Buke na J. Smith a me André Moncourt; Kersplebedeb Press & PM Press, Montreal & Oakland, 2009, 736 pp.
Ua hoʻokumu ka RAF i kahi ʻoihana hale kūʻai o nā puke, mai ka mooolelo liberal a Stephan Aust a hiki i ka mea ʻākau a Jillian Becker a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a Tom Vague, me nā palapala a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni e like me Margarethe Von Trotta. ʻO Marianne lāua ʻo Juliane ma muli o ka moʻolelo a Gudrun Ensslin. ʻO ka mea hou loa ʻo J. Smith lāua ʻo André Moncourt sprawling ʻO ka Pūʻali Koa ʻulaʻula: He Moʻolelo Palapala. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka puke mua ma mua o 700 ʻaoʻao e uhi ana i ke kumu o ka hui i ka makahiki 1977. E hoʻomau ka puke lua i ka moʻolelo a hiki i kona hemo ʻana i ka makahiki 1998.
Inā ʻoe e ʻae i ka politika a me ka hoʻolālā o ka RAF, inā makemake ʻoe e heluhelu i kā lākou moʻolelo paʻa, ʻo ia ka puke. Loaʻa ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania no ka manawa mua, he hōʻiliʻili kupanaha piha o nā palapala mai ka RAF a me kāna poʻe kākoʻo. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ka puke i kahi moʻolelo ʻike a me ka meticulously i kākau ʻia o ka nohona kaiaulu kahi i puka mai ai ka RAF, a me ka haʻi ʻana i ka moʻolelo o ka hui ma kahi ʻatikala koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ke kālailai ʻana i nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali o ka hui.
Ma kahi kokoke i ka hopena o ka puke, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hana a ka RAF e hoʻokuʻu i kona mau alakaʻi i kahi ʻōlelo: ʻaʻa e hakakā, ʻaʻole lanakila. ʻEono mau makahiki ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana, aia kona alakaʻi i loko o ka hale paʻahao a ua nui nā lālā i make. Akā naʻe, ua kokoke e lilo ka Pūʻali Koa ʻulaʻula i ʻāpana o nā hanana e ʻike ʻia ʻo ka German Autumn, kahi hāʻule e haʻalulu ai ka ʻāina.
ʻO Kelemānia Komohana ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II he ʻāina kūʻē. ʻOiai ua pio a māhele ʻia, he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka US a me nā mana Komohana ʻē aʻe i ka hakakā ʻana me ka Soviet Communism. ʻO ka hopena, ua kōkua nui nā mana hui i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai Kelemania Komohana, e alakaʻi ana i kahi pae o ka pōmaikaʻi ʻaʻole i hauʻoli i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa. Ua ʻae ʻia ke aupuni Kelemania Komohana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kahi pae o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hema. ʻO ia ka hilinaʻi o ke aupuni ʻo Adenauer i pāpā ʻia ka Stalinist Communist Party o Kelemania, ʻaʻole loa i hoʻokalakupua, i ka makahiki 1956 a ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu hou ʻia a hiki i 1968. Akā inā hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hema, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ka ʻākau. Ma hope o ka de-nazification haʻahaʻa, nui nā Nazis koʻikoʻi i lawe hou i nā kūlana alakaʻi i ke kaiāulu.
ʻO kahi hanauna i hānau ʻia ʻōpio ʻoi loa e hoʻomanaʻo i ke kaua i manaʻo i kēia mau kulekele ʻo ka lima kolo o ka fascism. A laila, i ka lā 2 o Iune, 1967, ua ʻā ke ahi. ʻO ka Shah o Iran, ʻaʻohe malihini i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā ia iho, kipa iā West Germany. I ka wā o kahi kūʻē, ua pepehi ʻia kahi haumāna 26 makahiki, ʻo Benno Ohnesorg, e kahi mākaʻi (i hōʻike ʻia nei ma ke ʻano he ʻelele Stasi huna, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pili ka pepehi ʻana i kāna kiu).
Ma ʻApelila 3, 1968, ʻelua mau hale kūʻai ma Frankfurt i puhi ʻia i ke ahi. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻeha, akā na ke ahi i hoʻopōʻino ʻia he mau haneli kaukani kālā. ʻElua lā ma hope mai, ua hopu ʻia ʻo Horst Söhnlein, Thorwald Proll, Gudrun Ensslin, a me Andreas Baader i ke ahi. Ua hoʻopuka nā mea ʻehā i kahi pale huikau no ka "hoʻohui me ka Vietnamese," ʻaʻole i wehewehe piha ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ke kaiāulu activist, ua pale ʻia ka hana a mahalo ʻia. Ma waena o kāna mau kākoʻo ʻo ia ka mea kākau moʻolelo kaulana ʻo Ulrike Meinhoff a me ka loio radical Horst Mahler.
I ʻOkakopa 1968, ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia nā ʻehā i ʻehā makahiki i loko o ka hale paʻahao, akā ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma hope ma ka parole. I Nowemapa 1969, ua kauoha ʻia lākou e hoʻi i ka hale paʻahao, akā ua hele lākou ma lalo o ka honua. Ua hopu ʻia ʻo Baader i ʻApelila 1970.
Ua hānau ʻia ka Red Army Faction i kahi "hana hoʻokuʻu" i ka lā 14 o Mei, 1970 i ka manawa i kōkua ai ʻo Meinhoff a me nā mea ʻē aʻe iā Baader e pakele i ka mālama ʻana i nā mākaʻi. I ka holo ʻana o ka mahuka, ua ʻeha nui kahi kahu waihona puke a hele ka hui ma lalo o ka honua.
Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, i ʻApelila 1971, ua paʻi ʻia ka communiqué "The Urban Guerrilla Concept," nāna i wehewehe i ka ʻatikala a me ka hoʻolālā o ka hui, i hoʻohui ʻia e nā kōkua lokomaikaʻi a Mao. ʻOiai ua ʻae ʻia ʻaʻole ʻo Kelemania i kahi kūlana kipi, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia ka pahuhopu o ka guerrilla e: "E hoʻouka i nā mea hoʻomalu o ka mokuʻāina ma kekahi mau wahi a hoʻokuʻu iā lākou i waho o ka hana, e luku i ka moʻolelo o ka ʻōnaehana omnipresence a me ka invulnerability. ."
I ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka mokuʻāina i kāna hakakā ʻana me ka RAF, ua hōʻike ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Heinrich Böll i ka hakakā ʻana o ka RAF ma ke ʻano he kaua ʻeono me kanaono miliona. Ma kēia, ua ʻimi ʻo ia e hoʻohewa i nā hana hoʻopaʻi a ka mokuʻāina ma ke ʻano he mea pono ʻole ma luna o ka pane. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai pololei kāna helu holoʻokoʻa, ua hewa kāna makemakika. ʻAʻole aʻa nā alakaʻi o ka RAF. Ua hele mai lākou mai nā neʻe ʻana o ka nohona. He aʻa ko lākou i loko o ka hakakā haumāna, hema, a me nā squatters, ʻoiai ua haʻalele ʻia kēia mau mea. E like me kā lākou i ʻike ai ma kā lākou kamaʻilio mua, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kānaka ke hoʻohui i ka hakakā kānāwai a me ke kānāwai. Ua hōʻemi ʻia ka paio kānāwai e kākoʻo i ka hakakā guerrilla. I kona hoʻomaka ʻana i kona ola, ua ʻoki ka RAF i kona mau loulou me kona kumu. No nā kamaʻilio hope a ka RAF e pili ana i ka "lawelawe ʻana i ka poʻe," ʻo kāna hoʻolālā i kuhikuhi pono i "ka poʻe" i kā lākou kuleana.
ʻO ka makahiki ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana o "The Concept of the Urban Guerrilla" ua ikaika loa. Ma Iulai 15, 1971, ua pepehi ʻia ka lālā RAF he 19 makahiki ʻo Petra Schlem ma kahi kī pū me nā mākaʻi. Ma hope koke iho, ua pepehi ʻia ʻekolu mau lālā RAF e ka mokuʻāina, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui i hopu ʻia a loaʻa i nā hoʻopaʻi paʻahao koʻikoʻi. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ka RAF e hoʻokō i kāna mau kālai'āina kiʻekiʻe o ke kūlanakauhale: ua ʻaihue ʻia nā panakō, ua hana ʻia nā pōkā ma nā pā kaua o ʻAmelika a me ka Springer Press, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka pepehi kanaka o ka luna kānāwai federal.
I Iune 1972, he mau mahina ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o nā pōkā mua o ka RAF, kokoke i ke alakaʻi mua o ka hui, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Baader, Ensslin, Meinhoff, a me Holger Meins i hopu ʻia.
Ua mālama ʻia ke alakaʻi RAF ma ka hale paʻahao ʻo Stammheim ma Stuttgart, kahi hale paʻahao kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i kūkulu ʻia kahi i hiki ai i ka mokuʻāina ke hoʻāʻo i nā ʻano hoʻomāinoino kino a me ke kino, ʻo ia hoʻi nā keʻena kaʻawale kahi i ʻoki ʻia ai nā paʻahao mai nā pilina kanaka a pau, nā cell kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai nā kukui. ua pio, a me ka hoopau ana i na pono mau. I ka pane ʻana o nā paʻahao me ka pōloli, ua hānai ikaika ʻia lākou. Ma ka lā 9 o Nowemapa, 1974, ua make ʻo Holger Meins i ka pōloli. Ma luna o ʻeono kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe, ua kaumaha ʻo Meins i 92 paona i kona manawa i make ai.
ʻO Hans Joachim Klein, kekahi o nā lālā o ka Revolutionary Cell i komo i kahi hoʻouka kaua ma kahi hālāwai OPEC ma Vienna i hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka make ʻana o Meins, ua kākau kaulana ʻo ia, "Ua mālama wau i kēia kiʻi [o ke kino ʻeleʻele o Meins] i loko o kaʻu ʻeke e mālama i koʻu inaina. koi." He mau mahina ma hope mai, i ʻApelila 1975, ua hopu ka hui Holger Meins Commando i ka Embassy Kelemania Komohana ma Stockholm e koi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā paʻahao RAF. I loko o hoʻokahi lā, ua hāʻule ka hana. Ua pepehi ʻia kekahi lālā RAF a ʻo kekahi i hōʻeha koʻikoʻi, a make i kekahi mau lā ma hope. He hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa ia.
I Mei 1976, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Meinhoff e kau ana ma kāna keena. ʻO ka hoʻoholo kūhelu he pepehi kanaka, akā ua hōʻea nā hoʻokolokolo kūʻokoʻa i nā hopena ʻē aʻe. I loko o kahi ʻōlelo hoʻokalakupua, ua hoʻoholo kekahi kauka nāna i nānā iā Meinhoff i kāna mau hana ma muli paha o ke ʻoki ʻana i ka lolo i loaʻa iā ia he ʻumi makahiki ma mua no ka maʻi maʻi maʻi - kipi kūʻē i ka mokuʻāina ʻoiai ʻo ka maʻi noʻonoʻo he maʻi "kauka" i hahai pinepine ʻia ma Kelemania.
I ʻApelila 1977, ua aʻo ʻia ke alakaʻi o ka RAF no nā hoʻopiʻi kūʻē iā ia a ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia nā paʻahao ʻehā i ka hale paʻahao ola. ʻElima mahina ma hope mai, i ka lā 5 o Kepakemapa, 1977, ua kāʻili ʻia ʻo Hanns-Martin Schleyer, ka pelekikena o ka Confederation of German Employers' Associations e ka hui ʻo Siegfried Hausner Commando. (ʻO Hausner kekahi o nā lālā o ka RAF i pepehiʻia ma ka nohoʻana o kaʻelele o Stockholm.) ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa no ka poʻe paʻahao RAF ke kumu kūʻai o kona ola. ʻAʻole ʻo Schleyer i mea pōʻino. He mau mahina ma mua o kona lā hānau 18 i ka makahiki 1933, ua komo ʻo Schleyer i ka SS. He ʻōpio ʻo ia a ʻoliʻoli nui i ka fascism. Ma hope o ke kaua, ua lawelawe ʻo ia i ʻekolu makahiki i loko o ka hale paʻahao ma ke ʻano he hana de-nazification. Eia naʻe, i kona hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, ua hoʻokani ʻo Schleyer i ke ʻano o ka maka aloha ʻole o ka fascism Kelemania, kūʻē ikaika i nā kuleana o nā limahana. ʻO kāna kidnapping he kāhea i nā pahuhopu mua o ka RAF a me ka neʻe hema.
Ua hoʻomau ʻia nā kūkākūkā ʻana, i ka lā 13 ʻOkakopa, hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o kā Schleyer aihue, ua hopu ʻia kahi mokulele Lufthansa. ʻO ka poʻe hijackers nā lālā o Waddi Haddad's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-External Operations, mai ka makahiki 1972 i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka Popular Front no ka Liberation of Palestine. ʻO ke koi o ka poʻe hijackers, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i pili pono i ka RAF, no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kāna mau pio. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka mokulele a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i nā manawa he nui i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai nā kūkākūkā. Ua pae hope ka mokulele i Mogadishu. Ma ka la 19 o Okatoba, ua ino ka mokulele a ua make na mea hao wale hookahi wale no. I kēlā ahiahi hoʻokahi, ua make ʻo Baader lāua ʻo Jan-Carl Ruste mai nā ʻeha pū, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Ensslin e kau ana i loko o kāna keʻena. Ua hou ʻia ʻo Irmgard Möller ma ka umauma ʻehā mau manawa. Wahi a nā mana, ʻo ka make ka hopena o kahi kuʻikahi pepehi kanaka.
Ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻolaha ʻia ʻana o ka nūhou, ua kī ʻia ʻo Schleyer a make a ua hoʻolei ʻia kona kino ma kahi kokoke i ka palena o Farani. Ua pau ka moʻolelo o Smith lāua ʻo Moncourt me ka make ʻana o Stammheim. ʻOiai ua hoʻomau ka RAF no ʻelua mau makahiki ʻē aʻe, ua pau kāna hana mua.
Dʻoiai ko lākou kumu i loko o kahi anti-authoritarian a anarchist milieu, ua ʻike ka RAF iā lākou iho he mau Marxists. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka RAF, ʻoiai ʻo ia i ʻōlelo ai i ka socialism, ka papa hana, a me ke kū'ē i ka imperialism, he kuhi hewa loa i ke ʻano o kēia mau mea. ʻOiai ʻo kāna ʻōlelo ʻana "he mea kaua ka guerrilla kūlanakauhale ma ke kaua papa," ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike i loaʻa i ka RAF kahi papa hana o kēlā me kēia ʻano. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻae ʻana o ka RAF i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka politika anti-imperialist he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia me ka proletarian internationalism. ʻO ka anti-imperialism o RAF ke kākoʻo i ka lāhui o ka "poʻe i hoʻokaumaha ʻia," ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe Palestinian a me ka Vietnamese. Ua ʻike pū ʻia ka RAF i nā aupuni aupuni-kapitalist repressive e like me Kina, North Korea, a me nā mokuʻāina Soviet e like me East Germany, ma ke ʻano he ʻano socialism. ʻO nā ʻōlelo a Mao a me Kim Il Sung hoʻi e hoʻopuehu i nā palapala RAF.
No ka pololei, ʻoiai ua ʻike a hoʻohewa kekahi poʻe i kēlā manawa i ka hakahaka o ka Cultural Revolution o Mao, ua hoʻopunipuni ʻia nā ʻumi tausani o ka poʻe hema ma ke Komohana i ka manaʻo he ʻoiaʻiʻo. He kanahā mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kākau ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻino o nā palapala hōʻoia kipi o Kina no ka poʻe a pau e ʻike maka. ʻAʻole kēia mau aupuni a me nā kālai'āina he papa hana a he proletarian internationalist.
ʻO ke poʻomanaʻo o kēia puke mua he "projectiles for the people," a ʻo ia ka ʻāpana ʻelua o kēia ʻōlelo e pilikia ai. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻōlelo kaulana loa a Mao, ʻo ia "ke kahe mai ka mana kālai'āina mai ka pahu o ka pū." Ma kahi o ka lawelawe ʻana i ka poʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo guerrilla he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka manaʻo vanguardist koʻikoʻi o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka poʻe. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole makemake ka poʻe koa kiʻekiʻe e make no ke kumu? Akā, ma mua o ka manaʻo kipi, he manaʻo kūʻokoʻa kēia; ʻO ka manaʻo o kahi hui liʻiliʻi e alakaʻi i ke ala, e haʻalele i ka lehulehu, a ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea o ka papa aliʻi, ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hana, e pio ka imperialism. ʻAʻole pono ka papa hana i nā kānaka e lawelawe. ʻAʻole pono ʻo ia i nā lima o nā pūʻali koa kūlanakauhale. Pono ka papa nona iho.
ʻO ke alakaʻi mua o ka RAF i hala ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki ma ke ʻano he poʻe hoʻokūkū kūlanakauhale. Ma hope o ko lākou hopu ʻia ʻana, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā makahiki hope o ko lākou ola i loko o nā kūlana ʻino. ʻO ka poʻe i hahai iā lākou ua ʻoki ʻia ko lākou ola ma o nā pōkā a i ʻole nā hale paʻahao o ka mokuʻāina. Ua ʻae ka poʻe i kākoʻo iā lākou i ka pessimism i loko o kā lākou ʻike honua. Ka Puali Puali Ulaula ua hoʻoholo ʻia e lilo i hana paʻa i ka hui. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, ʻo kekahi ʻōlelo paha, me kahi moʻolelo kikoʻī o ka hui. Hiki i nā mea heluhelu ke hoʻoholo i ka hui ma o kā lākou hana a me kā lākou ʻōlelo. ʻOiai, ke pale aku nei nā mea kākau i ka RAF e kūʻē i nā ʻōlelo hōʻino a me nā hoʻopunipuni pololei i hana ʻia i nā makahiki, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi kā lākou moʻolelo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kēia mau ʻōlelo hoʻohewa ʻana, ʻo ka nāwaliwali nui loa ʻaʻole i nīnau nui ʻia ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa o ka politika o ka hui a me kāna hoʻolālā.
Ua hana ʻo Smith lāua ʻo Moncourt i kahi moʻolelo koʻikoʻi. Eia naʻe, e like me ka maikaʻi o kēia puke i ka palapala ʻana i kāna kumuhana, ʻaʻohe mea kānalua e hoʻoikaika i ka pohihihi o nā hui e like me ka Puʻupuʻu ʻulaʻula.
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