1. Evo Morales a me Socialism
'Evo, he aha kāu a me ka MORE ʻike ʻia e ka 'socialism,' ua nīnau au iā ia, i ka wā i kono ʻia ai au e ke Kōmike Hoʻokō o ka Bolivian Labor Central (COB). 'No ka noho ʻana i ke kaiāulu a me ke kaulike,' i pane mai ai ʻo ia. 'O ka mea nui, i loko o nā kaiaulu mahi'ai, loa'a iā lākou ka socialism. Eia kekahi laʻana, inā mākou e ʻōlelo no ka ʻāina. No ka ayllu o ka Oihana o Oruro. Akaka, kahi a'u e noho nei i keia manawa, ma ka Hikina ma Chapare, aole ayllus. ʻO ka ʻāpana pakahi ia, a ke ala mai nei nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, no ka mea, ke alakaʻi nei ia i nā paʻa liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike ma kahi kaiāulu mahiʻai kahi o ka ʻāina i hui pū ʻia.'
'Oi aku ka like o ke kumu ho'ohālike socio-economic o ka MAS me ko Lula, Cuba, a me Hugo Chavez?' Ua koi au. "Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au he mea hohonu loa ia," wahi āna. 'He kumu ho'okele waiwai e pili ana i ka lokahi, ka launa pū, ke kaiāulu, a me ka 'aelike. No ka mea, no mākou, he kuʻikahi ka demokala. Aia i loko o ke kaiāulu ka ʻae ʻana, i loko o ka hui kalepa aia nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi.
'I loko o kēia aupuni democracy o Bolivia, ʻaʻole lākou e mahalo i ka manaʻo, nā manaʻo, a me nā ʻeha o nā aupuni nui. A i loko o kēia papa hana mākou e ʻimi nei i ka socialism communitarian e pili ana i ke kaiāulu. ʻO ka socialism, e ʻōlelo kākou, ma muli o ka pānaʻi a me ka lokahi. A ma waho aʻe o kēlā, e pili ana i ka Mother Earth, ka Pacha Mama. ʻAʻole hiki i loko o ia kumu hoʻohālike ke hoʻohuli i ka makuahine honua i mea kūʻai. Ma Bolivia me ka hoʻoponopono agrarian ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka bipi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua o ke kanaka. No ka bipi i ho'opa'a 'ia he 25 eka a no ke kanaka 'a'ohe mea.'
2. Nā ʻōiwi, nā limahana, a me ka hoʻololi o ka Vanguard
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o Evo me ke alakaʻi ʻōiwi ʻO Felipe Quispe ua kaulana, nolaila, ninau aku au ia ia: 'Aia anei na kuee me ka ʻŌiwi Pachakutik (MIP)?' "ʻAʻole," i ʻōlelo ʻo ia, "ʻaʻohe mea like ʻole. Ua maopopo ia lakou e hoowahawaha iki i na keokeo. 'Ōlelo lākou iā mākou he 'maka' mākou (nā keʻokeʻo - HD), akā ʻaʻole, maikaʻi nā pilina.'
Ua hele mai au mai kahi hanana o ka Movement for Participatory Democracy, mai Peru, he paio lōʻihi me Major (ret.) Antauro Humala a me kona etnocacerista neʻe, ma ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻāina Andean. ʻO Antauro, aia i loko o ka hale paʻahao i kēia manawa no ke kipi kūʻē iā Toledo, hiki ke loaʻa hou ke kūʻokoʻa inā ʻo kona kaikunāne, ʻo Lutanela Kolonel (ret.) Ollanta Humala - lua ma na manao koho - lanakila i ke koho pelekikena i ʻApelila o kēia makahiki. Ua ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻo ia e pili ana iā Evo a me nā pilina pili me ka MAS. Ua hōʻoia ʻo Evo 'ua kono lākou iā mākou e lawe i ka ʻōlelo o kēia neʻe ʻana o nā kaiāulu mahiʻai. No ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka MAS, ma ke ʻano he mea kālai'āina no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, e nā manaʻo kālai'āina a i ʻole kahi hui o ka poʻe naʻauao, akā na nā ʻaha kūkā o nā mahiʻai e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia o ka poʻe.'
Ma kēia ʻano, hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻōlelo hoihoi e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke alo o ka hakakā Bolivian. 'Ōlelo mau nā limahana o COB i kā lākou mau'aha'ōlelo e hāpai nā Indians i nā limahana i ka mana ma ko lākou poʻohiwi. ʻO mākou nā mea nāna i kūkulu i ke kipi a ʻo lākou nā haku o ke kipi. I kēia manawa ua loli nā mea a ua hui pū nā poʻe naʻauao a me nā limahana iā mākou.'
3. ʻO ka Socialist Roots o ka MAS
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano politika - a i ʻole 'papa', e like me kā lākou i ʻōlelo ai i ka makahiki kanahiku - o 'Movement to Socialism,' pono e lawe koʻikoʻi i ka wehewehe ʻana a Evo ʻo ka MAS, ma ke ʻano he mea kālai'āina o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, 'aʻole i hana ʻia e ka politika. nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo a i ʻole ma kahi hui o ka poʻe naʻauao, akā na nā ʻaha kūkā mahiʻai e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia o ka lehulehu.' ʻAʻole ia he nīnau no ka ʻaoʻao Bolshevik o Lenin a i ʻole ka Communist Party o Peru o Mariategui (1928), me kahi socialist maopopo - ʻo ia hoʻi, anti-capitalist - papahana a me ka manaʻo.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hāpai ʻia ka poʻo leka o ka Movement to Socialism no nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo akā no nā kumu kūpono o ke kākau inoa koho. ʻOi aku ka ʻino no ka poʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻo ke poʻo leka mai ka ʻĀkau politika, mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka Bolivian Socialist Falange, ka Unzaquista Movement to Socialism (MAS-U) i hui pū me ka incipient cocalero neʻe. I ka wā i koi ʻia ai ka ʻaoʻao i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ma lalo o ke kaomi ʻana o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo koho balota, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa mua o ka poʻo leka o MAS-U.
I kēia mau kūlana, me ka ʻole o ka genesis socialist, me ka ʻole o ke kumumanaʻo socialist, he aha ka mea i koe e like me ka hiki i ka socialist i ka hoʻololi Bolivian a me kāna alakaʻi ʻo Evo? He mea maʻalahi ka pane: nā aʻa etika o ka socialism: ka lōkahi me ka lehulehu, ka ikaika o ka hoʻoponopono kaiāulu, a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hana politika.
4. ʻO ka MAS a me ka Historic Bolivian Socialism
ʻO ka socialism Bolivian mōʻaukala i hiki i kona nani kiʻekiʻe me ka mea kaulana Thesis of Pulacayo (1946), kahi i wehewehe ʻia ai ka unionism trade class-conscious i ka proletariat (miners) ma ke ʻano he alo o kahi kipi anti-capitalist i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka dictatorship o ka proletariat. ʻO kēia papahana mōʻaukala o ka Hui Hui Hui o na Lima Hana o Bolivia (FSTMB) i kūʻē iā ia iho ʻaʻole wale i ka 'cooperation of classes,' a ka Bolivarian Socialist Falange (FSB, 1937) i hoʻolaha ai, akā i ka petty bourgeois nationalism o Paz Estenssoro a me ka Ka Hui Kipi Lahui (MNR) a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka developmentalism a me ka socialism koa o David Toro, Kelemānia Busch, a Gualberto Villaroel i hānau ʻia mai ka moʻopuna o Bolivarian modernity, ka pōʻino o ka Kaua Chaco (1932-1935)
Ke alo nei i keia pio, ua lawe ka Pūʻali Koa i ka mana kālaiʻāina a ua hoʻāla ka Hui Pūʻali Nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi Junta no ka ' hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka lāhui i kahi kūlana noʻonoʻo a mālie o ka nohona. . . ka mea e hoʻokumu i ke aupuni o ka hoʻoponopono kaulike ma Bolivia.' ʻO Colonel David Toro (1936-1937), ka pelekikena mua o ka pūʻali koa, i kapa i kona aupuni 'Military Socialist Revolution' a manaʻoʻiʻo - e like me Perón, ma hope, i ka makahiki 1943 - ua kauoha ke Kuhina o Labour a me Social Planning i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻae ʻana i Standard Oil. ma Bolivia a hoʻokumu i ka hui kinoea a me ka ʻaila ʻO Yacimientos Petroleros Fiscales Bolivianos, E like me ʻO Yrigoyen Ua hana ʻia ma Argentina i ka makahiki 1928.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Major Bosch, ka mea i ukali iā ia ma ke aupuni, ʻaʻole au i hiki i ka pelekikena e lawelawe i ka poʻe kapitalista. Pono lākou e lawelawe i ka ʻāina, a inā ʻaʻole lākou e hana me ka ʻoluʻolu, e hoʻokau ʻia lākou e hana pēlā ma ka ikaika.'
ʻAʻole ʻo Evo Morales i ʻāpana o kēia Latin American developmentalist a i ʻole 'socialist' colonelism - e komo pū ana Prestes a Vargas ma Palakila, Perón ma Argentina, ʻO Torrijos i Panama, ʻO Arbenz a i Kuikala, Velasco Alvarado ma Peru, Torres ma Bolivia, a, ma kekahi ʻano, ʻo Hugo Chavez i Venezuela - ʻaʻole i ʻike iki ʻia kona ʻano nui ma ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika Latin ma mua o ka hoʻomohala kīwila (Yrigoyen, Prebish, Arevalo. Allende, a me nā mea'ē aʻe).
ʻAʻohe ona aʻa i ka Bolivian Stalinism o ka Ka aoao o ka hema kipi (PIR) a me kona 'kipi ma na anuu' - 'pono i keia manawa e hana no ka bourgeois-demokratiki Bolivia, no ka holomua Bolivia, a laila, lohi, e hōʻea mākou i loko o kekahi iwakālua makahiki i ka socialism, a i loko o kanalima a i ole. haneli mau makahiki i ka dictatorship o ka proletariat '(1946) - a me ka Trotskyism o ka Revolutionary Workers Party (POR), aole hoi i ka lanakila nui o ka mining proletariat, ka Thesis o Pulacayo.
5. Nā Pōmaikaʻi o ka lilo ʻana i keiki makua ʻole o ka moʻolelo Socialist
ʻO ka noho ʻana ma waho o kēia mau au moʻolelo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka pōʻino iā Evo Morales, no ka mea, ua hōʻike nā mea āpau i ka hana ʻaʻole lākou i lawelawe e hoʻololi i ka ʻāina. ʻO nā Stalinist o ka PIR i hui pū me ka oligarchy a me ka imperialism e kū'ē i ka uluʻana o Lieutenant Colonel Villaroel, e like me kā lākou i hana ai ma Argentina e kū'ē iā Perón, a kau lākou iā ia ma Plaza Murillo. ʻO ka poʻe Trotskyists, nona nā makahiki he 70 e hoʻolaha ana he mau hoʻoilina kūpono o Lenin a me Marxism, ua loaʻa i ko lākou manawa kūpono e hōʻike ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o 1952, a ua hāʻule ignominiously. A ʻo ka bourgeoisie liʻiliʻi aupuni, ka MNR. ʻO ka mea i hoʻonui i ka hoʻololi kaulana, ua hoʻohuli koke iā ia i ka gringos, e hana i kahi kuʻikahi me ka putchist Banzer ma hope a hoʻohuli iā lākou iho i ka neoliberal hangmen.
6. ʻO ka MAS: Bourgeois Democracy or Socialism?
ʻAʻole ʻo ka MAS he ʻaoʻao mua akā he hui o nā hui like ʻole, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i kekahi mau hui 'Amerindian,' anti-Leninist, a me nā hui anti-imperialist o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Kipi (APRA), i hoʻokumu 'ia ma 1924 ma Mexico e Haya de la Torre, o ka 'uhane socialism' o Arevalo, o ka 'Christian socialism' o Hugo Chavez, a me ka anthropological-philosophical nucleus o ka 'kolu kūlana' o Perón.
ʻO Alvaro Garcia Linera, ex-guerilla, pio, a me ka hope-peresidena o Evo, hōʻike me ka maopopo: 'ʻAʻole mākou kū'ē i ka mākeke kūʻokoʻa. He ʻāpana mākou o kahi hoʻohālike socialist me kahi kapitalisme Bolivian, kahi e hoʻoili ʻia ai ka loaʻa kālā o nā hydrocarbons i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kuaʻāina, kahi e hana mau ai ko mākou poʻe me ka palau ʻAigupita a nā Spaniards i lawe mai.
Inā mākou e unuhi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo kikoʻī loa, pono mākou e ʻōlelo e hana nei mākou me kahi kumu hoʻohālike o ke kolu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa Keynesian developmentalism, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi mākeke hoʻokele waiwai me ka hana hoʻomohala ikaika a me ka palekana o ka mokuʻāina, i loko o kahi politika bourgeois. superstructure a me kahi kaiapuni o ka abysmal neocolonial socio-economic luku.
Evo a me ka MAS aole inject, i keia manawa, he hou socialist dynamic i ka Pāka Mana ʻĀpana (BRP) o ka Patria Grande [ʻAmelika Latina], akā hāʻawi lākou i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka BRP ka mea kaulana loa, proletarian, a me nā ʻōiwi a me nā mea o Latin America. He mea koʻikoʻi nui kēia e kūʻē i nā hui keʻokeʻo-elitist o ʻAmelika, Chile, Uruguay, a me Brazil a me ko lākou mau aupuni. Ma kāna moʻolelo pilikino, kokoke ʻo Evo iā Hugo Chavez, ʻoiai ʻo ia i kāna ʻoiaʻiʻo, anti-imperialism, a me ka pilina kūlohelohe me ka lehulehu a me nā ʻōiwi. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole e like nā hālāwai o MERCOSUR, e like me ka OAS, mai kēia manawa aku, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻo ka pelekikena Venezuelan wale nō ka ikaika ikaika e hoʻokau i nā pelekikena ʻē aʻe.
7. Evo, ka Moho o MERCOSUR
ʻO Evo ma ke ʻano he Pelekikena he 'huahana endogenous' o ka hakakā ʻana o nā papa ma Bolivia. Akā, i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e ka radar politika o Pelekikena Castro. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka maka lapaʻau o Pelekikena Castro me ka luhi ʻole i ka lewa o ka Patria Grande e ʻike ai i nā alakaʻi e hiki mai ana o kona mau lāhui. ʻO Hugo Chavez, ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka hale paʻahao, ua ʻike ʻia ma ka mākaʻikaʻi o ke alakaʻi Karipiano, nāna i hoʻokipa iā ia me nā hanohano e pono ai ke aupuni. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Lula, Jose Dirceu, a me Evo, a ua hōʻoia maikaʻi lākou i ka ʻike o ka Comandante.
I ka makahiki a me ka hapa i hala, ua hoʻololi ʻo Evo iā ia iho i ka moho pelekikena de facto o MERCOSUR o ka Regional Power Block (BRP). No ka lilo ʻana i moho pelekikena no MERCOSUR he mau pono koʻikoʻi o ka pale a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, akā he mau hopena koʻikoʻi hoʻi no ka politika ʻAmelika Latin. ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo e like me kēia.
8. MERCOSUR, Alanui Koho, a me Kipi
ʻO nā moho pelekikena i kākoʻo ʻia e ka BRP e pane aku i ka manaʻo o nā Peresidena a pau o kēia poloka, ua hala ka manawa o ka hakakā kipi a me nā aupuni limahana-mahina. Ua maopopo loa nā ʻōlelo a Fidel e pili ana i ka FARC, e like me ke kūlana o Commandante Chavez, nāna i ʻōlelo i kahi hālāwai hou me Alvaro Uribe ma Santa Marta: 'makemake mākou i nā neʻe kaua e hoʻomaha iā lākou iho.'
ʻO Lula, Kirchner, Tabare, a me Duarte, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻaelike loa me kēia kūlana o ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke kānāwai bourgeois a me ka hopu ʻana i ka mana e nā ala ʻoihana. E ʻoi aku ka pololei: ʻaʻole lākou e kākoʻo i kekahi ala ʻē aʻe, a me ke kākoʻo ʻole o Brazil, Argentina, a me Venezuela, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ke kipi ʻAmelika Latin kaulana i kēia lā. I kēia hihia, kūpono ka ʻōlelo kaulana a Perón: 'United, ʻaʻole hiki ke lanakila ʻia mākou; mokuahana, hiki ole ke pale aku.'
ʻO ka hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi o nā Pelekikena a pau o ka BRP no ke ala kuʻuna - ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi no ka FARC - he hana koʻikoʻi i ka pilikia nui o 2005 ma Bolivia: kahi kipi kipi i ke ʻano o ka 1952 kipi a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana. o ka mana ma ke ala koho. ʻO ke alakaʻi hou (post-miner) o ka COB, i alakaʻi ʻia e Jaime Solares, a me kekahi mau ʻāpana kaulana, no ka laʻana mai El Alto, me nā kūlana pohihihi a me nā kūlana sectarian o Mallku [Prince] Quispe, makemake i ke kipi kaulana. Ke koi nei nā pelekikena a pau o ka BRP i ke ala kula. Ua hele ʻo Evo ma kēia ala a lanakila. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā kūlana pahuhopu e lanakila ai ka pūʻali koa a hoʻohui iā lākou iho i ke aupuni. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo e hana hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana o 1952 e lawe mai i kahi pepehi naʻaupō. He hana hoʻokalakupua a ʻoi aku paha ka ʻino.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi nui o ka lanakila o Evo ʻo ia ka Block of Power. He ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi kona lanakila i ka lāhui Andean. I kēia lā, me ka hoʻokō ʻana i kekahi mau papahana kaiapili o Cuba a me Venezuela, ke kākoʻo hoʻokele waiwai paʻa o Venezuela, ka pale politika a ka BRP i hāʻawi ai, ka waiwai o ke kinoea, a me ke kākoʻo o ka hapa nui no ka papahana o ka MAS a me kona alakaʻi. aia ka hiki ke uhai i ka pōʻai o kanalima makahiki o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka pōʻino.
9. ʻO ka MAS a me ka Future of Socialism i ka BRP
Ma nāʻano a pau, hōʻike ke kūlana o Evo lāuaʻo Garcia i ke kūlana politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ma ka Patria Grande. ʻO ka BRP he hui o nā moku'āina bourgeois (superstructures), koe wale nō ʻo Cuba, me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻoihana mākeke a me kahi papahana mōʻaukala o Latin American developmentalism, i loko o ka manaʻo o Bolivar. Aia i loko o kēia ʻōnaehana macro bourgeois ka manaʻo Venezuelan e hoʻokumu i kahi moʻomeheu socialist o ke kenekulia iwakāluakūmākahi a me kahi kūkākūkā ikaika ma Cuba e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka socialism Cuban mōʻaukala. ʻO ka mea i loaʻa ʻole he hoʻokele waiwai socialist. ʻAʻole hoʻi kahi superstructure socialist. ʻAʻole hoʻi ka 'makemake socialist' o Lula, Kirchner, Tabare, a me Duarte, ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā neʻe lehulehu, ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā hale hoʻonaʻauao.
I loko o ia kūlana, he mea paʻakikī ke manaʻolana a noi paha i ka MAS e hoʻohuli iā ia iho i kahi pānaʻi socialist nāna e huki iā Latin America i ka post-capitalism. ʻO ka manaʻo o Latin American socialism i kēia lā, me nā ala kūʻokoʻa o Cuba a me Venezuela, he manaʻo evolutionary e hāʻawi ana i ka pae hoʻolālā o nā hakakā nui a me nā alakaʻi holomua o ka Patria Grande.
No ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēia manaʻo evolutionary me kahi kumu ʻepekema paʻa a kaulana no ka lāhui ʻAmelika Latin, e like me kā Pelekikena Chavez i hana ai me kāna koi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā mea like a me ke aupuni demokala komo, ʻo ia ka hana koʻikoʻi o nā poʻe kūʻē i ka kapitalista maoli. Ma waena o lākou ʻo Evo a me ka MAS.
Ua paʻi mua ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma ka ʻōlelo Sepania ma Kipión (27 Kekemapa 2005). Ua unuhi ʻia i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania e John Manning.
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