Source: legalienate
"ʻO ka manaʻo ʻAmelika no ka holomua ka wikiwiki o koʻu lilo ʻana i keʻokeʻo. A he ʻeke hoʻopunipuni. No ka mea, ʻike maopopo lākou ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke lilo i keʻokeʻo. Ua inu au i ka'u mahele o ka martini maloo; Ua hōʻoia wau iaʻu iho i ka makaʻala ma nā ʻano āpau hiki iaʻu. Akā aia kahi paʻakikī hiki ʻole ke hana: ʻaʻole hana kekahi mea. ʻAe, ua hoʻoholo wau: hiki iaʻu ke hana e like me kahi nigger. "
—–James Baldwin, UC Berkeley, 1979[1]
"He kanaka weliweli. "[2]
—–F.B.I. hoike kahua
ʻO ka moʻopuna a ke kauā, ʻo ia ka hiapo o ʻeiwa mau keiki i loko o ka ʻohana Harlem i hū ʻia i ka ʻilihune, ua ulu ʻo ia ma waena o nā junkies, winos, pimps, racketeers, pick-pockets, and con-artists.
Hoʻopuni ʻia ʻo ia e ka manaʻolana, ua hilinaʻi ʻo ia i ka palapala, heluhelu me ka ikaika nui a kona makuahine i hūnā ai i kāna mau puke.[3] Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka Baibala, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea ʻōpio ma ka papa pule, e hauʻoli ana i ka ʻōlelo a me nā mele o ke Kauoha Kahiko. I ia manawa, ua ʻai ʻo ia i nā mea a pau i hiki ke loaʻa i kona mau lima ma kahi kokoke i ka home. "ʻElua hale waihona puke ma Harlem," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo ia, "a i koʻu piha ʻana i ka ʻumikumamākolu, ua heluhelu au i kēlā me kēia puke ma nā hale waihona puke ʻelua a ua loaʻa iaʻu kahi kāleka i ke kaona no ke alanui Kanahakūmālua."[4]
Kū aʻela kona ʻōlinolino. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau kumu, he Communist with a Theatre Project mahalo i ka WPA, hoʻomaka e hāʻawi iā ia i nā puke a lawe iā ia i nā pāʻani a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā hale hōʻikeʻike, e hānai ana i kona noʻonoʻo ʻoiai e aʻo ana iā ia i kahi haʻawina hoʻohenehene e pili ana i ka lāhui i manaʻo ʻia: "Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia. ʻO wau kaʻu kī mua, koʻu ʻike mua he kanaka keʻokeʻo," wahi a Baldwin. [5]
Hoʻopilikia ka racism i nā mea āpau, pinepine i nā ala i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. No ka laʻana, ua aʻo ʻo Baldwin mai kona makuahine e hāʻawi mau i kona noho i kahi wahine ke holo ʻo ia ma ke alaloa. Akā, ma ka hale pule, ua aʻo kekahi poʻe haʻiʻōlelo ʻaʻole pono ʻo ia e hāʻawi i kona noho i ka wahine keʻokeʻo, no ka mea he "hana hoʻokauwā." Ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Baldwin i ka conundrum ma ka noho ʻole ʻana ma ke alaloa.[6] Akā ʻaʻole i maʻalahi nā pilikia lāhui ʻē aʻe, e like me ka wā i hahau ai nā mākaʻi ʻelua iā ia "hapalua a make" i kona wā he ʻumi makahiki.[7]
ʻO ke ʻano o ka puka ʻana i ka heluhelu heluhelu, hilinaʻi iā ia iho, a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o kahi honua i wehewehe iā ia he hapa hapa wale nō i wehe ʻia mai ka ululāʻau ululāʻau, ua ʻike ʻo ia iā ia iho i ka pōʻino o ka hana a ʻōlelo paha i kekahi mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka pōʻino. I ka makahiki 18, ua nalowale ʻo ia i kona huhū a hoʻolei i ke aniani wai i kahi kahu wahine i hōʻole iā ia e lawelawe i loko o kahi hale ʻaina kaʻawale ʻo New Jersey, e nānā pū ana me nā poʻe kahaha i ka haki ʻana i ke aniani ma hope o ka pā. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua hū ʻo Harlem i kahi haunaele heihei i kona kanu ʻana i kona makuakāne, nona ka huhū i hoʻopau iā ia ma mua o ka maʻi maʻi i hoʻopau iā ia. ʻElima makahiki ma hope o kēlā, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōpio ʻo James i nā hana ʻino o ke ola ʻAmelika, a ua holo ʻo ia i ka US "ma kahi o ʻelima mau minuke ma mua o ka lawe ʻia ʻana i Bellevue."[8]
Ua hōʻea ʻo ia iā Paris me $40 i kona inoa a ʻaʻohe Palani, ua hoʻomaha ʻo ia i kona mau pō ma nā noho paka e hōʻoluʻolu ana i ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Farani ma Algeria, ʻoiai ʻo kāna ʻawaʻawa paʻa i hoʻomanawanui i ka US.[9] No ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa ua paʻa ʻo ia i ka "waʻi ʻana i nā kaola, kuʻi i lalo i nā poʻe," hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia ma hope, a pau i ka hale paʻahao. "Ua aʻo ʻia ʻoe he haʻahaʻa ʻoe," i wehewehe ai ʻo ia, "no laila e hana ʻoe me he mea lā he haʻahaʻa ʻoe. A ma ka pae paʻakikī loa e kiʻi ai, manaʻoʻiʻo maoli ʻoe. "[10]
I ka pau ʻana o ka haunaele, ua ʻike ʻo Baldwin ua lilo kona ola i mea pilikino, e ʻae iā ia e nānā kaʻawale i ka manaʻo o ka lāhui ʻoʻopa e hōʻino ana i kona ʻāina hānau. E like me ke kāula o ke Kauoha Kahiko, ua kani ʻo ia i ka puʻukū ma nā ʻaoʻao o Ke Keʻena Hōʻea manawa: "ʻO kēia ka hewa aʻu e hoʻopiʻi nei i koʻu ʻāina a me koʻu poʻe kamaʻāina, a ʻaʻole wau a me ka manawa a me ka mōʻaukala e kala ʻole iā lākou, no ka mea, ua luku a luku lākou i nā haneli haneli o nā ola a ʻike ʻole a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ʻike. makemake e ʻike. Ua mālama ʻo ia i kona hoʻowahāwahā loa ʻana i ka poʻe makapō me ka manaʻo ʻole: "ʻAʻole e ʻae ʻia ka hewa ʻole o nā mea kākau o ka luku. ʻO ka hala ʻole ka hewa.[11]
Maikaʻi, hoʻoikaika, pilikia nui, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e holo ana ka manawa e kala ai i ke kauā. "Inā ʻaʻole mākou e ʻaʻa i nā mea āpau," kākau ʻo ia, "ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana o kēlā wānana, i haku hou ʻia mai ka Baibala ma ke mele e ke kauā, aia ma luna o mākou: Ua hāʻawi ke Akua iā Noa i ka hōʻailona anuenue, ʻAʻohe wai hou, ʻo ke ahi ma hope. manawa!”[12]
ʻO ka haʻiʻōlelo nui a Baldwin i pae mai me ka leo ʻehaʻeha i nā pepeiao kuli o ka hoʻokumu liberal, ka mea e luhi ana i ka huki ʻana i kona mau wāwae i ka pane ʻana i kahi neʻe kīwila i kapa ʻia ʻo Baldwin i ka "kipi kauā" hou loa o ʻAmelika.[13] I ka hilahila i nā poʻomanaʻo uē a me ke kaumaha i ka hoʻopiʻi hoʻolaha a ka USSR e hōʻiliʻili ai mai ka haunaele lāhui i ka US, ua neʻe wale ka hoʻokele Kennedy me ka makemake ʻole a me ka lohi e kākoʻo i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻeleʻele.[14] ʻOiai ua hoʻokau ʻia ka poʻe ʻeleʻele e nā poʻe kipi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā paipu kepau, a pana ʻia, hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻopaʻahao ʻia, a pepehi ʻia, ua lawe nā luna FBI a ka Loio Kuhina Robert Kennedy i nā moʻolelo a waiho i nā hōʻike, akā ʻaʻole i hana nui i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai kūʻē i nā mākaʻi haunaele a me nā makaʻi KKK. . No ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka nalowale ʻana o ke kākoʻo ma ka ʻaha kūkā, ua koho ʻo JFK e hoʻopaʻa i kona kahua kālai'āina hema, e koho ana i nā luna kānāwai racist i ka noho, me kekahi ma Georgia i ʻimi e pale aku i nā "pinks, radical a me nā poʻe koho ʻeleʻele" mai ka hoʻokahuli ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a ʻo kekahi ma Mississippi i ʻike. ʻAʻohe wahi i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana "he pūʻulu niggers ma kahi huakaʻi koho."[15]
I loko o kēia mau mea a pau, ua hoʻouna ʻo Baldwin i ka Loio Kuhina ʻo Robert Kennedy i kahi telegrama e lawe ana i ka hoʻokele Kennedy no ka hoʻopilikia ʻana iā Birmingham, a ua pane ʻo Kennedy ma ke kono ʻana iā ia e hōʻuluʻulu i kahi hui o nā kukui ʻeleʻele no kahi hālāwai ma kona hale noho ma New York. ʻAʻole i hele maikaʻi. Ua lulu ʻo David ke kaikunāne o Baldwin i ka lima ma ka maka o Kennedy. ʻO Lorraine Hansberry, ka mea pāʻani pāʻani, ua hoʻopio i nā "specimens of white manhood" i hōʻike ʻia i loko manawa kiʻi makasini: ʻO nā mākaʻi o Alabama e paʻi ana i kahi wahine ʻeleʻele i ka honua me ke kuli ma kona ʻāʻī, i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā ʻo ka hana ʻo George Floyd. Ua ʻōlelo hoʻohenehene ʻo Lena Horne e hoʻāʻo ʻo Kennedy e hoʻolaha i kāna kulekele ʻo Jim Crow e hui pū me nā kamaʻāina Harlem, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia "we ʻaʻole hele, no ka mea we ʻaʻole makemake e kiʻi ʻia." Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Freedom Rider Jerome Smith, ʻoʻopa no kona ola ʻana mai ka hahau ʻana i ka Mississippi, ua nausea ʻo ia e hui pū me Kennedy (i mea e mahalo ʻia ai kona mau pono). Ua haʻi aku ʻo ia i ka Loio Kuhina puʻuwai ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke noʻonoʻo hou i ke kaua ʻana no kona ʻāina me ka ʻaʻahu, akā ua kokoke mākaukau e kiʻi i kahi pū e kūʻē iā ia.
Ua noi ʻo Baldwin a me kāna mau malihini iā Kennedy e hoʻouna ka pelekikena i nā pūʻali e hoʻopau i ka hana ʻino racist ma Birmingham, a koi ʻo ia e ʻike i ke kumu ʻaʻole ʻo ia i alakaʻi iā James Meredith i kona lilo ʻana i haumāna ʻeleʻele mua i kākau inoa ma Ole Miss.
Ua ʻakaʻaka ʻo Kennedy.
No ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i kekahi mea ʻakaʻaka, ua koi ʻo Baldwin a me kāna hui e hōʻike i ka hoʻokō pono e ka White House. Ua koi aku ka Peresidena, e alakai i kekahi keiki eleele iloko o ke kula Deep South, i kuha pu ai kekahi poe hookalakupua i kela keiki i ka lahui.
Ua kāpae ʻo Kennedy i ka manaʻo ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻano pono ʻole. ʻO ke keiki a kahi bootlegger, i kōkua ʻia i ke keʻena e nā hui Mob, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e huki nā ʻeleʻele iā lākou iho e like me kāna ʻohana. Me ka pōmaikaʻi, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia me ka mālamalama, hiki i kekahi o lākou ke pelekikena i nā makahiki he kanahā.
Kanawalukū hou makahiki a me nā ʻeleʻele ikaika e hoʻomaha mai ka weliweli racist - ma luna o nā makahiki 400 a lākou i hoʻomanawanui ai - a laila inā hana lākou iā lākou iho! Ua haʻi ʻo Baldwin iā Kennedy he mea lapuwale kāna ʻōlelo. ʻO ka manaʻo, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ua hiki iā Kennedy ke lilo i pelekikena, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe ʻeleʻele, i hōʻea i ʻAmelika ma mua o ka poʻe Katolika Irish, "ke koi ʻia nei e noi a noi i ka hoʻopono."
I ka wā i noho mālie ai ʻo Kennedy a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia, ua puka mai ʻo Baldwin mai ka hālāwai me ke kaumaha nui, me ka haʻi ʻana iā ia "ʻaʻole naʻaupō a pane ʻole i ka ʻeha o ka Negro."[16] Ua hōʻailona ka FBI iā ia ma ke ʻano he "Komunist," a ʻoiai ua lele ʻo ia mai Paris mai, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ʻo ia e kamaʻilio i ka lā Malaki ma Wakinekona i ʻekolu mahina ma hope.[17] kahi i haʻi aku ai ʻo Dr. King i kāna haʻiʻōlelo "He Moeʻe wau". He ʻumikumamāwalu mau lā ma hope o kēlā haʻiʻōlelo, ua pahū ka poma ma Birmingham, e pā ana i ʻehā mau kaikamahine ʻeleʻele e hele ana i ke kula Sābati a mau loa aku.
ʻO ka moeʻuhane kekahi mea; hoololi, he mea e.
ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻo Baldwin iā ia iho "ma lalo he manaʻo maikaʻi,"[18] Ua haʻalele mālie ʻo ia i ka manaʻolana e hoʻololi ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai ʻo kahi kaula o nā pepehi kanaka (Medgar Evers, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Fred Hampton, Mark Clark) i hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia ʻaʻohe ona manaʻo e hana pēlā. I ka nui o ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻāina iā ia iho he keʻokeʻo, ua manaʻo ʻo ia, ʻaʻole i pili. Hiki mai ka loli, akā mai kahi ʻē aʻe.
I ka wā i puka mai ai ʻo Black Power a ua hōʻike ʻo Baldwin i ke aloha no ka hanauna hou o nā radical ʻeleʻele, ua hōʻike pinepine ka poʻe liberal keʻokeʻo i ka hopohopo i ka mea a lākou i ʻike ai i kona haʻalele ʻana mai ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka hoʻolauleʻa. Ua hauʻoli ʻo Baldwin i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana iā lākou:[19] Ua hoʻohui lōʻihi ka poʻe keʻokeʻo i ka ʻāina, ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia iā lākou, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai "ʻaʻole koʻu kupuna wahine i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole i kekahi."[20] Eia kekahi, ʻo ka "pilikia negro" he "pilikia keʻokeʻo" maoli nō ia, ʻoiai ʻo lākou ka mea i haku i ka "nigger" noʻonoʻo, a ʻo lākou ka poʻe i hōʻeha mau ʻia e ia. Aia ke kaumaha ma luna o lākou e ʻike i ke kumu.[21] A hiki i ka wā i hana ai lākou, ʻo nā kamaʻilio āpau e pili ana i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka lāhui, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia.
ʻO ia ʻano ʻoiaʻiʻo paʻakikī ua paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia no ka noʻonoʻo kaulike a me ka ʻike. Ma kahi kūkākūkā ʻekolu ʻāpana me Baldwin i ʻAukake, 1970, ua nānā ka ʻike kikoʻī anthropological a me ka mōʻaukala o Margaret Mead i ka manaʻo o Baldwin i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka poetic ma o ʻehiku mau hola hoihoi o ke kamaʻilio ākea ākea. Akā i ka wā i piʻi mai ai ka ʻIseraʻela-Palestine, ua ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o Baldwin i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma mua o ke kumu haʻalulu o Mead. "ʻO wau ka Arab, ma ʻAmelika, ma ka lima o ka poʻe Iudaio," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, e hōʻino ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻIseraʻela i ka makahiki 1948 o ka Palestinians e "ka poʻe haipule ʻole" i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka "mea i kākau ʻia e Iēhova ma ka papa. ” Ua lilo ʻo Mead i kona ʻoluʻolu i kēia, a ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Baldwin i ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka manaʻo racist, "no ka mea aia he pūʻulu o nā mea kūʻai kūʻai Iudaio ma Harlem."[22]
Akā, ʻaʻohe ʻike o ka anti-Semitism ma Baldwin ia manawa, a i ʻole i kekahi manawa ʻē aʻe o kāna ʻoihana. He ʻoiaʻiʻo wale nō kāna.
A ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kū. I ka makahiki 1974, ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka mekala haneli haneli o ka Cathedral o St. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka moʻolelo o ke Kauoha Kahiko o David i pepehi iā Goliath a me nā Pilisetia, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Baldwin liʻiliʻi i ka huhū nui i ka US "kumakaia" i kona mau kaikuaʻana ʻeleʻele, a hoʻokuʻu me ka hekili ʻo Pelekikena Nixon ma ke ʻano he "motherfucker."
ʻO ka subdean o ka hale pule, me ka hauʻoli ʻole i ka leo o ka lawelawe, ua haʻi aku i ke dean: ʻAʻohe mea i ʻōlelo ma mua i ka 'motherfucker' mai ka pulpito o St. John the Divine.
Ua pane ka Dean ua loli nā manawa: "Ua hiki i kekahi ke hana."[23]
He ʻumikumamākolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻolewa ʻia ʻo Baldwin ma ia hale pule hoʻokahi, a ua hoʻolauleʻa ka poʻe kanikau i kona ola nui ʻole a nui loa. Ua kapa ʻo Maya Angelou iā ia he "ʻuhane nui."[24] Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Toni Morrison "he Kalikimaka mau ka manawa" i kona wā e puni ana, a mahalo iā ia no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻalo a me ka hoʻokamani me ka akaka a me ka nani i kāna mau ʻaoʻao 6895 o ka hana i paʻi ʻia.[25] Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Amiri Baraka i kāna "ʻano koʻikoʻi" a koho i ka mea nui o kāna hana me Dr. King a me Malcolm X.[26]
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i ke ana kūpono o ke ola i noho ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻekolu, a hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kanaka ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēlā me kēia nāwaliwali, ka ʻimi ʻana i nā nāwaliwali a pau, a me ka ʻeli ʻana i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo hohonu loa i kanu ʻia he hana hiki ʻole. Malia paha hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo ʻo ia - ma ka mana o kāna mau ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻia a kākau ʻia - ua hoʻololi ʻo Baldwin i kahi hoʻoilina weliweli o ka ʻeha a me ka huhū i loko o ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka mālamalama.
He mea paʻakikī ke mahalo ʻole i kēlā.
Inā ola ʻo ia, inā ua piha ʻo Baldwin i 96 mau makahiki i ka lā ʻapōpō. Hauʻoli lā hānau e James, a maikaʻi!
[1] Nā Manaʻo o James Baldwin, C-SPAN, Malaki 3, 2007
[2] William J. Maxwell, ʻO James Baldwin - ka faila FBI (Arcade Publishing, 2017) Mokuna 21, p. 167
[3] WJ Weatherby, ʻO James Baldwin – Artist on Fire, (Donald I. Fine, 1989) p. 15
[4] ʻO James Baldwin lāua ʻo Margaret Mead - He Rap ma ka heihei, (JB Lippincott, 1971) pps. 45-6
[5] He Rap ma ka Lahui, p. 31
[6] He Rap ma ka Lahui, p. 55
[7] He Rap ma ka Lahui, p. 213
[8] He Rap ma ka Lahui, p. 56
[9] He Rap ma ka Lahui, p. 242
[10] He Rap ma ka Lahui, p. 57
[11] James Baldwin, Ke Keʻena Hōʻea manawa, (Dell, 1962) pps. 15-16
[12] Ke Keʻena Hōʻea manawa, p. 141
[13] Nā noʻonoʻo o James Baldwin, haʻiʻōlelo ma UC Berkeley, Ianuali 15, 1979 (hoʻolaha ʻia ma C-SPAN 3 Malaki 3, 2007)
[14] ʻO Howard Zinn, He Moolelo Kanaka o Amerika Huipuia, (Harper, 1980) p. 445; Baldwin, Ke Keʻena Hōʻea manawa, pps. 117-18
[15] ʻO Tom Hayden, Hui Hou – He Memoir, (Random House, 1988) p. 59
[16] ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka hui ʻo Bobby Kennedy mai: James Campbell, Kamaʻilio ʻana ma ka ʻīpuka - He ola o James Baldwin, (Viking, 1991) pps. 163-5; David Leeming, James Baldwin – He Moʻolelo, (Henry Holt, 1994) pps. 222-6; WJ Weatherby, ʻO James Baldwin – Artist on Fire, (Donald I. Fine, 1989) pps. 221-4
[17] Leeming, p. 296
[18] He Rap ma ka heihei, p. 88
[19] Leeming, p. 185
[20] Baldwin 1965 Cambridge Union hoopaapaa me William F. Buckley Jr.
[21] ʻAʻole wau i kou Negro (kiʻiʻoniʻoni)
[22] He Rap ma ka heihei, pps. 215-16
[23] Leeming, p. 322
[24] Maya Angelou, “When Great Trees Fall,” bookpatrol.net, Mei 29, 2014
[25] Toni Morrison, "James Baldwin: Hoʻomanaʻo ʻia kona leo - ke ola ma kāna ʻōlelo" New York Times, Kepakemapa 20, 1987
[26] ʻO Amiri Baraka, "James Baldwin, "Hoʻomanaʻo ʻia kona leo - Lawe mākou iā ia me mākou" New York Times, Kepakemapa 20, 1987
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