Ma Malaki 31, ua hāʻawi au i kaʻu huakaʻi hope loa o ka hōʻikeʻike "Places of Validation" aʻu i hui pū ai ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Kaleponi ma Los Angeles. I koʻu hiki ʻana i ka hana hoʻokahi o ka hōʻike a Elizabeth Catlett, he kiʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo El Abrazo (The Embrace), ua ʻōlelo au i ka lehulehu ʻo kēia hana nani, i kālai ʻia mai kahi ʻāpana mahogany i ka makahiki 1976, he ʻano maʻamau ia o kā Catlett kiʻi kiʻi nani. ʻano, āna i hoʻokō ai i loko o ʻehiku mau makahiki o kahi ʻoihana nani. Ua ʻike nō hoʻi au he nui nā mea hoʻohewa a me nā mea kākau moʻolelo noʻeau i manaʻo iā Catlett ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea pena kiʻi kiʻi maikaʻi loa o ʻAmelika a he kumu hoʻohālike o ka mea pili i ka nohona. He manaʻo kēia aʻu i hōʻike mau ai i kaʻu aʻo ʻana a me kaʻu kākau ʻana no nā makahiki he 30 a ʻoi aku.
ʻElua wale lā ma hope mai, ua loaʻa mai iaʻu he lono o kona make ʻana i Cuernavaca, Mekiko, i ka makahiki 96, ʻo ia hoʻi he 97 o kona lā hānau. Ua nalowale ʻo Mekikoka, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kekahi o nā alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻeleʻele, wahine a me ka politika o ka 20th a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 21. ʻO kēlā wahine kupaianaha maoli i hāʻawi i kona ola i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona ikaika ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma kāna ʻāina hānai ʻo Mexico. ʻO kāna ʻoihana hanohano ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi, kumu aʻoaʻo a me ka mea hana e pono ai ka mahalo a me ka hanohano.
Ua hoʻomaka kāna huakaʻi noʻonoʻo ma ke Kulanui ʻo Howard, kahi āna i aʻo ai ma lalo o nā moʻolelo moʻomeheu ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika ʻo James Porter, James Lesesne Wells a me Lois Mailou Jones. Ma hope o kona puka ʻana i ka makahiki 1937, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i kāna MFA i ka makahiki 1940 ma ke kulanui, me ke aʻo ʻana me kekahi mea pena kiʻi ʻAmelika ʻē aʻe, ʻo Grant Wood, nāna i paipai iā ia e hana i nā kumuhana āna i ʻike ai a ʻike pilikino. No ke koena o kāna ʻoihana, no laila, ua hana ʻo ia i nā paʻi a me nā kiʻi kiʻi e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ka poʻe ʻilihune a me ka ʻilihune, nā mea weliweli o ka racism a me ka colonialism, ka hanohano o ka poʻe maʻamau o ke kala a me nā kumuhana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka pilikanaka. ʻO Francisco Goya, Kathe Kollwitz, Ben Shahn a me nā haneli ʻē aʻe.
I ka makahiki 1941, ua mare ʻo ia i kekahi mea pena kiʻi kālaiʻāina ʻo Charles White. I ko lākou kipa ʻana i Mekiko, ua ʻike lākou i ka moʻomeheu kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi a me ka hana paʻi ʻana ma laila e pili ana i ka hana a me ka politika. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka male ʻana, ua neʻe ʻo ia i Mekiko ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa politika ʻAmelika ma hope o ke kaua i hoʻopau i ke Kumukānāwai a ua hoʻokumu i nā papa inoa ʻeleʻele kaulana o nā tausani i ka ʻoihana, ʻoliʻoli, hoʻonaʻauao a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe ma mua o 20 mau makahiki.
Ma Mexico City, hui ʻo Catlett a male i ka mea pena Mekiko ʻo Francisco Mora a hana ʻo ia ma ka Popular Graphics Workshop (Taller de Grafica Popular). Ma laila, ua hana ʻo ia a me kāna mau hoa hana i nā paʻi kūʻai kūʻai ʻole i loaʻa ka manaʻo pilikanaka a me ka politika e hoʻopiʻi i nā poʻe Mekiko. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi koho ikaika o kāna mau paʻi kaulana mai ia au ma ka Mexican Cultural Institute ma Wakinekona, DC, i ka makahiki 2010. Ua loaʻa iaʻu ka pōmaikaʻi e alakaʻi i ka mākaʻikaʻi o ia hōʻikeʻike i koʻu aʻo ʻana ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Washington Center i kēlā pūnāwai. manawa.
Ua lilo ʻo Catlett i kamaʻāina Mekiko i ka makahiki 1962 a ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ke Kula ʻo Fine Arts ma ka National Autonomous University ma Mexico City mai 1958 a i 1976. Ma kona noho ʻana ma Mexico, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kekahi mau mahina i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma New York-koe wale nō i ka makahiki 1960. , i ka wā i haʻi ʻia ai ʻo ia he "alien makemake ʻole" a hōʻole ʻia ka visa ma muli o kāna mau manaʻo politika hema a me kāna mau hana. Ma Mekiko, ua haʻaheo ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he waiwai aupuni a ua hōʻike nui ʻia kāna mau hana ma nā hale moʻomeheu me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Modern Art ma Mexico City.
ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi hanohano o ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahine, kahi hiʻohiʻona nui o kāna kiʻi kiʻi a me kāna paʻi. ʻO kāna mau kiʻi koʻikoʻi o nā wahine hana ʻeleʻele ʻike ʻole i hoʻohui i kāna mau kiʻi o nā kukui mōʻaukala e like me Sojourner Truth, Phillis Wheatley, Harriet Tubman a me Angela Davis. ʻO kāna mālama ʻana i nā makuahine ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika a me nā keiki i hoʻohui i kahi ʻano hoʻokipa i kahi kumumanaʻo noʻeau honua. ʻO nā hana ʻē aʻe e hoʻohanohano ana i nā keiki kala i hoʻonui i kona kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he kiʻi kanaka kanaka nui o kēia au. ʻO kāna mau kiʻi kiʻi lehulehu, e like me kāna mau kiʻi nani o Louis Armstrong a me Mahalia Jackson ma New Orleans, ua kōkua pū kekahi i kona kaulana honua.
Ua hoʻonui pū kekahi ʻōlelo kālaiʻāina i kāna hana kiʻi i nā makahiki. Ma luna o nā mea a pau, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ke kākoʻo ʻike maka no nā hakakā ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika mōʻaukala no ke kūʻokoʻa a me ka hanohano. ʻO kāna mau paʻi "Civil Rights Congress" (1949), "Malcolm Speaks for Us" (1969) a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe e hui pū me nā kiʻi kiʻi me Homage to My Young Black Sisters (1968) a me Black Unity (1968) e hōʻike i kāna kūpaʻa mau i ka moʻomeheu o kūʻē kūʻē ʻeleʻele, kekahi o nā kumuhana nui o nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika no nā makahiki he 100. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻo Catlett i nā paʻi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka pōʻino o nā keiki ʻeleʻele i loko o kahi ʻano racist ma ʻAmelika e hoʻomau nei ʻoiai ka holomua o ka neʻe ʻana i nā pono kīwila hou.
Ma ke ʻano he Mekiko maoli, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kāna kiʻi e hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka politika ʻAmelika Latin. ʻO nā linocuts o ka makahiki 1980 e like me "Chile I" a me "Chile II" i manaʻo nui ʻia i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā kuleana kanaka weliweli o ke aupuni dictators Pinochet ma Chile ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli ʻia ʻana o ke aupuni kū kānāwai ma laila i ka makahiki 1973. "ʻAʻole ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika" ( 1986) hoʻohewa like i ke kākoʻo ʻana o ʻAmelika i nā aupuni koa hoʻokaumaha ma laila i ka wā o ka hoʻokele Reagan. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana, ua hoʻokumu nā hana noʻeau a Catlett i kumu hoʻohālike o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻenehana maikaʻi loa a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻopuka pili kaiaulu.
ʻElua wale nō lā ma hope o kona make ʻana, ua hoʻoholo wau e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ola a hana i kaʻu papa Race, Racism and American Law ma UCLA. Ua hoʻopuka hou au a hoʻolaha i kāna hana kiʻi 1970 i kapa ʻia ʻo Target. Hōʻike kēia hana hoʻonāukiuki i kahi kāne ʻeleʻele ma hope o ka ʻike pū, kahi hoʻomanaʻo ikaika o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo racist ʻino ma ʻAmelika mōʻaukala a me kēia manawa. Ua noi au i ka mahele o luna a me nā haumāna puka ma kēia papa e noʻonoʻo i ke koʻikoʻi hohonu o ka hana a Catlett.
Ua kūpono ka manawa no ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka Target. Ua kālele ʻia ka lāhui i ka pepehi ʻia ʻana o Trayvon Martin, he pepehi kanaka me nā ʻano ʻano lāhui. Eia kekahi, hoʻomanaʻo hoʻi ka hana kiʻi ʻekolu-dimensional maikaʻi a Catlett i nā mea nānā e pili ana i nā hihia hou e like me Rodney King, Abner Louima, Amadou Diallo, Oscar Grant a me ke kaukaʻi ʻo Henry Louis Gates - nā manawa āpau o nā kāne ʻeleʻele i manaʻo ʻia ma hope o kāna hana ʻana i kāna ʻāpana hauʻoli. ʻO ka hopena o Target, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā tausani o ka poʻe ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻo ka hapa nui akā ʻaʻole nā kāne ʻōpio wale nō, ka mea i hoʻokau mau ʻia i ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā mākaʻi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ke noʻonoʻo nā haumāna a me nā mea nānā ʻē aʻe o nā hana noʻeau a Elizabeth Catlett i ko lākou manaʻo nui a me nā hopena pili, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ia e mau ana kāna hoʻoilina no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hopena hoʻonaʻauao hohonu o kāna hana kiʻi, i hui pū ʻia me kāna mau hiʻohiʻona nani, hoʻopaʻa i kona inoa ma ke ʻano he kanaka pilikua ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mōʻaukala hana kiʻi hou. A ʻo kāna kūpaʻa paʻa e hoʻohana i kāna hana no ka lawelawe ʻana i nā poʻe o nā lāhui a me nā papa a pau, ʻo ia ke kumu hoʻohālike no nā mea hana kiʻi āpau e pili ana i ka pilikanaka no ke koena o ke kenekulia 21 a ma waho.
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