ʻO ke kaua ma waena o Palesetina o nā huaʻōlelo a me ka uhaki like ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka paʻi a me ka haʻi ʻana e ka Hamas - alakaʻi i ke aupuni ʻo Ismael Haniyyeh ma Gaza Strip a me ka Fatah - alakaʻi i ke aupuni o Salam Fayyad ma ke Komohana Komohana ua hāʻawi aku i ka ʻIseraʻela i kāna mea nui loa. ʻO ka makana hoʻolaha e uhi ana i ka uhaki ʻana i nā pono kanaka i hana ʻia e ka Israeli Occupation Forces (IOF) ma ka Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT).
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Palestinian Center for Press Development and Freedom "Mada" ma ka pāpaho Palestinian i ʻAukake o kēia makahiki: "Ua nui aʻe ka uhai ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka pāpāho ma nā ʻāina Palestine e ka Mana Hoʻokō (o Hamas) ma Gaza Strip a me ka (Alakaʻi ʻia e Fatah) nā keʻena palekana Palestinian (o ka Palestinian Authority) ma ke Komohana Komohana, ma kahi o ka Israeli Occupation Forces (IOF). ʻAʻohe mea i hoʻololi ʻia i ke kūlana o ka pāpaho i pani ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, a i ʻole i pale ʻia mai ka hāʻawi ʻana, inā ma West Bank a ma Gaza Strip.
Ma Iulai 14, ua wehewehe ʻo "Mada" i ka uhaki ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa paʻi i ka mahina o Iune i hala ma ke ʻano he "pepehi kanaka o ka media Palestinian" i hana ʻia e nā Palestinians ponoʻī, me nā pūʻulu koa Palestinian; Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā ʻoihana hoʻolaha, ua puhi ʻia, ua ʻaihue ʻia a luku ʻia, ua pāpā ʻia ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā nūpepa, a ua hopu ʻia ka poʻe nūpepa, hoʻoweliweli ʻia a pana ʻia. Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā hana ʻino i kahi "koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ke kūʻokoʻa paʻi;" Ua makaʻu loa ka poʻe nūpepa Palestinian e uhi i nā hanana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike, ka mea "i hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ponoʻī ʻana e nā mea nūpepa a me nā media kūʻokoʻa." ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana i ka pahuhopu a "kakaikahi ka poʻe media kūloko i mālama ʻole ʻia."
Ma ka la 10 o Sepatemaba, ua lilo ka pilikia o ka nupepa Palestinian i ka noonoo o ka honua i ka manawa i hoike mai ai ka New York Times ua pani o Fatah ma West Bank i na hale hoolaha e pili ana i ka Hamas a ua pale aku i na nupepa i kākoʻo ʻia e Hamas mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana a i ʻole ke kīwī ʻo Hamas mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana; Ua hao ʻia a luku ʻia nā lako, ʻeono mau mea nūpepa Hamas i hopu ʻia a he 12 hou aku i hahau ʻia. Ma Gaza ua hana like ʻo Hamas iā Fatah a me ka mana o Palestinian Authority (PA). Ma kahi o ʻewalu mau hale kūʻai i pani ʻia, me ʻekolu mau nūpepa.
I ka lā aʻe, ua koi aku kahi pūʻulu o ka poʻe naʻauao ma Gaza i kahi ʻōlelo ʻaʻole e ʻoki ʻia ka media Palestinian ma waena o "ka hāmare o Ramallah a me ka anvil o Gaza." ʻO kekahi poʻe nūpepa, e like me Saifuddin Shaeen, ka mea kākau moʻolelo o Al-Arabia satellite TV a me Majdi Al-Arabeed, ke alakaʻi a me ka mea nona ka "Voice of Liberty" i holo mai Gaza aʻo Mohammad Shteiwi, ka luna hoʻokele o ke kahua TV satellite al-Aqsa ma ke Komohana. Bank, hele huna. ʻO 700 mau limahana o ka Palestine Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) ke noho nei i ka home no ka mea hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hana i kā lākou hana. Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe nūpepa kūʻokoʻa a me nā mea hoʻolaha i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā lākou iho, kahi hana a lākou i haku ai ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o Hamas i ka mana.
Ua kāhea ʻo Al Mezan Center for Human Rights i Gaza i ka PA a me "nā mana kālai'āina i ka OPT e hana i nā mea e pono ai e hōʻoiaʻiʻo e mālama ʻia nā mea nūpepa ma waho o ka hakakā politika." ʻO ka Foreign Press Association, ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka media haole i loko o ka ʻIseraʻela a me nā panalāʻau Palestinian, ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia i "kēia ʻano hōʻino weliweli o nā mea nūpepa ʻoihana." Ma ʻAukake 28, ʻo ka World Association of Newspapers (WAN) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Paris - ʻo ia ka 18,000 mau nūpepa me kahi lālā e komo pū ana me 76 mau hui nūpepa aupuni, nā hui nūpepa a me nā luna nūpepa pākahi ma 102 mau ʻāina, 12 mau keʻena nūhou a me 10 mau pūʻulu paʻi kūloko a puni honua. - hoʻohewa i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻomāinoino o ka poʻe nūpepa a me ka hōʻino ʻana o nā kūlana hana no nā mea nūpepa Palestinian ma ka OPT.
Ua koi ʻia ke aupuni o Fayyad i kēia manawa e kala aku iā Reuters no nā hana ʻino i ka wā o kahi kūʻē i alakaʻi ʻia e Hamas e nā haumāna kulanui ma ke kūlanakauhale hema o West Bank o Heberona. Pono ke aupuni o Hanniyeh e ʻae a kala aku i ka lehulehu no nā hewa like ʻole ma Gaza Strip. Hiki i kekahi ke nānā i kā lākou mau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka uhaki ʻana o kēlā ʻaoʻao a me nā hōʻike a lākou i koho ai mai nā hui honua o nā pono kanaka e hoʻohewa i kekahi i kekahi i ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa o ko lākou mālama ʻole ʻana i nā kūlana i ʻike ʻia o ka paʻi kūʻokoʻa a me ka ʻōlelo.
Ho'ā 'ia ke kānāwai Paʻi Paʻi Paʻa
ʻO Hamas, e hoʻāʻo ana e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka partisan propaganda mai ka ʻoihana nūpepa, ʻeli ʻo ia mai loko o ka waihona PA i ka mea i hana ʻia he kānāwai paʻi Palestinian defunct i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka poʻe nūpepa kūʻē, pāpā i ka paʻi ʻana o ka ʻike e "hoʻopilikia i ka hui aupuni, hoʻoulu i nā hewa. a i ʻole inaina, māhele a me ka hoʻomana kūʻē" a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā "ʻike huna" e pili ana i nā mākaʻi a me nā pūʻali palekana. ʻAʻole paʻa loa kēia kānāwai no ka mea, ua hoʻomalu nui ʻia ka ʻoihana hoʻolaha hoʻolaha aupuni a me nā ʻoihana pilikino e ka mana o Fatah; ʻO kā lākou hoʻopaʻapaʻa ponoʻī i hana ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai.
ʻO ka mana o Fatah he 40 mau makahiki mua i loko o ka Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) a laila ma hope o ka PA, i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mana hoʻomalu ponoʻī ma hope o ka ʻaelike maluhia o Oslo Palestinian - Israeli o 1993, ua alakaʻi i ka monopoly o ka media. . I ka makahiki 1999, Paukū 19, he hui pono kanaka e pale a paipai i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻōlelo a me ka ʻike ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻohewa ʻia i loko o kahi memo i ka PA i ka Palestinian Press Law no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻatikala e kūʻē i nā kūlana honua o ke kūʻokoʻa Press a me ke kūʻokoʻa o ka holo ʻokoʻa. ʻike.
Hoʻokumu ke kānāwai i kekahi mau kaohi i ka ʻike o nā mea i paʻi ʻia, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka nui o ia mau mea ākea a/a ʻole paha. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole pono nā puke e "kūʻē i nā loina o ... kuleana aupuni" a i ʻole e paʻi i nā mea i "kū ʻole me ka pono" a i ʻole e "hoʻoluliluli i ka manaʻo i ke kālā aupuni." (Ironically ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā Palestinians kahi kālā aupuni). Kākoʻo ʻia kēia mau palena me nā mana censorship no ka mea pono e waiho nā puke i nā kope me ke aupuni ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana. Hāʻawi pū ke kānāwai i nā hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi no ka uhaki ʻana i kāna mau ʻōlelo, i nā manawa he nui e hoʻonui i ka paʻahao.
Eia naʻe, "Ua paʻa mākou a pau i kēia kānāwai paʻi 1995, a ʻo kāna mau ʻatikala e lawe i ka ikaika o ke kānāwai," wahi a ka ʻōlelo a Hamas "ʻoihana ʻike" ma Gaza. E pili ana i kahi komite aupuni hou i hana ʻia e kiaʻi i ka pāpaho, ua ʻōlelo ka ʻōlelo he kuleana ko kēia komite e hana i nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā wahi media a me nā keʻena a "e kiʻi i kā lākou mau lālā no nā pilikia e pili ana i kā lākou hana. ʻAʻole mākou e hana me nā hui i loaʻa ʻole ka mana a i ʻole mahalo i nā lula. " Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ka ʻōlelo a Hamas, ʻo Tahar al-Nunu, ke poʻo o ke komite: "ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi i kēia kānāwai, ʻo ia wale nō kā mākou."
Eia kekahi, ʻo Hamas no ka manawa mua i hoʻopau i nā pūnaewele pūnaewele. Ua aʻo ka Open Net Initiative (ONI) i ke kūlana o ka censorship pūnaewele ma 40 mau ʻāina me ka OPT. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi o ONI ke kānana ʻana ma Rūsia, ʻIseraʻela a i ʻole nā panalāʻau Palestinian ʻoiai nā hakakā politika ma laila (2007). Hōʻike kēia ʻike i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka cyber ma ke Komohana Komohana a me Gaza kūʻē i nā ʻāina Arab āpau me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa. Pono kēia e hoʻololi.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Internet ma ke ʻano he kamaʻilio ma waena o ka 3.5 miliona Palestinians ma lalo o ka noho pūʻali koa ʻIseraʻela mai 1967 a me ka honua waho; He mea koʻikoʻi loa ia e kamaʻilio ai ma waena o ka poʻe Palestinian ponoʻī, inā paha ma waena o ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia ma Gaza Strip a me ko lākou mau hoa pili ma ke Komohana Komohana no ka mea ʻaʻohe pilina territorial ma waena o nā wahi ʻelua, a i ʻole ma waena o nā wahi ʻelua a me ka Palestinian Diaspora, a i ʻole ma waena o nā cantons o ka heluna kanaka Palestine ma West Bank, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 550 mau alanui pūʻali koa Israeli a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o 700km Apartheid Wall (i kapa ʻia he pā palekana a i ʻole keakea e ka IOF) e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale mai kekahi i kekahi a me nā kauhale kuaʻāina. a me nā kūlanakauhale a lākou e lawelawe ai.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kōkua ka poʻe nūpepa e hoʻomāmā i kā lākou hana. ʻOi aku ma mua o 14 mau makahiki o ka mana monopoli o Fatah i hoʻokumu i kahi pūnaewele media alakaʻi ʻia e Fatah me nā mea nūpepa pili ʻo Fatah i hiki ʻole ke kūʻē i ka ʻaoʻao; ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea nūpepa hou alakaʻi ʻia e Hamas. Hāʻawi nā mea ʻelua i kēlā me kēia o nā aupuni hoʻokūkū ʻelua i kumu e hoʻopilikia ai iā lākou ma nā kumu palekana. ʻO ka poʻe nūpepa i kā lākou hapa nui ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ke hoʻohālikelike nei i kā lākou ʻoihana me ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano, e hāʻawi ana i ka mea nui i ka kūpaʻa politika.
ʻŌlelo Killer
Ua ʻoi aku ka "ʻōlelo ikaika" i ka ʻōlelo i manaʻo ʻia o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana ua pani i ka nūpepa ʻoihana i ka hoʻolaha nui o nā hanana. ʻO nā kūlana ʻoihana, ke kānāwai o nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka nūpepa, ke kuleana kīwila "e ʻike," ua hāʻule nā mea hoʻolaha a me nā mea nūpepa ponoʻī i ke kānāwai o ka ikaika. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha, i ka wā e lilo ai ka media i kahua kaua nui a ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea hana nui o ka hakakā ma kahi ʻaʻohe mea kapu hou, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pule Pōʻalima Muslim.
ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka "hui" me ka "lawelawe" i ka mana o ka ʻIseraʻela, e hoʻokau ana i ka "coup dʻetat," "fascism," "kipiʻi a me ke kipi" pepehi kanaka, "pepehi kanaka i ke koko anuanu," hana. "nā hewa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia" a me nā "hewa kaua" e nā "mercenary" a me nā "lawe," ke kāhea ʻana i nā hoʻokolokolo "ʻāina", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hui pāremata ʻo Saeed Siyam ma Sepatemaba 17 no nā laʻana o ka ʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia kaua media inter-Palestinian.
He ʻōlelo pepehi kanaka. ʻO ka ʻāwili like ʻana o nā kiʻi ua aneane like ia me ka pepehi kanaka politika o nā ʻenemi i hiki ke hōʻoia i ko lākou hoʻopau kino ʻana. He aha ka mea e hiki ai i ka "ʻenemi" ʻIseraʻela ke ʻōlelo hou aku no lāua ʻelua? I kēia manawa, hiki i ka ʻIseraʻela ke ʻōlelo i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hoʻokolokolo o ko lākou mau alakaʻi a me nā mea hana anti-occupation.
Ke hoʻohana nei nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hakakā kūloko i ka hoʻomana e lawelawe i kā lākou kaua ʻōlelo. I mea e hoʻopololei ai i ka Hamas, ka mea i hoʻomalu i nā hale pule, ua kāhea ʻo Fatah a me kāna mau hoa "hema" a me ka liberal PLO i nā pule Pōʻalima ma nā wahi ākea, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻomana e pili ana inā pili kēia i ke kānāwai Islam a ʻaʻole paha. ʻO nā haʻi'ōlelo honua e lilo i poʻe akamai i ke kānāwai hoʻomana a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻomana e kākoʻo i kā lākou kāhea ʻana i ka politika.
No ka laʻana, ua alakaʻi ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa kiʻekiʻe e like me Yasser Abed Rabbo, Kakauolelo Nui o ke Kōmike Hoʻokō PLO, ʻo ia ke kuleana o ka media a PLO a me ke kuhina mua o ka ʻike a me ka moʻomeheu, e huhū me kahi mea nīnauele BBC, ʻo Mahmoud Murad, hope. i ka mahina i nīnau ai ʻo wai ka PA i manaʻo he ʻenemi no lākou, ʻo Israel a me Hamas. Ua hoʻihoʻi ola ʻo Abed Rabbo ma ka lewa me ka, "ʻaʻohe ʻoluʻolu ʻoe, ʻino ..." Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻo Murad e hoʻopiʻi.
I ka nīnau ʻia ʻana o Confucius: “He aha ka mea mua āu e hana ai inā koho ʻia ʻoe i alakaʻi no ka ʻāina?” ua pane ʻo ia: “E hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōlelo, ʻoiaʻiʻo. Pono mākou e hoʻohana pono i nā huaʻōlelo. Inā ʻaʻole, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻōlelo, a inā ʻaʻole pololei ka ʻōlelo, ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke hoʻokō. Inā ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻokō ʻia, e emi ana ka pono a me ke akamai. Inā emi ka pono a me ke akamai, ʻaʻohe alakaʻi o ka pono. Inā ʻaʻohe alakaʻi o ka hoʻopono, piʻoloke a nele ka poʻe. No laila pono ʻoe e makaʻala loa i kāu ʻōlelo. (Hai ʻia e Sirikit Syah ma ka Brunei Times ma Sept. 10, 2007)
ʻElua mau loina hanohano e pale aku i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka paʻi Palestinian i lilo i mea nui loa e pale aku i ka media i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ke kaua ikaika o nā huaʻōlelo, hoʻokahi ma waena o nā aupuni hoʻokūkū ma Gaza a me Ramallah, alakaʻi ʻia e Hamas a me Fatah, a me kekahi code i waena o nā mea nūpepa iā lākou iho. e hoʻohana i nā kūlana ʻoihana i kā lākou uhi ʻana me ka nānā ʻole i ka pili politika a me ke aloha.
He mea nui hoʻi ka hana ʻana e nā hui kuleana kanaka āpau a me ka kūloko e lawe i nā mana a me nā kaiāulu media e mahalo i ka hōʻike ʻole ʻole, kūʻokoʻa a kūʻokoʻa no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ka wela o ka hakakā ma ka OPT ke hoʻohuli i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ka pilikia e haʻalele ʻole mai. hoʻopilikia i nā mea hoʻolaha kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā ala media o ka ʻenemi politika hoʻokūkū.
Kaua Hua'ōlelo 'Official'
Ua lilo ʻo Media i kaʻa koʻikoʻi loa no ka PA i ka hakakā ʻana iā Hamas, ua haʻi ke Kuhina ʻIke PA ʻo Riyad al-Malki i kahi hui o ka ʻIseraʻela a me nā mea nūpepa Palestine ma Ramallah ma ʻAukake 14 "80 ka nui o ke kaua e pili ana i ka ʻike media." Ua manaʻo ʻo Al-Malki e hiki i ka ʻIseraʻela ke noʻonoʻo i nā ala e kōkua ai i ka PA Information Ministry e hoʻokō i kāna mau pahuhopu. "I ka hopena o ka lā, makemake kēia aupuni e hōʻea i ka maluhia me ka ʻIseraʻela," wahi āna.
Prior to the meeting with al-Malki, Basem Abu Sumaya, chairman of the PBC, which was bombed by the Israelis in 2002, led the journalists in a tour of his premises. During the meeting nothing was said about an Israeli ban on deliveries of paper to Gaza, where print press could hardly manage with the shortage of paper, power and fuel due to Israel‘s tight siege. Moreover and even days before Hamas’ control of Gaza, Israel prevented the three West Bank dailies from entering Gaza until June 29.
The inter-Palestinian war of words has given the Israeli occupying power a propaganda prize to push into oblivion her own fatal violations of Palestinian press freedom. For example, who remembers now the shooting twice by the Israeli soldiers of Palestinian news cameraman, Imad Ghanem, 21, on 5 July, ka mea a Reuters video showed bullets hitting his body as he lay injured on the ground, a crime that was condemned by The International Federation of Journalists as “a vicious and brutal example of deliberate targeting of a journalist”?! Ghanem was one of the leaders of the demonstrations to demand the release of the British journalist Alan Johnston during his kidnap ordeal in Gaza months ago.
A i ʻole, ʻehiku mau makahiki, ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo nei i ka holomua o ka media Palestinian o ke kiʻi wikiō 27-minute i hoʻolele ʻia ma nā pale TV a puni ka honua e hōʻike ana i ke keiki Palestinian Mohammad al-Durrah i ka wā i pana ʻia ʻo ia e nā koa IOF i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ana. e imi i ka malu o ka apo o kona makuakane?
A BBC Ad. recruiting a “Project Director, Palestinian Territories” to advise Palestinian journalists sounded timely enough: “The Project Director will be responsible for managing and coordinating delivery of the Trust’s EIDHR-Dutch co-funded project in Palestine titled: ‘Support for the Palestinian Media Sector with Focus on Building Sustainable Mechanisms for Professional Development of Journalists and Media Professionals’. The project aims to increase the level of networking and dialogue between media professionals in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.”
Ma waho o ka ʻIseraʻela, ʻo ka US a me ʻEulopa ua hoʻokumu a hoʻomau i ka pilikia politika ma waena o Palestinian i kēia manawa, e alakaʻi ana i ke kaua huhū o nā huaʻōlelo. Inā ho'ōki ka hana ʻana o waho a me ka hoʻonāukiuki anti-Hamas i ka pilikia e hoʻomaha i ke kaomi ʻana i ka media e ʻae i ka hoʻolauleʻa aupuni, a ʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi i ka manawa no ke kaua ʻōlelo e hoʻopau, e waiho ana i nā hoʻomanaʻo ʻawaʻawa o ka lāhui.
Nicola Nasser is a veteran Arab journalist in Kuwait, Jordan, UAE and Palestine; he is based in Bir Zeit, West Bank of the Israeli-occupied territories.
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