No ka manawa mua i kona noho pelekikena ʻewalu makahiki, ʻaʻole ʻo Barack Obama i ka ʻIseraʻela. I ka wā i koho ai ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā e hoʻohewa i ka ʻIseraʻela no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho pono ʻole ma nā ʻāina Palestine i noho ʻia, ua haʻalele ka hoʻokele Obama, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Resolution 2334 "ʻaʻohe kūpono o ke kānāwai," kapa ʻia lākou he "hewa nui ma lalo o ke kānāwai o ka honua," a koi iā ʻIseraʻela "e hoʻopau koke i nā hana hoʻoponopono āpau."
ʻOiai ua kūlike ʻo 2334 me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo mua o ka ʻaha kūkā, ua hoʻolei ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Israeli Benjamin Netanyahu, e kāhea ana i ka haʻalele ʻana o ʻAmelika he "hōʻike kaua." Ma muli o ka hiki ʻana o Obama i nā kulekele kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻIseraʻela, ua pīhoihoi paha ʻo Netanyahu i ka ʻōlelo hope ʻana o Obama ʻaʻole.
ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, he lālā paʻa o ka ʻaha kūkā, veto i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻoholo i ka makahiki 2011 e hoʻāhewa ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā wahi noho o ka ʻIseraʻela ma nā ʻāina Palestine i noho ʻia. A i ka makahiki 2014, ua kūʻē ka US i kahi hoʻoholo hoʻoholo e koi ana i ka haʻalele ʻana o ka ʻIseraʻela mai West Bank. i loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki.
Mai ka makahiki 1967, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo ʻIseraʻela ma mua o ka hapalua miliona o kona mau kamaʻāina ponoʻī i nā ʻāina Palestine, e hoʻomau ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale noho ma West Bank a me East Jerusalem.
I ka makahiki 2004, ua hōʻoia ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo o ka Honua ma lalo o ka noho ʻana o ka ʻIseraʻela i nā panalāʻau Palestinian a ʻo ka hale noho o ka ʻIseraʻela e kūʻē i ka ʻEhā Geneva Convention.
ʻAʻole hiki i kahi mokuʻāina noho ʻāina ʻaʻole nona ponoʻī ke kūkulu i nā wahi noho ma ia ʻāina a hoʻoili i kona mau kamaʻāina ponoʻī i loko o lākou. ʻO ka Paukū 8.2(b)(viii) o ke Kumukānāwai Roma no ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Karaima (ICC) e wehewehe i "ka hoʻololi ʻana, pololei a ʻole paha, e ka Mana Noho o nā ʻāpana o kona heluna kanaka kīwila i loko o ka ʻāina āna e noho ai" ma ke ʻano he karaima kaua. .
Ua lawe ʻo ʻIseraʻela i ke Komohana Komohana, Gaza a me Ierusalema Hikina e ka pūʻali koa i ka makahiki 1967 a ua paʻa ʻo ia ma lalo o ka ʻoihana koa mai ia manawa.
E like me ka Security Council Resolution 242, i hoʻoholo ʻia i ka makahiki 1967, ua ʻōlelo hou ʻo Resolution 2334 i "ka hiki ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina ma ke kaua." ʻOiai ua kāhea ʻo Resolution 242 no ka "haʻalele ʻana i nā pūʻali koa o ka ʻIseraʻela mai nā ʻāina i noho ʻia i ka hakakā hou," ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ʻIseraʻela i ka noho ʻana i nā ʻāina Palestinian i loaʻa iā ia i ke "Kāua ʻeono lā."
"Ma luna o 4.5 miliona Palestinians e noho ana ma kēia mau ʻāina i noho ʻia, akā ʻaʻole lākou he kamaʻāina o ka ʻIseraʻela," i kākau ai ʻo Jimmy Carter ma ka Ka New York Times. "ʻO ka hapa nui o ka noho ʻana ma lalo o ke aupuni koa o ka ʻIseraʻela, a ʻaʻole koho balota i ke koho balota aupuni o ʻIseraʻela."
Kāna kikowaena
Hoʻohana ka ʻIseraʻela i ka mana piha ma luna o nā ʻano āpau o ke ola Palestinian ma West Bank, East Jerusalem a me Gaza. ʻO ia nā palena, ka ea, ka komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā kānaka a me nā waiwai, a me ke kahakai a me nā wai mai ke kahakai o Gaza. Ua uhaki ka noho ʻana i nā pono kīvila kanaka o ka Palestinians.
ʻO Flavia Pansieri, ka hope komisina kiʻekiʻe o UN no nā pono kanaka, i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka makahiki i hala ʻO ka hana ʻino ʻana i nā pono kanaka "e hoʻoulu a hoʻohālikelike i ka hakakā" ma nā panalāʻau Palestine i noho ʻia, me ka hoʻohui ʻana, "ʻo ka hana ʻino ʻana i nā pono kanaka ma West Bank, me East Jerusalem, ʻo ia ke kumu a me ka hopena o ka noho pūʻali koa a me ka hana ʻino mau, ma kahi ʻO ke kaʻina cyclical ʻawaʻawa me nā hopena ākea no ka maluhia a me ka palekana ma ka ʻāina.
ʻAʻole ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho pono ʻole ma nā ʻāina Palestinian i noho ʻia ʻo ia wale nō ka hewa kaua a nā alakaʻi o ʻIseraʻela i hana ai. I ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻouka ʻo ʻIseraʻela i Gaza a ua pepehi ʻia ma mua o 2,000 Palestinians, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he poʻe kīwila. Ma kahi kokoke i 10,000 Palestinians i ʻeha, ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,000 o lākou he mau keiki. He ʻumi kaukani o ka poʻe Palestinian i nalowale i ko lākou mau home a ua pōʻino loa nā ʻoihana. Nui nā kula, nā wahi puʻuhonua UN, nā halemai, nā ambulances a me nā hale pule i manaʻo ʻia.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo ʻIseraʻela i ka "Dahiya aʻoaʻo" e hoʻohana i "ka ikaika disproportionate" a hana i ka "pōʻino nui a me ka luku ʻana i nā waiwai kīwila a me nā ʻoihana, a me ka ʻeha i nā lehulehu kanaka," e like me ia i wehewehe ʻia ma ka hōʻike 2009 UN Human Rights Council (Goldstone). ʻO ia mau hana he hōʻike no nā hewa kaua ma lalo o ka Paukū 8 (2) (a) o ke Kumukānāwai Roma.
Hiki i ka ICC ke noiʻi a hoʻopiʻi i kēia mau hewa. Eia naʻe, i mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, ua kūʻē mau ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka lilo ʻana o Palesetina i hui i ke kānāwai Roma. ʻO Palestine, ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he lālā ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka UN General Assembly, ua komo i ka Roma Statute i Ianuali 2015 a noi i ka ICC e noiʻi i ka ʻIseraʻela no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hoʻoponopono kānāwai a me ka hana ʻana i nā hewa kaua ma Gaza.
I Ianuali 2015, ua wehe ʻo Fatou Bensouda, ka mea hoʻopiʻi o ka ICC, i kahi hoʻokolokolo mua i ka noho ʻana i ke kānāwai a me ka pana ʻana o ka ʻIseraʻela ma Gaza i ka makahiki 2014. Ua huhū ʻo Netanyahu no ka mea ʻo ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo hou o ka Security Council e kākoʻo i ka hihia no ka hoʻopiʻi hewa kaua ICC i nā alakaʻi o ka ʻIseraʻela.
Kuʻi i ke kānāwai US
ʻO ke kākoʻo kūpaʻa ʻole o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka ʻIseraʻela ke kūʻē nei i ke kānāwai US. Ma lalo o ke Kānāwai Leahy, ʻaʻole hiki i nā pūʻali koa e hana i nā pono kīwila ke loaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a i ʻole nā mea kaua o ʻAmelika, a ʻo ka poʻe i hana i nā hana hōʻino pono kanaka e hōʻole ʻia nā visa US. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hōʻike makahiki makahiki a ka Moku'āina i nā hewa o ka ʻIseraʻela. A ʻo ka Foreign Assistance Act o 1961 e pāpā ana i ke kōkua ʻana i kekahi ʻāina "e hana nei i kahi ʻano kūlike o ka hōʻino nui ʻana i nā pono kanaka i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua."
Eia naʻe, i loko o kona pelekikena, ua kākoʻo ʻo Obama i ka ʻIseraʻela me ka pale ʻole iā ia mai ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana no nā hewa kaua o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale noho a me ka huli ʻana i nā makaʻāinana ma Gaza.
I Kepakemapa, ua hoʻohiki ʻo Obama i ka ʻIseraʻela he $ 38 biliona i ke kōkua pūʻali koa i nā makahiki he 10 e hiki mai ana, e lilo ana i mea kākoʻo kālā ikaika loa o ka ʻIseraʻela e noho i ka Hale Paʻa. ʻO Obama, ka mea i kapa ʻia e ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻIseraʻela ʻo Gideon Levy "ke kahu o ka ʻoihana," hoʻonui i ka nui o ke kālā a ka US e hāʻawi ai iā ʻIseraʻela i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai $3.1 a i $3.8 biliona.
Ua kapa ʻo Netanyahu i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kōkua US "ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia" a me "ka mōʻaukala," e hōʻike ana iā ia ʻo "ka hana nui loa mai ka wā i ʻoki ʻia ai ka berena," wahi a Aaron David Miller, ka pelekikena o ka Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. "ʻAʻole hiki ke uhaʻi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ʻAmelika a me ʻIseraʻela," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Obama, ʻoiai ʻo ia a me Netanyahu i lulu lima.
ʻO ka $ 3.8 biliona makahiki, ʻoi aku ke kālā ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka US i kekahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe, e hoʻopaʻa kālā i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka pūʻali koa ʻIseraʻela i nā ʻāina Palestine, i kēia manawa i ka ʻelima mau makahiki. ʻO Obama naʻe, e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia no kona kū ʻana i ka ʻIseraʻela, ʻoiai ma ka 11th hola. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka Pelekikena i koho ʻia ʻo Donald Trump e hahai i kēia.
Ua komo ʻo Trump me ka lanakila ʻole e pale i ka Resolution 2334 mai ka hele ʻana mai i ka papahele ʻaha kūkā. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hoʻoneʻe ʻo ia i ka ʻelele US ma ʻIseraʻela mai Tel Aviv a hiki i Ierusalema, ʻoiai, e like me ka Resolution 2334 i ʻōlelo ai, aia ʻo East Jerusalem i ka ʻāina Palestinian. Ua kaulana ʻo David Friedman, ka ʻelele komo a Trump i ka ʻIseraʻela, no ke kālā ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ʻo Beit El settlement kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo West Bank o Ramallah.
He leo kumu
Hiki iā mākou ke manaʻolana e hoʻolohe ʻo Trump iā Gen. James Mattis, kāna i koho ʻia no ke Kakauolelo o ka Puʻukū. "Ua uku au i ke kumukūʻai palekana koa i kēlā me kēia lā ma ke ʻano he luna o CENTCOM no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka ʻIseraʻela," wahi a Mattis ma ka Aspen Security Forum ma Colorado ma 2013.
Ua hoʻohewa ʻo Mattis i ka ʻIseraʻela no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale noho ma West Bank i noho ʻia, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana "e hana ana lākou i hiki ʻole ke mālama i ke koho ʻelua ʻāina." Ua hoʻohui ʻo ia e hoʻonāwaliwali paha nā noho ʻana i ka ʻIseraʻela ma ke ʻano he aupuni Iudaio a me Demokalaka a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ʻIseraʻela i lilo i mokuʻāina "apartheid".
"Inā wau i Ierusalema a hoʻonoho wau i 500 poʻe Iudaio i waho ma ka hikina a aia he 10,000 poʻe Arab e noho ana ma ʻaneʻi, inā mākou e huki i ka palena e hoʻokomo iā lākou, inā ʻaʻole ia he mokuʻāina Iudaio a ʻōlelo ʻoe ʻaʻole ʻo nā ʻArabia. e koho balota - apartheid, "wahi a Mattis.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo Resolution 2334 i ka hewa ʻole o ka noho ʻana o ka ʻIseraʻela i loko o ka haʻiʻōlelo lehulehu. ʻOiai ua hoʻohiki ʻo ʻIseraʻela e kūʻē i ka ʻaha kūkā a hoʻomau i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho pono ʻole, ua kāhea ʻo Jewish Voice for Peace a me nā hui kuleana kanaka ʻē aʻe no ka "hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaomi ʻana i ka ʻāina ma luna o ka ʻIseraʻela, ma o Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions [BDS] campaigns, a hiki i nā kuleana kanaka piha o Palestinians. ua ʻike ʻia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke kono nei ka ʻōlelo o ka Resolution 2334 i nā ʻāina e komo i ka BDS ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana he pono lākou e "hoʻokaʻawale . . . ma waena o ka mokuʻāina o ka ʻIseraʻela a me nā ʻāina i noho ʻia mai ka makahiki 1967.
ʻO Marjorie Cohn ke kumu aʻoaʻo emerita ma Thomas Jefferson School of Law, pelekikena mua o ka National Lawyers Guild, hope kakauolelo nui o ka International Association of Democratic Lawyers, a he lālā o Jewish Voice for Peace. ʻO kāna puke hou loa ʻo 'Drones and Targeted Killing: Legal, Moral, and Geopolitical Issues.' E kipa i kāna pūnaewele ma http://marjoriecohn.com/ a hahai iā ia ma Twitter @MarjorieCohn.
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
E Makana mai
1 manaʻo hoʻopuka
Pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo like i ka ʻāina ʻo Mekiko mai ka makahiki 1848 e ka US. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ʻaʻole he poʻe lawaiʻa ʻole ʻo Mekiko akā ua haʻalele a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka Palestinians. Hiki ke pale ʻia nā pono kanaka ke ʻole e hoʻohana ʻia nā kūlana like i nā hana ʻino like ʻole. Pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kānāwai, a ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika no kāna hana hoʻomāinoino a me ka noho kānāwai.