Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui o Oakland i ka makahiki 1946 me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma ʻelua hale kūʻai o ke kaona, ʻo Hastings' a me Kahn's, kahi 425 mau kākau ʻōlelo (ka hapa nui o nā wahine) i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā uniona.
ʻO ka hahau ʻana, he hanana ʻāina i ka mōʻaukala hana o Kaleponi ʻĀkau, he mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hanana i ka nalu hahau o 1945-1946, ʻo ka nalu hahau nui loa i nā helu ma ka mōʻaukala US ma ia manawa.
ʻO ke kuʻi ʻO Oakland i loko o ka manaʻo o ka haʻi ʻana akā ʻaʻole ia he "kapa ʻia." I ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo Stan Weir ma ka laina hui ma Chevrolet's East Oakland plant, he lālā o ka UAW local 76. E holo ana ʻo ia ma ke kaʻa kaʻa, e hele ana i ka hana ma ke kakahiaka Poakahi, Dekemaba 3, ka lā i pani ʻia ai ʻo Oakland.
“Ma mua koke o ka hola 5, Pōʻakahi, Dekemaba 3, 1946, ua lilo nā haneli o nā limahana e hele ana ma waena o ke kaona ʻo Oakland… ua lilo i mea hōʻike i nā mākaʻi e mālama ana i nā ʻauwaʻa kaʻa scab ma waena o ke kaona. Aia i loko o nā kaʻa kaʻa nā waiwai e hoʻopiha ai i nā papa o ʻelua mau hale kūʻai nui a ka poʻe kākau ʻōlelo i kū lōʻihi loa.
“ʻO nā mea hōʻike, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kaʻa kaʻa, nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa kaʻa a me nā kaʻa a me nā poʻe holo kaʻa, ua haʻalele i kā lākou kaʻa a ʻaʻole i hoʻi mai. Ua piha ke kūlanakauhale i nā limahana, ua wili lākou i ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale no kekahi mau hola a laila hoʻonohonoho iā lākou iho.
Ua pau ke Kaua Honua II i ʻAukake, 14, 1945. Ua hōʻailona ka lā VJ i ka hopena o ke kaua ma waho a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kipi ma ka home. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā makahiki kaua, ʻo ka pinepine ʻana i ka wildcat e kūʻē i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki ʻole - nā kulekele i koi ʻia e ke aupuni mai luna mai, a kākoʻo ʻia e nā uniona wale nō akā nā hui radical pū kekahi me ka Communist Party.
No laila hoʻokahi hopena ʻo nā koi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Aia nā manaʻolana hoʻonāukiuki - a me ka manaʻo paʻa paʻa i ka manawa no ka ʻālana - ma waho a ma ka home - ua pau. Aia ka manaʻo ua lawa ka mōhai. Ma ka hopena o Sepatemaba ua pālua ka helu o nā lā "nalo" (lanakila) i nā hahau, ma ka hopena o ʻOkakopa ua pālua hou. 200,000 mau mea eli lanahu i hahau i ka malama o Sepatemaba; He 44,000 ka poe hana laau akau komohana; e like me 70,000 Midwest truck drivers, 40,000 machinists ma Kapalakiko a me Oakland, East Coast longshoremen, a me nā mea he nui aku - a ʻo kēia me ka ʻōlelo a Philip Murray, ka pelekikena o ka Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), "ʻaʻohe loli e hana ʻia. i loko o ke kulekele no-strike a CIO…” a me ka hoʻohiki like ʻana e ka Pelekikena ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (AFL) ʻo William Green: "ʻAʻole ʻo ka lā VJ e hoʻopau ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hahau."
ʻO 1945 wale nō ka prelude a ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia nā limahana US. Ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 5000 mau hahau nui i ka makahiki 1946, ʻo ia ka nalu nui loa a paʻa loa i ka mōʻaukala US, ʻoi aku ma mua o nā makahiki hoʻopaʻapaʻa o 1919 a me 1934. ʻO kēia mau hahau i komo pū me nā mea hana kaʻa nāna i pani i kanawalu mau mea kanu General Motors ma 50 kūlanakauhale. Ua paʻi ka poʻe hana kila no nā lā 25, 750,000 ikaika, i kēlā manawa ka hahau nui loa ma ka mōʻaukala US (e ʻoi aku ma mua o nā mea hoʻokūkū Latino May Day ma 2006). He 400,000 mau mea eli lanahu. Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻo Pelekikena Truman e hoʻolālā i nā limahana hana kaʻaahi.
I kekahi manawa, aia he 1,600,000 mau limahana e hooki ana. Ma ka hopena o ka makahiki 4.6 miliona mau limahana i hoʻopaʻapaʻa. 28,500,000 lā hana i nalowale i ka poʻe hana. He hōʻike nani ia o ka mana o ka papa hana - "nui loa," kaulana loa, ʻaʻole e lanakila.
Ua māhele ʻia ke alakaʻi o ka hui kalepa ma luna - ua hoʻokūkū mau ka AFL me ka CIO, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i lōʻihi, ʻoiai ua hui koke lākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hema. Ua laha naʻe ka lōkahi pae a me ka faila. E like me ka makahiki 1919 a me 1934, ua hoʻonui ka nalu hahau i ka makemake o nā limahana; i ka makahiki 1919, aia ka hahau nui ma Seattle a i ka makahiki 1934 ka hahau nui ma Minneapolis.
I ka makahiki 1946, he mau hahau nui ma Rochester, NY; Stamford, CT; Lancaster a me Pittsburgh, PA a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Oakland, CA.
"Ma ka pō / ma ka lā 3 / ua kauoha nā mea pepehi i nā hale kūʻai a pau koe nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mākeke meaʻai e pani ʻia, ua ʻae ʻia nā Bars e noho hamama, akā hiki iā lākou ke lawelawe i ka pia wale nō a pono e waiho i kā lākou pahu juke ma waho o ke alahele e pāʻani ai. ka leo piha a me ka uku ole. ʻO 'Pistol Packin' Mama, Lay That Pistol Down', ka helu hoʻokahi i paʻi ʻia, kani mai nā hale a pau. ʻO kēlā manawa 24-hola mua o ka hahau ʻana he 54-hola he ʻuhane carnival. Hula ka lehulehu o nā kāne ma nā alanui. Ke hana nei ka poʻe komo i ka moʻolelo, ʻike, a leʻaleʻa. Ma ke kakahiaka Poalua ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou i ke kūlanakauhale waena a ke alakaʻi nei i nā kaʻa. Hiki i kekahi ke haʻalele, akā ʻo ka poʻe me nā passport (kāleka union) wale nō ke komo.
"ʻO ka ʻōlelo a kahi mea hoʻolaha nūhou pūnaewele kaulana, ʻo 'Oakland kahi kūlanakauhale ʻuhane i kēia pō,' he mea kōkua ia i ka naʻaupō. ʻAʻole ma mua a ma hope mai i ola a hauʻoli ʻo Oakland no ka hapa nui o ka heluna kanaka. He kūlanakauhale ia o ke kānāwai a me ka hoʻoponopono. Ma kēlā kūlanakauhale ʻoi aku ka hapaha miliona, ua hele nā malihini i kekahi i kekahi ma ke alanui a ʻaʻohe makaʻu, akā ʻo ka ʻokoʻa.
Ua laha ka Oakland Strike mai lalo i luna. ʻAʻole nui nā hōʻike o ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā uniona ma nā alanui. Akā aia nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa a me nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa a me nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa i hōʻole i ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i nā cordons mākaʻi e koi ana e hoʻopau i ka hana "scab" a hōʻino i ka hoʻokele o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā mākaʻi.
"Ma mua o ka lua o ka lā o ka hahau ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka hapalua ma luna o kahi pūʻulu nui o nā koa kaua i waena o nā mea hoʻokūkū i hoʻokumu i kā lākou mau pūʻali ponoʻī a hele i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa kokoke. A laila, hele lākou ma ka hale kiaʻi Tribune, nā keʻena o ka hui anti-labor Oakland Tribune, a mai laila aku i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike kūlanakauhale e koi ana i ka haʻalele ʻana o ke kuhina nui a me ka ʻaha kūkā o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hele aku na luina o Sailor's Union of the Pacific (SUP) mai na moku ekolu ma ke kahua kaua o Oakland Army i piha i na lako kaua no na koa ma Iapana. Ma ia pō, ua pani ka poʻe kipi i kekahi mau hale kūʻai i mea e mālama ai i ka emi ʻana o nā lako meaʻai.
"Ma nā hoʻokūkū ākea āpau e koi koke ʻia nā mea komo e ke ʻano o nā hanana iā lākou iho e holo i ka hui a lākou i hoʻōki ai. Ke hoʻomaka nei ke kaʻina hana ma ka hoʻokolohua Oakland e hoʻonui i ka hohonu ...
"ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā luna Teamster kiʻekiʻe, koe hoʻokahi; e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻokoʻa i ʻelima mahina ma hope no kāna hana hoʻomake. Ua kauoha ʻo Pelekikena Hui Pūʻulu International ʻo Dave Beck i ke kauoha 'e uhaki i ka hahau' no ka mea he ho'āʻo kipi 'e hoʻokahuli i ke aupuni'. Ua kauoha ʻo ia i nā Teamsters a pau i haʻalele i kā lākou hana e hoʻi i ka hana.
I ka hopena, ua hana nā uniona. Ua haʻi aku nā uniona 142 i hui pū ʻia me ka Alameda County AFL he "hoʻomaha hana" a ua haʻalele nā limahana 100,000 i kā lākou hana. Ua pau ka hana o Oakland.
"Ua hana kekahi o nā alakaʻi uniona lua o Oakland a me Alameda County i ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hana i kahi ʻano o ka hui uniona kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā kūlana, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ke alakaʻi ʻana iā lākou iho a ʻaʻohe kumu mua no kēia ʻano o ka hahau ʻana i ko lākou ʻike ponoʻī, makemake i nā alakaʻi hana kaulana o ka Bay Area e neʻe i mua me ka ʻike, kōkua, a me ka legitimization lehulehu.
"ʻO ke kanaka i hoʻopaʻa mau ʻia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o ka 1934 San Francisco General Strike, ʻo ILWU Pelekikena Harry Bridges, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Pelekikena CIO o ka mokuʻāina, hōʻole ʻo ia e komo, e like me kāna i hana ai i 18 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hakakā ʻana o Berkeley Free Speech Movement. ʻO nā kānaka lōʻihi a me nā hale kūʻai i huki ʻia i ke alanui, aia ma waho o lākou iho.
"ʻAʻole i hoʻouna ʻia nā hui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia mai nā haneli i loaʻa i loko o ka hale kūʻai a me nā hale hoʻolimalima lōʻihi e kōkua, ʻaʻohe hale kūʻai CIO i hāʻawi ʻia e hele i waho a i ʻole 'maʻi-waho'. Ma o ke komo ʻana o CIO wale nō i hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻeleʻele i loko o kēia hahau keʻokeʻo. E hoʻohanohano ka ILWU a me nā hui CIO ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka Tribune Tower a i ʻole ma ka Oakland Army Base, akā inā ʻaʻole lākou i noʻonoʻo i kā lākou ʻoihana ponoʻī.
"Ua hāʻawi koke ʻo Bridges iā ia iho i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ʻeiwa makahiki o ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki no ka wā kaua."
Ua pau ka hahau ana i na la elua ma hope. ʻO ia "… 54 mau hola ma ka hola 11 i ka lā 5 o Dekemaba. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ma ke alanui i ka hoʻoholo mai kahi kaʻa kani kani i kau ʻia ma ke alanui e ka AFL Central Labor Council. ʻO ia ka hana alakaʻi mua loa a nā luna. Ua kūkākūkā lākou i waena o lākou iho a ua hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻopau i ka hahau ma muli o ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a ka Luna Hoʻokele o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Oakland ʻaʻole e hoʻohana hou ʻia nā mākaʻi e lawe mai i nā pehu.
"Aole i loaa ka ae ana i na wahine kakauolelo kuai ma Kahn's a me Hastings Department Stores na lakou mau hahau i kumu ai ka General Strike; Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia lākou e kūkākūkā i kahi hoʻoholo i hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa iā lākou iho. Ua lohe kēlā mau wahine a me nā mea hoʻomake ʻē aʻe he nui i ka ʻōlelo a ke kaʻa kani me ke ʻano o ka huhū kokoke i ka ʻeha puʻuwai.
"Ke hoʻomau nei ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā limahana ʻē aʻe i ka picket me nā wahine, e ʻuā kūʻē ana i nā kaʻa a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka poʻe a pau i lohe e noho lākou i waho. Akā, ua kauoha ʻia ka poʻe hoʻopaʻi a pau ma waho aʻe o nā kākau ʻōlelo e hana a ʻaʻohe mea e pale aku ai i nā hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻi e hiki ke hoʻopaʻi ʻia iā lākou no ka haʻalele ʻana i kumu. Ma ke awakea, he mau heluna wale no o na limahana i koe, e auwana wale ana a puni ke kulanakauhaie panoa. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hui nui CIO i kāhea ʻia no ia pō e kūkākūkā i ka "hoʻokahi".
Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe mōʻaukala ʻo 1946 ka nui e pili ana i ka uku, ʻo kahi "uku ʻino" kākau kekahi. A he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia i kekahi degere a ma ia mea ua lanakila pinepine nā hahau, i ka wā pōkole, ma nā ʻano ʻelua; ʻO ka mea mua i kēia mau lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā o nā limahana ma kahi o $2 i hoʻokahi hola a, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā koi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā limahana ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa - no laila ka manaʻo i ka manawa o ka "uku hui." Akā, pili lākou i nā ola a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo, nā manaʻo o nā limahana a he kipi lākou i ka mana mai luna mai.
No laila, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻoilina o ka makahiki 1946 i ka hoʻoilina o ka makahiki 1930, ka hoʻoilina o ka hilinaʻi i manaʻo ʻia e nā limahana US me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonohonoho a hakakā, akā ʻaʻole e hiki mai kahi ala hou a hiki i ka nalu o ka 1970s (1967-1981).
Ma ke ʻano he hopena a he hoʻomaka ka hahau ʻana o Oakland. Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā lanakila o nā makahiki 1930 akā mai luna mai - e nā "kanaka mana hou" (Mills). ʻAʻohe wahine ma ka hui mua o ka hana. Ua hui pū kēia mau kāne me ka hoʻokele a me nā luna aupuni e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻaelike hui, kahi ʻaelike i kākau ʻole ʻia, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "The New Deal Formula" of Industrial Relations. ʻO nā uniona e "hāʻawi i nā waiwai" akā ua hoʻololi kēia a me ka pōmaikaʻi ma hope o ke kaua, a i kekahi manawa ua hoʻopau i ke komo ʻana i ka pae a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mana o ka hale kūʻai - hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka uku, loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi (no nā lālā uniona) ma ka hana ʻana ma luna. . Ua alakaʻi ʻo McCarthyism i nā kipi i ka ʻaoʻao. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke aloha aloha ʻāina i ka wā kaua, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka lawelawe, akā e noʻonoʻo ana hoʻi i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki no ka wā kaua a me ka huahana kaua e hoʻoneʻe i ka militancy a hoʻoneʻe i nā limahana ʻAmelika. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka mua ke Kaua anu ma ka papahele hale kūʻai.
"Ua pili ka Oakland General Strike i ka Wave Strike 1946 i ka manawa a me ka ʻuhane, a ua hōʻike i kahi ʻano o ka huhū o ke ʻano o ka ʻoihana hana ʻoihana o ka lāhui i ka hopena o ke kaua. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea kākau moʻolelo limahana o ka wā ma hope o ke kaua ke nānā i ka Oakland Strike, a no laila ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo i kahi hanana nui o ka manawa a me kāna mea e hōʻike ai e pili ana i ke ʻano o ia manawa. I ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kā lākou hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ua kālele nui lākou i nā koi waiwai i hana ʻia e nā uniona i komo i ka Strike Wave. ʻAʻole he mea nui kēia mau koi. Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ka hoʻokaumaha waiwai ka ʻeha mua i ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā i nā makahiki kaua.
ʻO kahi mea hope loa, ʻo ka mea nui loa, he ʻano ʻāpana ka nalu hahau. He nalu o ka hahau ana ma ka Hikina Akau, ka Great Lakes Region (me West Virginia) a ma kahi o Kaleponi. ʻO ke koena, ʻo ka Hema, ʻaʻole i hui. Ua haʻalele ʻia ke koi ʻana i ka CIO "hoʻonohonoho i ka / segregated / hema". ʻO kēia mau wahi, ʻaʻole he mea kupanaha, ua alakaʻi i nā Repubalika i ka hopu hou ʻana i ka ʻaha kūkā i ka makahiki 1946, a ma ka huli ʻana i ka Taft-Hartley ma 1947 "ka hana kauā" e like me ka AF o L).
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā limahana ʻeleʻele, nā limahana wahine, nā limahana mahiʻai, pono e kali.
E nānā iā Stan Weir, Singlejack Solidarity, George Lipsitz, ed., (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 2004)
Stan Weir, “The 1946 Oakland General Strike,” hale waihona puke libcom, Nov 22, 2005. Hoʻoiho ʻia, ʻOkakopa 21. 2011.
ʻO Cal Winslow ka mea kākau o Kaua Kivila o ka Limahana ma Kaleponi (PM 2010) a he mea hoʻoponopono o Kipi a me ka waihona (Verso 2010).