
Ntawm no, dua, kev ua txhaum ntawm cov neeg ua txhaum cai thiab cov neeg raug tsim txom tau pom tseeb: Cov luag haujlwm no tau sib piv rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Cov neeg raug tsim txom - raug tsim txom - tus Cawm Seej lub luag hauj lwm, ua raws li cov Tus Saib Xyuas txij li lub Plaub Hlis - Lub Xya Hli 1994, tig qhov tseeb ntawm Rwandan teeb meem upside-down, qhov tseeb uas yuav pom tseeb dua thaum ib qho tshuaj xyuas qhov kev phem ntawm plaub lub hlis nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho 20-xyoo nce thiab thaj chaw sib kis ntawm Kagame lub hwj chim. . [30]
Kagame tau kawm ntawm
Qhov "triggering event" nyob rau hauv pawg
ZNetwork tau txais nyiaj tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem.
Pab Nyiaj