Tallar ta girgiza ni da na ganta; na koma An yi sa'a yana da cikakkiyar abinci ga labarin da ke ƙoƙarin kwatanta yadda kaɗan kaɗan ya canza game da suzerainty na rukuni ɗaya akan wasu. Don haka zan yi amfani da shi cikin arha a matsayin ginshiƙi don nazarin daular da wasu hanyoyin dabarunta.
Na farko, tallan. Ya kasance a cikin mujallar Jama'ar 'Yan Asalin-mujallar da ta shafi zane-zane, kiɗa, da al'adun ƴan asalin Amirka na zamani. A CIA ad daukar ma'aikata. Da kuma taken: "Sana'ar da ke ɗaukar Cikakkun Da'ira." Lallai. Yadda ake sanya tagline. Tafi da'ira - daga yanka zuwa yanka, duk da sunan daular. Babu shakka akwai 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka waɗanda suka amsa kiran "al'ummarsu" kuma suka shiga CIA, aƙalla don kare "mu" daga baƙi / mugayen mutane. Dangane da wannan, ina tsammanin mun zo da'irar da'irar duk da latti - suna buƙatar kariya daga baƙi / mugayen mutane ƙarni uku da suka wuce.
Daular tana aiki da yawa ta hanyar kawo abubuwa da'ira, suna tasowa daga abin da na kira "cikakkiyar" ra'ayoyin zuwa rarrabuwa; dabarar ita ce, cikakkun ra'ayoyin sun fi sauƙi don fissure; masu rarrabuwar kawuna suna sha da kyar. Kada harshe ya shiga hanya, bari in bayyana ainihin abin da nake nufi da wannan: cikakkun ra'ayoyin sune Manichean, binary, sauki, ba tare da nuance ba. Wasu misalan cikakken ra'ayoyi:
Apartheid Afirka ta Kudu
Gwamnatin farar fata da ɗimbin kaso na farar fata a cikin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu sun ɗauki Baƙar fata a matsayin ƙasa da gaba ɗaya. Wannan akidar wariyar launin fata tana da haqiqanin tasiri a rayuwar dubban miliyoyin mutane. A cikin 1978, abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance masu ban tsoro: yawan mace-macen jarirai na Baƙar fata na birane ya kai 20%; ga bakar fata na karkara kashi 40 ne. Matsakaicin madaidaicin Farar fata: 2.7%. Baƙar fata miliyan 19 suna da kashi 13% na ƙasar. 4.5 miliyan Farar fata sun rike 87%. Akwai Likitan Baya 1 a cikin Baƙar fata 44,000. Matsakaicin madaidaicin ga Whites: 1 a cikin 400. Wariyar launin fata ta gaske tana haifar da sakamako na gaske.
Rabe-raben kabilanci ya kasance mai ban tsoro, bisa ga akidar siyasa da aka kafa ta nuna wariya.
Daga 1963 Studs Terkel Interview na Albert Lutuli
TERKEL: Kwanan nan na lura da wani yanayi a Kruger National Park wanda na tabbata dole ne a maimaita sau dubu. Wasu fararen fata guda biyu, suna magana kusa da wani Negro suna goge bene, suna magana game da shi da mutanensa a matsayin miyagu kuma yara kamar ba ya nan amma mutumin da yake gogewa ya san Turanci. Na yi mamakin meye tunaninsa. Menene yanayin littafin wucewa wanda dole ne ɗan Afirka ya ɗauka?
LUTULI: Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun mu shine muna jin cewa ba a ɗauke mu a matsayin mutane. Duk abin da ya wajaba ku yi lokacin da kuka ware, idan kun ware, shi ne girmama mutuncin mutum. Ba a mutunta wannan mutuncin da Turawa suka yi ba har ya zuwa yanzu bakar fatar Afirka. Turawa sun san bakar fata a matsayin bawa.
Misalai na ƙazantar da mulkin wariyar launin fata bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi ba don duk wanda ke karanta wannan ya fahimci yanayin cikakkiyar ra'ayin cewa wariyar launin fata ya kasance.
Fararen Kisan Kisan Kisan Da Aka Yi wa 'Yan Asalin Amurkawa
Wadanne ra'ayoyi na kabilanci, ɗabi'a, da falsafa sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Fararen baƙi waɗanda suka lalata yawan ƴan asalin? Babu wanda ya rubuta shi fiye da Ward Churchill wanda a wata hira da David Barsamian ya ce: “Akwai wani tarihi mai zurfi a Amurka, komawa ga abin da wani masani ya kira ‘masu kafa hujja,’ mutane kamar George Washington, alal misali, yana kwatantawa. Indiyawa a matsayin 'dabbobin daji' kuma 'masu zalunci kamar kerkeci'. Jefferson ya ce, ‘Kora su kamar kyarkeci zuwa cikin duwatsu masu duwatsu.’ Wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya kasance daidaitaccen bayanin manufofin Amurka a lokacin. Waɗannan kyawawan ra'ayoyi ne na fahimtar jama'a gabaɗaya, kuma ina tsammanin mai yiwuwa ya tafi ga yanayin aljani…
Andrew Jackson, wanda ke da kakin dawakai da aka yi da fatar Indiya kuma ya yi takama da shi a yakin neman zabensa. Ya yi ikirarin cewa bai taba fada da wani Ba’indiye da bai kashe ba kuma bai taba kashe dan Indiyan da bai yi fatar kai ba, kuma ana iya duba gashin kai a gidansa. Hakan ya sa aka zabe shi Shugaban kasa. Wannan yana magana da kyau ga hankalin jama'a a cikin Amurka, kuma.
A gefe guda, ra'ayoyi rarrabuwa kamar soso ne masu ɗaukar komai, haɗa labarun mutum ɗaya da yin sassauci da sauƙi. Suna da ruwa kuma don haka da wuya a tsaga ko karyatawa.
Ɗauki irin waɗannan misalan da aka gani ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ra'ayoyi rarrabuwa:
Bayan wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu
Apartheid ya ƙare kuma Baƙar fata Afirka ta Kudu suna da 'yanci ko? Tabbas Shugaban kasar Bakar fata ne kuma tsohon shugaban ANC ya yi taho-mu-gama! Amma baƙar fata suna da 'yanci? De jure watakila amma De facto?
A daidai lokacin da sabuwar gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta shiga cikin farin ciki a cikin kuncin rayuwa na neman sassaucin ra'ayi, wariyar launin fata ta fuskar tattalin arziki na ci gaba da haifar da muni ga baki a kasarsu.
Da yake ambaton Arundhati Roy: “’Yan tsiraru fararen fata da suka sami gata a tarihi ta hanyar zalunci na shekaru aru-aru sun fi tsaro fiye da kowane lokaci – A gare su, sauye-sauye daga wariyar launin fata zuwa ra’ayin sassaucin ra’ayi da kyar ya dagula ciyawa. Wariya ce mai tsaftataccen lamiri. Kuma yana tafiya ne da sunan dimokradiyya.”
Kuma Patrick Bond ya ƙara da cewa: “Ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata wata babbar nasara ce ta ɗan adam. Amma duk da haka zaben 1994 na jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) mai rinjaye - tare da Nelson Mandela a matsayin sabon shugaban kasa - bai canza babban gibin arziki ba tsakanin yawancin fararen fata da bakar fata. Lallai, ya kafa manufofin neoliberal wanda ya tsananta rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, launin fata, da jinsi. Don inganta sauyin yanayi cikin lumana, yarjejeniyar ta yi shawarwari tsakanin gwamnatin farar wariyar launin fata da ANC ta ba wa fararen fata damar kiyaye mafi kyawun filaye, ma'adinai, masana'antu, da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi."
Amma kuma, menene game da Shugaba Thabo Mbeki?
Bayan Fararen Kisan Kisan Kisan Da Aka Yi Wa 'Yan Kasar Amurka
Daga cikin wannan hirar, Churchill ya ci gaba da cewa: “Wataƙila za ku iya raba ra’ayin Amirkawa, iyayen da suka kafa ubanni ko a’a, zuwa kashi biyu na gaba ɗaya. Na riga na kwatanta su a matsayin masu son soyayya ko aljanu. Lokacin da ake hulɗa kai tsaye tare da Indiyawa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, aljani koyaushe shine yanayin. Da zarar an share Indiyawan, an shafe su, to ana iya zama masu soyayya, a cikin zayyana. Jefferson musamman yana son yin duka biyun, saboda yana da ƙafa a kowane sansani. A kan iyaka, inda akwai ainihin hulɗa da Indiyawa, manufofinsa sun kasance masu tayar da hankali kuma maganganunsa na aljanu sun kasance masu tsanani. Amma kuma ya zauna a Virginia, inda Indiyawan suka kasance an kawar da su sosai a lokacin haihuwarsa, don haka yana iya yin soyayya a lokaci guda. "
Kuma da yawa daga cikinmu sun san White Amurkawa waɗanda a yau suke da'awar suna "girmama" "al'ada" na 'yan asalin Amirkawa ta hanyar siyan tikitin Redskins da Braves? Rarrabuwar ra'ayi na ba da damar waɗanda suka ci nasara su so waɗanda aka ci nasara su so su goge tarihi. Ra’ayoyin da suka rabu suna ba da damar mutum ya ƙara talauta mutanen da ke fama da talauci ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa sun yi daidai a gaban shari’a; don batar da su ta hannun gwamnatin da daya daga cikin "su" ke tafiyar da shi. Cikakken da'ira, daga mulki zuwa mai mulki (na Thabo Mbeki). Miliyoyin mutanensa ba su da sa'a sosai.
Dabarar Imperial-da kuma haƙiƙa harshen na sarauta- ya zama mafi ƙwarewa. Ya zama dole. Dabarar daular mulkin mallaka ta dogara ne akan "tsararren wariyar launin fata." ".. Wannan wariyar launin fata da ke neman zama mai hankali, mutum, genotypically da phenotypically ƙaddara, ya zama mai canzawa …" a cewar Fanon zuwa "wariyar launin fata na al'ada" kuma tabbas idan ba al'ada ba a cikin sharuddan ta aƙalla ya zama wariyar launin fata mai rarrafe wanda batun. ana ganin mutane a matsayin mutane, duk da haka ba su cancanta ba-ko kuma duk da haka sun cancanci halin da suke ciki. Zamanin fatar fata ya kare. Zamanin lynching ya ƙare. Me yasa hannun mutum zai zama datti yayin da mutum zai iya gudanar da yakin ta wasu hanyoyi, ta hanyar nesa?
Mun zo da da'ira, cikakkun ra'ayoyi suna ba da hanya ga rarrabuwar ra'ayi da akidar sarauta ta tsira. ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun shiga CIA (wataƙila ma FBI da leƙen asirin ’yan’uwansu maza da mata) kuma Shugaban Baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu yana ra’ayi kamar ƙwazo game da kimiyyar cutar da ke lalata al’ummarsa.
An rufe akidar Imperial a cikin siraren veneer de jure rights. Tana sawa kanta sutura amma tsirara a ƙasa.
Wannan shine mabuɗin- tsirara a ƙasa. Aikin mu ne mu tuɓe shi, mu ɓata masa rai, mu lalata shi. Mu ma fafutukar samun cikakken ra'ayoyi - cikakken adalci da cikakken 'yanci.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi